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Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity
Introductory Course on Multiphysics Modelling

TOMASZ G. Z IELI NSKI


Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Warsaw Poland

http://www.ippt.pan.pl/~tzielins/

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: the piezoelectric effect


Observed phenomenon
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an
electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. If the
material is not short-circuited, the applied charge induces a voltage
across the material.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: the piezoelectric effect


Observed phenomenon
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an
electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. If the
material is not short-circuited, the applied charge induces a voltage
across the material.
The piezoelectric effect is reversible, that is, all piezoelectric
materials exhibit:
the direct piezoelectric effect the production of electricity when
stress is applied,
the converse piezoelectric effect the production of stress and/or
strain when an electric field is applied.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: the piezoelectric effect


Observed phenomenon
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an
electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. If the
material is not short-circuited, the applied charge induces a voltage
across the material.
the direct piezoelectric effect the production of electricity when
stress is applied,
the converse piezoelectric effect the production of stress and/or
strain when an electric field is applied.
Some historical facts and etymology
The (direct) piezoelectric phenomenon was discovered in 1880 by the
brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie during experiments on quartz.
The existence of the reverse process was predicted by Lippmann
in 1881 and then immediately confirmed by the Curies.
The word piezoelectricity means electricity by pressure and is derived
from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: a simple molecular model


Before subjecting the material to some
external stress:

the centres of the negative and


positive charges of each molecule
coincide,

neutral molecule

the external effects of the charges


are reciprocally cancelled,
as a result, an electrically neutral
molecule appears.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: a simple molecular model


After exerting some pressure on the
material:
the internal structure is deformed,
+

small dipole

that causes the separation of the


positive and negative centres of the
molecules,
as a result, little dipoles are
generated.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Introduction: a simple molecular model


Eventually:
the facing poles inside the material
are mutually cancelled,

a distribution of a linked charge


appears in the materials surfaces
and the material is polarized,
the polarization generates an electric
field and can be used to transform
the mechanical energy of the
materials deformation into electrical
energy.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements
m

fi
q
%

cijkl

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

N
m2

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density
the elastic material constants

h
i
F
ij m
= VCm the dielectric constants

ELASTIC

+
DIELECTRIC

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements
m

fi
q
%

cijkl
ekij
ij

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density

N
the elastic material constants
h m2 i
C
the piezoelectric constants
h m2
i
F
C
=
the dielectric constants
m
Vm

ELASTIC
Piezoelectric
+ Effects
DIELECTRIC

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements
m

Equations of motion
(Elastodynamics)

Tij|j + fi = % u i

Gauss law
(Electrostatics)

Di|i q = 0

fi
q
%

cijkl
ekij
ij

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density

N
the elastic material constants
h m2 i
C
the piezoelectric constants
h m2
i
F
C
=
the dielectric constants
m
Vm

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements

fi
q
%

cijkl
ekij

Equations of motion

Gauss law
(Electrostatics)

Di|i q = 0

1
2 (ui|j + uj|i )

Maxwells law
(Electricity)

Ei = |i

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density

N
the elastic material constants
h m2 i
C
the piezoelectric constants
h m2
i
F
C
=
the dielectric constants
m
Vm

(Mechanics)

Sij =

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

Kinematic relations

(Elastodynamics)

Tij|j + fi = % u i

ij

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements

fi
q
%

cijkl
ekij

Equations of motion
(Elastodynamics)

Tij|j + fi = % u i

Gauss law
(Electrostatics)

Di|i q = 0

ij

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density

N
the elastic material constants
h m2 i
C
the piezoelectric constants
h m2
i
F
C
=
the dielectric constants
m
Vm

Kinematic relations
(Mechanics)

Sij = 12 (ui|j + uj|i )

Maxwells law
(Electricity)

Ei = |i

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

Constitutive equations
with Piezoelectric Effects

Tij = cijkl Skl ekij Ek


Dk = ekij Sij + ki Ei
ELECTROMECHANICAL

COUPLING !

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions

Scalar, vector, and tensor quantities


ui [m]
h theimechanical displacements
J
V= C
the electric field potential
h i
m
Sij m the strain tensor
h
i
V
Ei m
=N
the electric field vector
C
h i
Tij N2 the stress tensor
hm i
Di C2 the electric displacements

fi
q
%

cijkl
ekij
ij

N
h m3 i
C
m3
h i
kg
m3

the mechanical body forces


the electric body charge
the mass density

N
the elastic material constants
h m2 i
C
the piezoelectric constants
h m2
i
F
C
=
the dielectric constants
m
Vm

Boundary conditions are uncoupled


(essential)

(natural)

mechanical :

ui = u i

or

Tij nj = F i

electric :

or

Di ni = Q


u i , the specified mechanical displacements
V
[m] and electric
h i
h potential
i
the specified surface forces N and surface charge C
F i , Q
m2

ni the outward unit normal vector components

m2

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Equations of piezoelectricity
Final set of partial differential equations

Equations in primary dependent variables


Mechanical displacement (u) vs. electric potential () equations:

+ c : (u) + e () + f = 0 ,
% u

e : (u) () q = 0 .

Or, in index notation and for constant material properties:


% u i + cijkl uk|lj + ekij |kj + fi = 0

ekij ui|kj kj |kj q = 0

[3 eqs.] ,
[1 eq.] .

In 3D these are 4 PDEs in 4 unknowns:

ui = ? ,

=?

(three mechanical displacements and an electric potential)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive relations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0

(voltage)

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(stress)

(charge)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive relations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)
Stress-Charge form:
T = cE=0 : S eT E ,
D = e : S + S=0 E .

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0

(voltage)

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(stress)

(charge)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive relations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)
Stress-Charge form:

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0

(voltage)

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(stress)
Strain-Charge form:

T = cE=0 : S eT E ,

S = sE=0 : T + dT E ,

D = e : S + S=0 E .

D = d : T + T=0 E .

(charge)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive relations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)
Stress-Charge form:

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0
g

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(stress)
Strain-Charge form:

T = cE=0 : S eT E ,

S = sE=0 : T + dT E ,

D = e : S + S=0 E .

D = d : T + T=0 E .

Stress-Voltage form:
T = cD=0 : S qT D ,
1
E = q : S +
S=0 D .

(voltage)

(charge)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive relations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)
Stress-Charge form:

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0
g

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(stress)
Strain-Charge form:

T = cE=0 : S eT E ,

S = sE=0 : T + dT E ,

D = e : S + S=0 E .

D = d : T + T=0 E .

Stress-Voltage form:

(voltage)

Strain-Voltage form:

T = cD=0 : S qT D ,

S = sD=0 : T + gT D ,

1
E = q : S +
S=0 D .

1
E = g : T +
T =0 D .

(charge)

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive equations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

m
m

S, D (T , E)

(voltage)

sE=0 , T=0
g

S, E (T , D)

(charge)

1
sD=0 ,
T =0

S=0

(strain)

(stress)

Here, the following tensors of constitutive coefficients appear:


fourth-order tensors of elastic material constants: c
(stiffness coefficients) and s = c1

m2
N

N
m2

(compliance coefficients)

obtained in the absence of electric field (E=0) or charge (D=0);

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive equations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

m
m

T , D (S, E)

S, D (T , E)

cE=0 , S=0

(voltage)

sE=0 , T=0

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S, E (T , D)

(charge)

1
sD=0 ,
T =0

S=0

(strain)

(stress)

Here, the following tensors of constitutive coefficients appear:


fourth-order tensors of elastic material constants: c
(stiffness coefficients) and s = c1

m2
N

N
m2

(compliance coefficients)

obtained in the absence of electric field (E=0) or charge (D=0);


second-order tensors of dielectric material constants:
h

F
m

(electric permittivity) and 1 m


obtained in the absence of
F
mechanical strain (S=0) or stress (T=0);

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Forms of constitutive equations


Stress

Charge

Voltage

C
m2

V
m

N
m2

Strain

T , D (S, E)
cE=0 , S=0
q

T , E (S, D)
cD=0 ,

S=0

(strain)

m
m

S, D (T , E)
sE=0 , T=0

(voltage)

S, E (T , D)
1
sD=0 ,
T =0

(charge)

(stress)

Here, the following tensors of constitutive coefficients appear:


third-order tensors of piezoelectric coupling coefficients:
e
q
d
g

C
the piezoelectric coefficients for Stress-Charge form,
2
m
2
m
the piezoelectric coefficients for Stress-Voltage form,
C

h i
C

hNi
N
C

the piezoelectric coefficients for Strain-Charge form,


the piezoelectric coefficients for Strain-Voltage form.

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Strain-Charge  Strain-Voltage:
1
sD=0 = sE=0 dT
T =0 d ,

1
g =
T =0 d .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

Strain-Charge  Strain-Voltage:
1
sD=0 = sE=0 dT
T =0 d ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Strain-Charge  Stress-Voltage: . . .

1
g =
T =0 d .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Strain-Charge  Strain-Voltage:
1
sD=0 = sE=0 dT
T =0 d ,

Strain-Charge  Stress-Voltage: . . .

Stress-Charge  Stress-Voltage:
1
cD=0 = cE=0 eT
S=0 e ,

1
g =
T =0 d .

1
q =
S=0 e .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

Strain-Charge  Strain-Voltage:
1
sD=0 = sE=0 dT
T =0 d ,

Strain-Charge  Stress-Voltage: . . .

Stress-Charge  Stress-Voltage:
1
cD=0 = cE=0 eT
S=0 e ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Stress-Charge  Strain-Voltage: . . .

1
g =
T =0 d .

1
q =
S=0 e .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Transformations of piezoelectric constitutive data


1

Strain-Charge  Stress-Charge:
1
cE=0 = s
E=0 ,

1
e = d : s
E=0 ,

T
1
S=0 = T=0 d s
E=0 d .

Strain-Charge  Strain-Voltage:
1
sD=0 = sE=0 dT
T =0 d ,

Strain-Charge  Stress-Voltage: . . .

Stress-Charge  Stress-Voltage:
1
cD=0 = cE=0 eT
S=0 e ,

Stress-Charge  Strain-Voltage: . . .

Strain-Voltage  Stress-Voltage:
1
cD=0 = s
D=0 ,

1
q = g : s
D=0 ,

1
g =
T =0 d .

1
q =
S=0 e .

1
1
1
T

S=0 = T =0 + g sD=0 g .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Matrix notation of constitutive relations


Rule of change of subscripts
11 1 ,

22 2 ,

33 3 ,

23 4 ,

13 5 ,

12 6 .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Matrix notation of constitutive relations


Rule of change of subscripts
11 1 ,

22 2 ,

Tij [T ](61) ,
cijkl [c ](66) ,
ekij [ek ](36) ,

33 3 ,

Sij [S ](61) ,
sijkl [s ](66) ,
dkij [dk ](36) ,

23 4 ,

13 5 ,

Ei [Ei ](31) ,
ij [ij ](33) ,

12 6 .

Di [Di ](31) ,
1
1

ij [ij ](33) ,

qkij [qk ](36) ,

(Here: i, j, k, l = 1, 2, 3, and , = 1, . . . 6.)

gkij [gk ](36) .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Matrix notation of constitutive relations


Rule of change of subscripts
11 1 ,

22 2 ,

Tij [T ](61) ,
cijkl [c ](66) ,
ekij [ek ](36) ,

33 3 ,

Sij [S ](61) ,
sijkl [s ](66) ,
dkij [dk ](36) ,

23 4 ,

13 5 ,

Ei [Ei ](31) ,

12 6 .

Di [Di ](31) ,

ij [ij ](33) ,

1
1

ij [ij ](33) ,

qkij [qk ](36) ,

(Here: i, j, k, l = 1, 2, 3, and , = 1, . . . 6.)

Strain-Charge form:
S(61) = s(66) T(61) + dT(63) E(31) ,
D(31) = d(36) T(61) + (33) E(31) .

Stress-Charge form:
T(61) = c(66) S(61) eT(63) E(31) ,
D(31) = e(36) S(61) + (33) E(31) .

gkij [gk ](36) .

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Matrix notation of constitutive relations


For orthotropic piezoelectric materials there are 9 + 5 + 3 = 17
material constants, and the matrices of material constants read:

c
11

c(66) =

e(36) = 0
e31

0
0
e32

0
0
e33

c12
c22

c13
c23
c33

sym.
0
e24
0

e15
0
0

0 ,
0

0
0
0
c44

0
,
0

c66

11

(33) = 0
0

0
0
0
0
c55

0
22
0

0 .
33

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Matrix notation of constitutive relations


For orthotropic piezoelectric materials there are 9 + 5 + 3 = 17
material constants, and the matrices of material constants read:

c
11

c(66) =

e(36) = 0
e31

0
0
e32

0
0
e33

c12
c22

c13
c23
c33

0
0
0
c44

sym.
0
e24
0

e15
0
0

0 ,
0

0
,
0

c66

11

(33) = 0
0

0
0
0
0
c55

0
22
0

0 .
33

Many piezoelectric materials (e.g., PZT ceramics) can be treated as


transversally isotropic. Then, there are only 10 material constants,
since 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 of the orthotropic constants depend on the others:
c22 = c11 ,

c23 = c13 ,

e24 = e15 ,

c55 = c44 ,

e32 = e31 ,

c11 c12
,
2
22 = 11 .
c66 =

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Outline
1

Introduction
The piezoelectric effect
Simple molecular model for explaining the piezoelectric effect

Equations of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity viewed as electromechanical coupling
Field equations of linear piezoelectricity
Boundary conditions
Final set of partial differential equations

Forms of constitutive law


Forms of constitutive relations
Transformations for converting piezoelectric constitutive data
Matrix notation of piezoelectric constitutive relations

Comments and remarks

Introduction

Equations of piezoelectricity

Forms of constitutive law

Comments and remarks

Comments and final remarks


Electromechanical coupling
Induced electric potential
Piezoelectric finite elements
Thermal analogy approach an approximation based on the
resemblance between thermoelastic and converse piezoelectric
constitutive equations: the stress vs. strain and voltage equation

Tij = cijkl Skl emij Em = cijkl Skl dmkl Em

1
with dmkl = emij c
ijkl

resembles the Hookes constitutive relation with initial strain S0kl


or initial temperature 0

Tij = cijkl Skl S0kl = cijkl Skl kl 0 .

Thus, that latter thermoelastic law can be used to approximate


the piezoelectric problem. In this case the thermal expansion
coefficients are determined as
kl =

1 0
S
0 kl

where S0kl = dmkl Em = dmkl |m .

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