Evaluarea Incarcarilor

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
Example: Determination of loads on a building

envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a
portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions
and snow actions.
7,30
5,988
Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
,00
72
7,2
[m]
30,00
Basic data
Total length :
b = 72,00 m
Spacing:
s = 7,20 m
Bay width :
d = 30,00 m
Height (max):
h = 7,30 m
Roof slope:
= 5,0
Height above ground:

h = 7,30 m
= 5
leads to:
h = 7,30 15 tan 5 = 5,988 m
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
1 Wind loads
Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity:
vb
= cdir cseason vb,0
Where: vb
basic wind velocity
cdir
directional factor
cseason
seasonal factor
vb,0
fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
EN 1991-1-4
4.2

Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):

vb,0
= 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)
Terrain category II
z0 = 0,05 m
z > zmin
EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1
vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s
For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are
in general equal to 1,0.
Basic velocity pressure
qb =
1
2
air v b
2
where:
air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)
qb =
EN 1991-1-4
4.5
eq. 4.10
1
1,25 26 2 = 422,5 N/m
2
Peak pressure
1
q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)] v m (z) 2
2
Calculation of vm(z)
vm(z)
mean wind velocity
vm(z) = cr(z) co(z) vb
EN 1991-1-4
4.5, eq. 4.8
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Where: co(z)
is the orography factor
cr(z)
is the roughness factor
z
c r (z) = k r ln
z0
c r (z) = c r ( z min )
Where: z0
kr
of
for z min z z max
for z z min
is the roughness length

is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0
calculated using
z
k r = 0,19 0
z
0,II
Sheet
Where:
0 , 07
z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II)
zmin
is the minimum height
zmax
is to be taken as 200 m
EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1
Calculation of Iv(z)
Iv(z)
turbulence intensity
Iv =
kI
c o ( z ) ln( z / z 0 )
I v = I v ( z min )
Where: kI
z
so:
for z min z z max
EN 1991-1-4
4.4 eq. 4.7
for z < z min
is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0

= 7,30 m
zmin < z < zmax
1
7kI
qp (z) = 1 +
vb 2 (k r ln( z / z0 ) ) 2
2

o ( z ) ln( z / z0 )
c

wind profile
squared gust factor
basic pressure
Corrigendum
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
1
7
qp (7 ,30) = 1 +
1,25 26 2
ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) 2
0 ,07
0 ,05
0,19
ln (7 ,30 / 0,05)
0 ,05
7
= 1 +
422,5 0,947 2 10 3 = 0,911 kN/m
ln(7 ,30 / 0,05)

Wind pressure on surfaces
(pressure coefficients for internal frame)
EN 1991-1-4
7.2

A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load
indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind
action as well as for the internal wind action.
External pressure coefficients
The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from
the following expression:
EN 1991-1-4
we = qp(ze) cpe
5.2 eq. 5.1
where: ze
cpe
is the reference height for the external pressure

is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
depending on the size of the loaded area A.
= cpe,10 because the loaded area A for the structure is larger
than 10 m
a) vertical walls
for
h 7,30
=
= 0,24 0,25
d 30,00
D:
cpe = 0,7
E:
cpe = - 0,3
EN 1991-1-4
7.2
Table 7.1
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
b) duopitch roofs
EN 1991-1-4
7.2
Table 7.4a
with = 5,0,
= 0 (wind direction)
e = min (b; 2h)
= min (72,00; 14,60)
= 14,60 m
1) upwind face
G:
cpe = - 1,2
H:
cpe = - 0,6
I:
cpe = - 0,6
J:
cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6
2) downwind face

cpe = - 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1)
External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

G: c pe = -1,2
H: c pe = -0,6
J: c pe = -0,6
I: c pe = -0,6
D: c pe = 0,7
E: c pe = -0,3
Internal pressure coefficient
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be

obtained from the following expression
wi = qp(zi) cpi
where: zi
cpi
is the reference height for the internal pressure

is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
EN 1991-1-4
5.2 eq.5.2
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and
opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of
+ 0,2 and 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2.
EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9 (6)
Note 2
Wind loads
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are
calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m:
w = (cpe + cpi) qp s
Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:

- zones D, E, G, H, I and J
G: w = 9,18
J: w = 5,25
H: w = 5,25
I: w = 5,25
D: w = 4,59
e/10 = 1,46
E: w = 3,28
7,30

Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The
worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for
every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
1,46
30,00
[m]
EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
2 Snow loads
General
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:

s = i ce cz sk
where: i
EN 1991-1-3
5.2.2 eq.5.1
is the roof shape coefficient
ce
is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
ct
is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk
is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the

relevant altitude

Roof shape coefficient
Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.
0 30
1 = 0,8
EN 1991-1-3
5.3
Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground
The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.

For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
A 2
s k = (0 , 264 z 0, 002 ) 1 +
kN/ m
256
Where: z
A
is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea

level), here: z = 2
is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
175 2
s k = (0,264 2 0,002 ) 1 +
= 0,772 kN/m
256
EN 1991-1-3
Annex C
Table C1
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
Snow load on the roof
s = 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m

spacing = 7,20 m
for an internal frame:

s = 0,618 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m

7,30
30,00
[m]

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Height above ground:

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

= cdir cseason vb,0

basic wind velocity

fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):

= 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)

vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s

air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)

mean wind velocity

vm(z) = cr(z) co(z) vb

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

is the orography factor

is the roughness factor

for z min z z max

is the roughness length

z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II)

is the minimum height

for z min z z max

for z < z min

is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0

zmin < z < zmax

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

ln(7 ,30 / 0,05)

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

is the reference height for the external pressure

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

Internal pressure coefficient

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be

is the reference height for the internal pressure

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:

is the roof shape coefficient

is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0

is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations

is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Roof shape coefficient

Snow load on the ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.

is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Snow load on the roof

s = 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m

for an internal frame: