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119
HORACE LAMB,
M.A., F.R.S.
120
[Jan. 9>
angular radius of the bowl is very small, its behaviour under various
applications of force, and its vibrations when free, cannot differ
materially from those of a plane circular disk. In particular, there
will be modes of (mainly) flexnral vibration whose frequency is proportional to the thickness. By increasing the angular radius, the
thickness being constant, we obtain a continuous succession of forms
leading up to the extreme case of a spherical shell with a vanishing
circular aperture. In this extreme, it is known, no deformation is
possible without extension of the middle surface, and, if the shell be
sufficiently thin, this extension is the governing element in its
behaviour. Thus the frequencies of all the modes are now independent
of the thickness, and, accordingly, great in comparison with those of
the flexural modes of a plane plate of similar dimensions. Between
these two extremes we have, of course, all intermediate stages.*
The main source of this complexity appears to lie in the fact, pointed
out by Mr. Love, that it is in general impossible to satisfy the
boundary conditions by a deformation such that the middle surface is
[* February, 1890. It is evident (as pointed out by one of the referees) that we
may at any stage restore the flexural character of the vibrations, however email the
aperture, by sufficiently reducing tho thickness; but in the above argument the
aperture only is supposed to vary. To examine moro closely tho transition to an
infinitely small aperture, we may mako use of the formulio given by Lord Rayleigh
in his investigation of the deformation of a spherical bowl, on the hypothesis of no
extension (Proceedings, T. xin., p. 4). It appears that, when the augular radius
(a) of tho aperture is small, the kinetic energy in the mode expressed by circular
functions of su (where a is the longitude, and s is integral and > 1) is
2(5-1)
where B, is the maximum radial amplitude, and the rest of tho notation is as in this
paper. For the potential energy we find
1890.]
121
122
[Jan. 9,
1890.]
12$
where (r,, <r3 are the extensions parallel to x, y, and vt is the shear in
the tangent plane. Again, the shape of the middle surface before
where Ax = A'+ZexA,
Hx = E'+\vt (A + B),
2?, =
dZ
X l Zy,
at,
d(
y = r)-Z~,
at]
Z.
y r] -z -* z =
(1 +e) dz,
drj
J0
where ezl is the elongation in the direction of the normal. Hence, for
the component displacempnts, we find
- [ eZ3dz . Btj,
J
y I e,.dz.
Jo
124
[Jan. 9,
~ dl ~ Gl~
VV
"V
where
dq
^ = A'-A,
'
*
d
^+(LP=z11T-Tlz*
drj dH
2, = B'-B,
II = 2JT'.
_ dft
Cyj
dy _
-f-
dz
at]
f* de.z ,
I
UZj
Jo at)
1890.]
125
We can hence calculate the potential energy W per unit area of the
middle surface. The energy per unit volume is
^} +,] 8k
Let us next find the resultant stresses across normal sections of the
plate. Let Px, Pxv be the components parallel to x, y of the forceresultant of the stress per unit length (measured on the middle
surface) of a normal section perpendicular to x, whilst Qxx, Oxv are
126
[Jan. 9,
f*
J-
ft.-
1890.]
127
so that the stress on each face of the shell vanishes. In virtue of the
above assumption, the remaining strains are small in comparison with
e,,, eys. I t follows that the stresses on normal sections perpendicular
to x and y reduce to forces
(h
f*
\xexzdz and
J-ft
J-A
2. - ( *Y+ (<kY+ ( kV
128
[Jan. 9,
at,
1,
d (dl
, d^ fdr[
JL
dt)
1;
1890.]
129
per unit area of the middle surface, parallel to the two lines of
curvature and the normal, respectively, we obtain
\ ,
d ( 1
\ ,
d_{ 1 \
d ( 1 \
* it
_|_ _
__ Q
\ + (JLp \ . p i p""
-o
di,
In like manner, taking moments about tho tangents toPQ, PR, we find
d t l r t \ , d / l
r i
\ ,
d / 1 \
d I \
=0
whore L, Jlf are the impressed couples per unit area. The last two
equations enable us to eliminate Pw P, o and, if we substitute the
values of the remaining stresses given at the end of 2, we are left
with three equations involving the six quantities o^, crit ta1, 2^ 53, II
which express the deformation at any point P of the middle surface.
In 6, 7, we shall investigate tho-values of these quantities in terms
of the three component displacements of P and of thoir diffoi'ential
coefficients.
5. We proceed to the boundary conditions. Lot Xo, Yo, Zo be the
components, parallel to tho two linos of curvature and the normal, of
the applied force per unit length of tho edge, and let LQ, Jf0, 0 bo
the applied couples about the same lines, also rcckonod per unit length.
VOL. xxi.NO. 378.
K
130!
[Jan. 9,
^ i x)
Ssin
- =
JLQ)
y-'
W-:-:-\
dS
sin <p- ~ ~ Zo.
* For fuller oxi>liination, BOO 5 of the former paper. The Bhcaring forco in
question ia tlioro denoted ]>y .
t Another (but equivalent) form of thoso conditions ia obtained by conaidcring a
rcctiiugulur clement, as in the ciiso of a plane plate.
1890.]
131..
^ l
where
(dyV
(dzV
K
The curvilinear coordinates of a point P of the middle surface being
originally ($, v, 0), let this point receive small displacements u, v, w
in the directions of the two lines of curvature, and of the" normal,
respectively. The coordinates of its new position P' will be ($ + hxti,
rj + h^v, w). In like manner, the coordinates of a point Q on tho
middle surface, near P, will change from ( + ^S, v + drj, 0) to
1u,
w + dw).
where $. /if1 denotes the change in the value of l/T^ as we pass from
P to P', viz.,
. 1
/ , d . 7 d , d\ 1
hx
\
dt,
dtf
dc,J \
and similarly for 5 .712*1. Hence, neglecting squares and products of
u, v, w, &c, the above projections become
7
( 1 > .7
dijKhiJ
d (\\.
d ( l \
d>i \ I>i J
JL dOyu)
hx
d (7I,M) )
hx
dt,
dt]
di, \ h2 J
1 d (h2v)
dw ,t , dw j
d$
drj
dC\ hx J
dn \ h2 J
dl
132
[Jan. .9/
, ) # + (* + ) r 2 '
where w measnres the rotation, relative to the substance, of the directions , t] as we pass from P to P'. Comparing, we find
d(h,n)
dt
, 7 I , d . , d
fc,
\
di
di
dt)
d\ 1
du , , , d I 1
dc,
rfj
dt,\ h^ I
_ hi_ d(hxu)
hx
dt]
p2
, hy_ d (h2v)
h3 dl;
d_ /l_\ _ _ JL
(ZC V /! /
i. (_}_\ _ _ J_
/<,Pi'
d!,\\J
//2p2'
as is evident geometrically.*
7. To calculate 2,, S2, n , wo require the projection of P'Q' on the
normal to the deformed surface at P ' correct to the second order of
dl, dt). Tho dii'ection-cosines of this normal, relative to the principal
directions at P', are
, dw _, dw 1 .
dl
dt)
for wo verify at once, on reference to tho values given above for the
projections of P'Q', that these are the direction-cosines of a line perpendicular to r'Q\ for all values of tho ratio dfydr), small quantities
of the order of the square of the strain being, as usual, neglected.
Now the direction-cosines of the principal directions at P, relative
to the axes of x, y, z, are
dx
( , dV
hi
, dy j dz\
x
tv
dir
/ , dx , dy
\lhTn'
th
d,y
dz\
Idx dy dz\
di,)'
* Tboso formuliM ngrco exactly with tliosc given by Mr. Love, p. 50G, if WQ tako
account of tho different convention ns to tho sign of pu p2.
1890.]
133
respectively. Hence, if B be a point near P whose curvilinear coordinates are (-|-D, rj+Vr], JD), the projections of PB on the principal
directions of P are, to the second order,
1 d / 1\
da d*x _
dc, dr\
d?!i llx.
71.
jy-j
Ac
1 d / 1 \
1 d ( 1\ _
2 di \ h /
1 d ( 1
"a dt, \
o
~~?
>
fo__l
d I 1 \ _
these reduce to
1 d ( 1 \ ^M
/'.Pi
1 7i, fZ / 1 \ T, a
1 ^tr,. . d i 1 \
134
[Jan. 9,
respectively. In order to deduce from these expressions the projections of P'Q' on the principal directions at P*, we must put
hYu
Dt] = dtr+d (h2v) -\-\d? (/iat;),
Z> =
dw +\d*w,
d ,T
at,
d , d
ay
etc,
1 ft, d I 1 \ 7C3 , 1 d I 1 \ 7
2 /*i tZ?j V /ij /
2 drf \ h21
2 Aj Pl (. \
driMiyl
2
. d I 1\ , )
dt,\h%l
)
dt,
dt}
dt,)li\9x
+ -^d,?(hlu-+hav
2
\
dt,
dt)
Equating this to
1
i A
1890.]
/i. dh, dw
3
\ dr\
df
. 2 d Ouu) . ,2 A
p!
d^
\
d ,,
^
d .
^r
*. ^ dlhdr,
d\ 1
dU h\Pl
C^T;
7? JL _L h2 ^H ^ ^ ? *? 4- 7 ~ 2
pT
135
dn
, ,
cZ2w ,
cJ^J7
<^7i! (Zto ,
drf d
, 7i3
dh$ dw
d$ dri
, hj__ d (h2v)
d
dr\
~h
2
Pa
Pi
and recalling the values of <ru o-2, zr, given at the end of 6, we obtain,
after a little reduction,
Ar
jidhu
, 7 d7ii dw
h2 dhx dw
,(i
d , 7 d\ 1 , w
"t" ( 'hu TY I" 'hv T~ )
1 Ti
\
dc,
dr\J px
pi
v
7y
TJ
72 d2w
/t8 d$
(j
di
d . 7
dj
dv
d \ 1
, w
136
in _ H =
r_
[Jan. 9,
1 K(l
2 ^Vpj
l\d(Jhu)
ptJ dt)
1 ft,/I
2 /jjVpj
lW(Mi
Pi/ rf
elf
dpi_ __ ,
' df
a du
*,=
*!. + cotei!.+ ^
a sin o aw
r?.2?tf
\ s i n 0 dtida)
1 c o s fl
a* Bm1 O
,
Pi
The diflForonccs aro practically unimportant,' for the roason given in $ 1. (There
appears to bo an error of transcription in the last torms of tho expressions for At
ana K8 given by Mr. Lovo on p. 509 of his momoir. Theso terms should bo
1890.]
137
1 ( d?S,, .
i *
, a dSu
r r +COt
2i + 22 = 1 -r-r+COt 00 - +
a1 (( ar
rf^
siirtf
r
p, = oo, p3 = a,
= y-
ax
dv
, w
du , dv
*a = j H
> tar = - - - - + ,
ad
a
adw
dx
a2'
"
ddtodx
2fia dio
2ci dx
* Tho formula) given by Mr. Lovo (p. 612) for tho principal curvatures do not
appear to verify in this caso. [" Thoso formula* aro known to bo incorrect. Thoro
are mistakes in the working. On p. 611, for Ji = ~ J7', read E = +- g gl , &c.; and
for Ji' = - l l A' read E4 = - { ! ^ 2 i L ^ J A' &C. This makes all right."
hfh^
" i "a
138
[Jan. 9,
aw
dx
a
dx
P
dto
aPml = a
dx
dGxx
dx
-.- =<
a
.^ = 0, r = o, s, = o, n = o,
1 (dv,
a \dw
whilst
\
I
1 (d?w ,
a3 \ d(o2
Hence PZm = 0, Gxx = Gmm = 0, and the equations further reduce to
dP..
1890.]
where
PaX =
" .
aw
Assuming
139
/VM.
^4 = ---
Z=
-2hP,.
(FSs^B-s [ 3+(s2-l) ^ ] (7 = 0,
whence
- 3 - S 2 ( S 2 - l ) ~ | -3s2 j
d
- l ) ^ | = 0.
(I
and
and
approximately. These are both known results. The modes of
vibration corresponding to the former root belong to the class of
cases to which special attention has been paid by Mr. Love, where
the dominant feature is the extension of the middle surface, and the
frequency is, accordingly, independent of the thickness. They can of
course be investigated by a much simpler analysis, if we recognise
140
[Jan. 9,
this peculiarity from the outset. The second root belongs to tho
well-known flexural vibrations of a cylinder,* and gives a frequency
proportional to the thickness. With this value of /33 we find
sB
G
whence
a-o r
3
2 s 3 ( s 8 - l ) h*
3 " s'+l
a*'
^r-^ -=. cos sw,
s* + l a8 a
Hence
du
O"i = -j-
G + xo
<r-i
tar =
0,
dm
These make
and thence
-<JQz
dx
_ 0.
1890.]
141
a*
provided
dx'
+O
w,
a*
d
-,dx
142
[Jan. 9,
aO
These are very small compared with G, and may be neglected except
near the edges, where they are (in the values of w, &c.) multiplied by
the large factors cosh qx/a, sinh qx/a. Near the edge x = I we have,
* Exactly the same result follows from Mr. Love's forms of the fundamental
equations.
1890.]
14$
for example,
w = O-\yz. ? e-9lt~x)lacos (q-+
\/2 g*
j .
4/
The deviation from the cylindrical form has for its maximum value
a
h n
.a'y a
and becomes insensible at a distance from the edge comparable with
the mean proportional aforesaid. Since
<ra = (0+w)/a,
ax = aav
the preceding formula also gives the amount and the distribution of
the extensions cru av Since these are, at the circular edges, of the
same order as Jt%v &2a, it becomes of interest to compare the two parts
of the potential energy which depend on the extension and the flexure,
respectively. If, as before, we write
A-
1
3
the former part of the energy is, per unit length of the circular section,,
= ZAli \_x(o\ + 2ff(r,<r9 + <raa) dx
= 3ii(l-<r8) A P (w+Oydx.
J -i
^
Pe-^c-^cos'fj + ^-)dx,
qa J
\
a
4/
where the integration now extends over the short distance from the
edge x = I within which the exponential factor differs sensibly from
zero. The result is
"144
. and is
[Jan. 9,
2 -r I.
a
The ratio of the former part of the energy to the latter is of the order
/(ah)/l, which is, by hypothesis, small. This tends, I think, to remove
the difficulty raised by Mr. Love, by showing that, although the
presence of a free edge does in fact give rise to extensional strains
comparable with those due to the flexure, the area to which they are
practically confined is relatively so small that their contribution to
the total energy is insignificant.
The distribution of applied force over the straight edges of the plate
is somewhat artificial, bat it may without sensible error be replaced
by a much simpler one. It consists of a couple having the edge as
axis, given by
flL. = 2Ah>
and of a tension perpendicular to the edge, of amount
Pmm = 6Ah (ffa+r<r,) = 6A ( I - * 8 ) A
Making use of the approximate formula for w, we find that near the
edge 2 = 2,
GL. = 24 i | 0 [ - 1 + ^2 o'e-'wsin
(q ^
+ -j) j ,
P.. =3V2Aa(l~a*)
^a-<"'-*>'aeosYo + 4 V
v
Va
V* a
4/
The deviations of 0^ from uniformity, and of P . . from zero, are confinod to a short distance from the cornex*. The integral of PM over
this distance is readily found to be zero, as might have been foreseen
from the fact that the plate as a whole would not otherwise be in
equilibrium. The integral of the variable part of OmX is of the order
i/(ah)/l, as compared with that of the constaut part taken over the
whole length of the edge. The theory of "local perturbations,"*
therefore, warrants us in asserting that, if the tension aud the nonuniform part of the couple be suppressed, no appreciable change will
take placo except in the immediate neighbourhood of the corners.
Hence, subject to tiiis qualification, we have solved the problem of
the flexure of a cylindrical plate by a pair of equal and opposite
couples applied uniformly over the straight edges.
* The terra is adopted from Boussinesq, who has treated this subject very fully.
See his " Application dea Potentials a 1'Etude de 1'EquiliJbre et du Mouvement del
Solidea Elautiques," Paris, 1885.
1890.]
145
1 2oi5 .
. 2oi
sinn -L-+sin*a
a
As I is diminished, this teuds ultimately to the value <rCP/3a?, which
is of the order V/ah compared with the maximum strain due to flexure.
The flexural rigidity of the shelli.e., the ratio of the bending couple
to the change of curvatureis
J-i
"*
4>AhH 4
, cosh -2-cos
t_<raL
a
which is, in fact, the flexural rigidity of a bar whose section is a rectangle of breadth 2Z and depth 2h, since
A (I-a*) = IB.
where E is Young's modulus.
[Note added Feb. 15, 1890.The paper as read contained (in the
form of an Appendix) an investigation, based on the general
equations of elasticity, of the uniform flexure of an infinitely long
cylindrical plate of finite thickness. This is now. withdrawn, the
problem in question having been solved in a paper by Lord Bayleigh,*
which has since appeared. The most important result is the calculation of the stress across any element of area parallel to the middle
surface. When the ratio h/a is small, this was found to be
146
[Jan. 9,
* Equation (40). A somewhat similar investigation for the case of a plane plate
is given in the Proceedings, Dec. 12,1889, pp. 86-90.