Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Valsir underfloor
heating system
TECHNICAL MANUAL
INDEX
Thermal well-being
Energy saving
Hygienic conditions
Aesthetic advantages
2. Components catalogue
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
2.11.
2.12.
2.13.
2.14.
2.15.
2.16.
2.17.
2.18.
2.19.
2.20.
2.21.
2.22.
2.23.
2.24.
2.25.
2.26.
pg. 6
pg. 8
pg. 15
3.1.
PEXAL and MIXAL pipes
3.1.1. General characteristics
3.1.2. Characteristics of crosslinked polyethylene PE-Xb
3.1.3. Characteristics of aluminium
3.1.4. Mechanical behaviour
3.1.5. Heat expansion
3.1.6. Resistance to abrasion, deposits and corrosion
3.1.7. Oxygen and UV rays barrier
3.1.8. Light-weight
3.1.9. Sound absorption
3.1.10. Long life
3.1.11. Heat conductance
3.1.12. Heat output in comparison with other pipes
3.1.13. Pressure loss
3.1.14. Quality control
3.1.15. Approvals
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4.
3.3.5
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.5.
3.6.
3.6.1.
3.6.2.
3.6.3.
3.6.4.
pg. 60
Introduction
Dimensioning: theory
Floor stratification
Required thermal flow
Characteristic curves
Thermal flow limit and maximum floor temperature
Limit curves
Supply temperature
Average floor temperature
Downward heat dispersion
Length of heating loops
Flow and temperature of heating fluid
Design limits in the choice of pipe spacing
Balancing of heating circuits
Dimensioning: practice
Floor stratification
The required thermal flow
Thermal flow limit and maximum floor temperature
The characteristic and limit curves
Supply temperature
Circuit dimensioning
Balancing of heating circuits
Valsir
Valsir
Valsir
Valsir
Valsir
pg. 55
Introduction
System types
pg. 96
6.3.
6.4.
6.4.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6.
6.5.
6.5.1.
6.5.2.
6.5.3.
6.5.4.
6.5.5.
6.5.6.
System design
Dimensioning: theory
Required heat output
Stratification of radiant panels
Temperature calculation
Downward specific heat output
Calculation of circuit loops
Calculation of flow rate and temperature of heating fluid
Dimensioning: practice
Required heat output
Stratification of radiant panels
Temperature calculation
Downward specific heat output
Calculation of circuit loops
Calculation of flow rate and temperature of heating fluid
7. Installation
pg. 119
8. Appendix
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
pg. 126
Heat transfer
Heat conductance and resistance of materials
Wood as a floor covering
Dimensioning of metal grid reinforcement in the floor
Anti-freeze liquid in heating circuits
Calculation of quantity of concrete for laying
Insulating panels for floor heating
Measurement units
Characteristics
of underfloor heating systems
The first evidence of underfloor heating (ufh) can be found even in Roman times. The working principles were fairly simple but ingenious; an underground fire was made and the
hot fumes were conveyed through ducts under the floor of the home.
Only following the war do we start to see the first ufh systems which used hot water inside pipes embedded in the floor; unfortunately the poor insulation in the buildings, the high
temperatures and the lack of adequate control systems caused this type of system to lose
popularity for quite some time. The energy crisis of the seventies, however, and the issuing
of European laws on thermal insulation made it possible to return to this type of heating.
Floor heating is, today, certainly the most technically valid solution offered by the heating
market in the residential, commercial and industrial sector. The various solutions available
allow maximum flexibility and adaptability to all types of building and construction requirements.
Furthermore, the use of a heating fluid at low temperatures and the particular stratification
of the heat in the room means important energy saving.
With a floor heating system the condition of well-being achieved at an average room temperature, which is generally 1C below the temperature achieved with traditional systems
and therefore, at equal comfort, energy saving is possible.
Furthermore, the use of insulating panels to hold the pipe, significantly reduces heat loss
and contributes to the increase of system output; traditional heating systems do not require such panels, from a design point of view, and therefore they are never used.
More details on heat transfer and temperature distribution for different types of heating
systems can be found in the appendix.
Components catalogue
Name
Di
thickness (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
COD.
(m)
PEXAL 14x2
14
2,0
10
100101
100
MIXAL 16x2
16
2,0
12
113005
120
MIXAL 16x2
16
2,0
12
113007
240
MIXAL 20x2
20
2,0
16
113009
120
MIXAL 20x2
20
2,0
16
113011
240
PEXAL 26x3
26
2,0
20
100117
50
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
1(mm)
Density
(mm)
(kg/m3)
COD.
(pcs)
(m2)
V-ESSE20
750 1350 50
20
75
30
109000
12
12,15
V-ESSE30
750 1350 60
30
75
30
109001
10
10,12
(mm)
(m)
(mm)
(mm)
Density
(kg/m3)
COD.
(pcs)
(m2)
V-ELLE20/150 1000
12
20
50
30
109002
12,00
V-ELLE30/250 1000
12
30
50
40
109003
12,00
Smooth panel in rolls in expanded polystyrene with grey EPS film, with aluminium finish and red
squares for facilitating installation.
(m)
25
(mm)
200
(mm)
COD.
109200
(pcs)
(m)
125
White insulating strip in expanded polyethylene with self-adhesive side on the whole surface and
protective film divided in two. The strip is coupled with a 40 m polyethylene transparent film to prevent cement infiltrations.
(m)
(mm)
200
25
(mm)
COD.
(pcs)
125
109201
(m)
White insulating band in expanded polyethylene with adhesive at one end by 20 mm to be used with
V-JOINT/T support or to be glued to the mushrooms of the V-ESSE panel
Name
V-JOINT/T
COD.
(m)
109203
1,20
(pcs)
10
(m)
12
De pipe
V-CLIP01
COD.
(mm)
109400
14, 16, 20
(pcs)
100
Anchor clips for pipe diameters 14, 16, 20 mm to be used with V-ELLE panel.
Name
De pipe
(mm)
Net thread
(mm)
COD.
(pcs)
V-CLIP02
16, 20
35
109403
25
V-CLIP03
26
35
109405
25
Anchor clips for fixing pipes to metal grid for application on insulating concrete.
V-FOIL
100
(m)
(mm)
1200
COD.
109600
(m)
100
(m2)
120
COD.
V-FLUID
109800
(kg)
10
This additive permits improved concrete flow with less water. Optimises the covering of loops during
installation.
(inch)
(inch x mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Kg
COD.
(pcs)
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
247
3,90
110004
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
297
4,72
110005
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
347
5,54
110006
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
397
6,35
110007
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
447
7,16
110008
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
497
8,51
110009
10
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
547
9,33
110010
11
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
597
10,15
110011
12
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
647
10,97
110012
Distribution manifold with flow-check valves, valves with thermostatic capacity and brackets for
encased cabinet (cod. 112010 and cod. 112011).
(inch)
(inch x mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Kg
COD.
(pcs)
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
347
5,54
110016
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
397
6,35
110017
G11/4 G3/4x18
214
447
7,16
110018
(inch)
(inch x mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Kg
COD.
(pcs)
G3/4 G3/4x18
87
155
1,95
110020
G3/4 G3/4x18
87
205
2,59
110021
Distribution manifold for high temperature circuits. Used for bathroom radiator or extra radiators
in a floor heating system. (To be used with mixing kit cod. 110300).
10
(inch)
(mm)
1 (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
28
(mm)
95
kg
(mm)
99
COD.
(pcs)
0,566 110025
End kit with valve for system drainage and automatic air vent.
(inch)
(mm)
32
G11/4
(mm)
75
(mm)
151
COD.
(pcs)
110032
Two valves (red and blue) with thermometer 60C to be used with distribution manifold.
Pipe
(inch x mm)
(mm x mm)
COD.
(pcs)
G3/4x18
14x2
110035
10
G3/4x18
16x2
110036
10
G3/4x18
20x2
110037
10
(inch x mm)
G3/4x18
COD.
110040
(pcs)
10
11
Flow
(inch x mm)
G3/4x18
COD.
(l/min)
0,62,4
(pcs)
110045
1 (inch)
2 (inch)
G3/4 G11/4
(mm)
381
(mm)
214
(mm)
400
Kg
COD.
7,16
110300
(pcs)
Mixing kit with three-speed pump (predominance 4 m, 5 m, 6 m) with bracket for fixing to encased cabinet (cod. 112010 and cod. 112011), safety thermostat, interception valve with thermometer, valve with thermostatic capacity at inlet and flow-check valve at outlet, adjustable safety bypass, three-way motorised valve.
(mmxmm)
M28x1,5
(mm)
52
(mm)
81,5
(mm)
160
(mm)
11
Measuring field
(C)
3050C
COD.
(pcs)
110400
COD.
24
110430
(pcs)
Thermo-electric head on/off with adaptor for distribution manifold. Controls the flow in floor heating circuits. Is applied to distribution manifolds (return side).
12
Number zones
Max. no circuits
COD.
24
110600
14
24
110605
(pcs)
Control unit of heating circuits. It is the command box of the thermo-electric heads, which operates
depending on the temperature picked up by the thermostats.
COD.
24
110610
(pcs)
Module for increasing the number of zones controlled per control unit cod. 110600 and
cod. 110605.
COD.
24
110620
(pcs)
Module turns off the circulator pump when all the circuits are closed, to avoid activating the safety
by-pass of the mixing kit.
(mm)
2000
(mm)
1000
Mesh
(mmxmm)
50 x 50
Wire
2
(mm)
COD.
109700
(pz)
20
(m2)
40
13
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
COD.
(pcs)
1000
720 810
110 150
112010
1200
720 810
110 150
112011
Encased cabinet for mixing kit and distribution manifold, adjustable in height and depth. Fire-painted steel.
(pcs)
112000
Fixer for clips cod. 109400 for anchoring PEXAL and MIXAL pipe to V-ELLE panel.
14
(pcs)
Figure 3.1.1
Multi-layer structure of MIXAL pipe
1
2
3
4
15
PEXAL pipe is used in diameters 14x2 and 26x3 for use in UFH systems in civil renovation jobs and
snowmelt systems for entrance ramps, car parks, helicopter pads, viaducts, etc.
Its structure is composed of:
1) An outer layer of crosslinked polyethylene PE-Xb, white in colour, RAL 9003.
2) An intermediate layer of aluminium alloy, butt-welded in an axial direction.
3) Two binding layers of adhesive unite the intermediate metal layer to the outer and inner layers of
plastic.
4) An inner layer of crosslinked polyethylene PE-Xb.
Figure 3.1.2
Multi-layer structure of PEXAL pipe
1
2
3
3
MIXAL
MIXAL
PEXAL
External diameter
mm
14
16
20
26
Total thickness
mm
2,0
2,0
2,0
3,0
mm
0,3
0,2
0,25
0,58
g/m
100
105
140
287
l/m
0,077
0,113
0,201
0,314
Operating temperature
080
080
080
080
95
95
95
95
bar
10
10
10
10
mm/mK
0,026
0,026
0,026
0,026
W/mK
0,44
0,43
0,43
0,47
Inner roughness
mm
0,007
0,007
0,007
0,007
Oxygen diffusion
mg/l
mm
70
80
100
140
mm
35
50
80
100
Weight
Volume of water
16
PEXAL
kg/m3
950
65
135
MPa
23
MPa
W/mK
0,38
kJ/kgK
1,92
mm/mK
0,2
Figure 3.1.3
Aluminium layer in PEXAL and MIXAL pipes
Aluminium layer
in PEXAL and MIXAL
pipes
17
PEXAL/MIXAL
0,026
Galvanised steel
0,012
Stainless steel
0,016
Copper
0,016
0,1200,200
Aluminium
EVOH barrier
0,21
PE-X
12000
The oxygen diffusion value in PEXAL/MIXAL pipes is zero, thanks to the presence of
the inner layer of aluminium in all the diameters and independently of temperature
and humidity.
In PE-X pipes with barriers, the oxygen transmission coefficient OTR increases as the temperature
and relative humidity rises (Figure 3.1.4 and Figure 3.1.5). Even at 45C and with a relative humidity of 65%, the EVOH barrier has an oxygen transmission coefficient of almost 3,0
cm3/20mm2daybar.
Many PEX pipes sold today present an oxygen barrier that is generally on the outside on the pipe.
Such a layer is, therefore, significantly exposed not only to the danger of being scraped away but
also to the danger of being cut and the negative effect of humidity which drastically reduces its
impermeability.
OTR at 65% UR
Figure 3.1.4
Coefficient of oxygen transmission
of EVOH in relation to temperature
Temperature [C]
OTR at 20C
Figure 3.1.5
Coefficient of oxygen transmission
of EVOH in relation to relative humidity
19
3.1.8. Lightweight
The specific weights of the materials that make up the pipe are low. A coil of 100 metres of 16x2
weighs approximately 10,5 kg.
3.1.9. Sound absorption
The acoustic properties of the pipe are very good. The inner and outer layers in polyethylene minimise the noises, which are normally not absorbed by metal pipes.
3.1.10. Long life
The PEXAL and MIXAL pipes are designed to resist a pressure of up to 10 bar with working temperatures of 95C. The crosslinked polyethylene possesses, in fact, a very high ageing resistance.
Artificial ageing tests carried out in laboratories guarantee the pipe a life of over 50 years.
At working temperatures below 95C, the pipe can support pressures of over 10 bar without any
damage being caused; at 20C it can be used at a pressure as high as 25 bar.
The technical characteristics of the PEXAL and MIXAL pipes are therefore of an elevated level, especially if they are compared with the real working conditions of UFH systems which, on average, operate at temperatures of 45C and pressures which do not go above 22,5 bar.
The safety margin of PEXAL and MIXAL pipes in UFH systems in very high. Consider that
at 95C and with a safety margin of 1.5, the pipe can be used at 10 bar. At the same temperature, therefore, if used at 2.5 bar, the safety coefficient increases to 6 and, clearly, goes
up even further if the temperature is reduced to 45C.
20
Figure 3.1.6
External surface temperature of the pipe (example)
PEX PIPE
Figure 3.1.7
Supply temperature (example)
The better performance of PEXAL and MIXAL in comparison with PEX pipes is evident in
Figure 3.1.8 where, at equal system conditions, a greater heat output is obtained. In the
case examined, with a spacing of 15 cm or of 22,5 cm, the heat output is increased by over
2,2%.
21
Figure 3.1.8
Comparison of output
of MIXAL 16x2 and PEX 16x2
22
It is evident that the flow and speed of the circuits are more or less the same and therefore, that the 16x2 diameter MIXAL pipe can be used instead of the 17x2 diameter
PEX pipe.
Table 3.1. Comparison between PEX and MIXAL with pipe spacing of 15 cm.
Characteristics
PEX 17x2
MIXAL 16x2
15
15
45
45
66,7
66,7
18,6
18,8
Flow [l/h]
46,6
46,1
Speed [m/s]
0,10
0,11
Table 3.2. Comparison between PEX and MIXAL with pipe spacing of 22,5 cm.
Characteristics
PEX 17x2
MIXAL 16x2
22,5
22,5
45
45
44,4
44,4
14,5
14,1
Flow [l/h]
61,4
60,0
Speed [m/s]
0,13
0,15
23
Figure 3.1.9
Heat output PEX 17x2 and MIXAL 16x2
24
In sizing a UFH circuit it is necessary to keep in mind localised pressure losses due to the
continuous changes in direction of the radiant loops.
The linear pressure losses (calculated in the diagrams) must be increased by a percentage point, indicated in Table 3.1.5, which depends on the type of pipe layout adopted in the system.
Table 3.1.5. Percentage increase of pressure loss in relation to the type of pipe layout.
Type of layout pattern
Percentage
increase
Typical
use
Single serpentine
17%
Double serpentine
17%
13%
25
Figure 3.1.10
Single serpentine
Figure 3.1.11
Double serpentine
Figure 3.1.12
Counter flow spiral
26
Figure 3.1.13
Pressure loos with water at 10C
27
Figure 3.1.14
Pressure loss with water at 30C
28
Figure 3.1.15
Pressure loss with water at 50C
29
31
10. All the polymeric raw materials used in the production of the
multi-layer pipe are tested upon arrival to verify their main
characteristics; this procedure enables Valsir to manufacture
the products while being certain of using suitable materials for
the production; cutting edge instruments are utilised to perform the tests: for example, the melt index is measured using
the latest generation automatic equipment.
11. The tests performed by Valsir's quality laboratory on the polymeric materials utilised in the production of the Pexal pipe are
not limited to the acceptance tests, but continue after the production phase; the shrinkage and separation test of the
various polyethylene layers is performed on the finished product by subjecting the pieces of pipe to ageing and thermal
stress tests inside a thermostatic chamber.
32
3.1.15. Approvals
IIP-UNI: Certificate of conformity of the Pexal multi-layer pipe systems to be utilised for hot and cold water and heating systems.
UNI 10954-1
I N A
RINA: Type approval, which guarantees the use of the PEXAL multi-layer system on
ships for water distribution, heating and air-conditioning systems.
6 1
TYPE
APPROVAL
IIS: Qualification certificate of the aluminium welding procedure adopted in the production of the Pexal multi-layer pipe, in accordance with specifications EN 288-8:
1997 Annexes No. 12.
Spec. 438
LN IP083
POTABILIT
AS/NZS 4020
AS/NZS 4020: Type approval guaranteeing the suitability of the PEXAL multilayer pipe for coming into contact with drinking water with special reference
to the following tests: taste - appearance microbiological growth - cytotoxic
activity - mutagenic activity caused by metals extraction.
MC - GOST: Certificate of conformity of the PEXAL system to be used to transport hot and cold drinking water in water distribution and heating systems.
224811
MX03
Polish certificate of approval for installation of the Pexal pipes for heating and distribution of hot and cold water for domestic use.
AT/2000-02-0873
Polish certificate of approval for the Pexal system to distribute drinking water.
DVGW W270
TGM-KU 18946/1
norm B5157
GEPRFT
W270: Type approval that guarantees the suitability of the Pexal multi-layer pipe
for coming into contact with drinking water with special reference to the propagation of micro-organisms on the material surface. (Certificate n KU18946/1)
Type approval that guarantees the suitability of the Pexal multi-layer pipe for
use in delivering hot water to heating systems.
Type approval that guarantees the suitability of the Pexal multi-layer pipe
for use in delivering hot water to heating systems.
K 22518/01
K 22504/01
BS 6920
Suitability certificate for the Pexal multi-layer pipe to transport hot and cold
drinking water in sanitary systems.
Type approval that guarantees the use of the PEXAL multi-layer system on board
ships for sanitary, heating systems.
Type approval that guarantees the use of the Pexal system to distribute hot
and cold water in sanitary and heating systems.
Type approval that guarantees the use of the Pexal system to distribute hot
water in heating systems.
A-794/2002-I
33
Figure 3.2.1
V-ESSE panel
Euroclasse E
Figure 3.2.2
Dimensions of V-ESSE panel
34
Measurement Unit
V-ESSE20
V-ESSE30
Reference standard
Use
Panel material
Expanded polystyrene
Expanded polystyrene
Pregrooved
Pregrooved
mm x mm
1350 x 750
1350 x 750
mm x mm
1370 x 770
1370 x 770
Panel surface
m2
1,012
1,012
Minimum spacing p
mm
75
75
Insulation thickness s1
mm
20
30
Total height s
mm
50
60
kg/m3
30
30
UNI 6349
Compressive strength
kPa
150
150
Flexural strength
kPa
250
250
Fire resistance
Euroclasse E
Euroclasse E
EN 13501-1
0,5
0,5
Heat conductance
W/mK
0,034
0,034
Heat resistance
m2K/W
0,55
0,85
Packaging
Cardboard box
Cardboard box
12
10
m2
12,14
10,12
Surface type
Density
Figure 3.2.3
V-ELLE panel
Euroclasse E
Figure 3.2.4
Dimensions of V-ELLE panel
Panel characteristics
V-ELLE20/150
V-ELLE30/250
Use
Residential systems or commercial areas but above all it is suitable for industrial systems due
to its elevated compressive
strength.
It is suitable for snowmelt and
de-icing systems.
Panel material
smooth
smooth
mm x m
1000 x 12
1000 x 12
Panel surface
m2
12
12
Total height
mm
20
30
kg/m3
30
40
UNI 6349
Compressive strength
kPa
150
250
Flexural strength
kPa
200
350
Fire resistance
Euroclasse E*
Euroclasse E*
EN 13501-1
<1
<1
Heat conductance
W/mK
0,034
0,033
Heat resistance
m2K/W
0,55
0,90
Packaging
Polyethylene bag
Polyethylene bag
Surface type
Panel dimensions L x H
Density
Measurement unit
Reference standard
The mixing kit is used to mix hot supply water from the boiler and return loop water in order to have
a constant supply temperature. The kit is supplied with a three-speed circulation pump for the secondary circuit, thus making the Valsir mixing kit very versatile and applicable to all types of systems,
be they small or big. The kit is fixed point but it can be converted to a variable point by motorizing
the three-way valve.
Figure 3.3.2
Scheme of the components of the Valsir mixing kit
37
38
Figure 3.3.3
Characteristic curve of the three-way valve
Figure 3.3.4
Characteristic curve of the thermostatic head
39
Figure 3.3.5
Characteristic curve of the complete kit
Figure 3.3.6
Drawing of flow of the Valsir mixing kit
40
[3.3.1]
considered the average based on the flow of the return temperatures of the n heating circuits.
Applying the mass balance to the three-way valve, we have:
[3.3.2]
[3.3.5]
and thus
[3.3.6]
41
With this last formula it is possible to calculate the flow that the boiler must supply to the heating
system and based on the diagram shown in Figure 3.3.3 we can determine in what position the
three-way valve must be set.
3.3.3. Practice: adjustment of mixing kit
In order to further clarify the use of the formulas shown previously, reference is made to the example in the chapter Dimensioning of floor heating systems in accordance with the standard UNI EN
1264, the results of which are shown in the following table.
Table 3.3.1. Details of an example of a floor heating system
N.
Room
Spacing p [cm]
Tm
Tr
.
m
[C]
[C]
[l/s]
Bedroom
15
46
29,5
0,0154
Living room
22,5
46
33,5
0,0277
Kitchen
15
46
28,0
0,0121
Bathroom
15
46
35,0
0,0137
0,0689
The in-coming flow percentage to the mixing valve is given by the following ratio:
From the diagram in Figure 3.3.3 it can be seen that the three-way valve must be set to
value 4. From Figure 3.3.4 it can be seen that the thermostatic head must also be set to
value 4.
42
Size (mm)
No. outlets
A1(a)
B1
Manifold
796 480
110004
846 480
110005
896 480
110006
946 480
110007
996 480
110008
1046 480
110009
10
1096 480
110010
11
1146 480
110011
12
1196 480
110012
Metal case
(b)
Mixer
End group
Thermostatic
valve
Fittings
(c)
Thermo-electric
head (d)
112010
110035
110020
110300
112011
or
or
110025
110021
110400
110036
110430
or
110037
(a) The sizes take into consideration the high temperature kit with 3 outlets.
(b) Code suggested based on the total size of the system.
(c) The code depends on the dimensions of the pipe used.
(d) The use of thermoelectric heads depends on the type of circuit control system to be carried out.
43
Table 3.3.3. Composition of mixing kit complete with high temperature manifold
Product codes (ref. chapter 2)
Size (mm)
No. outlets
A2
B2
Manifold
Metal case
(b)
Mixer
End group
Thermostatic valve
Fittings
(c)
716 400
110004
766 400
110005
816 400
110006
110035
866 400
110007
or
916 400
110008
966 400
110009
10
1016 400
110010
11
1066 400
110011
12
1116 400
110012
Thermoelectric
head (d)
112010
110300
110025
112011
110400
110036
110430
or
110037
Keep in mind that the fittings are chosen based on the type of pipe that is used and the
thermoelectric head is chosen based on the type of circuit control system.
Figure 3.3.7
Assembled mixing kit
44
The pre-assembled Valsir manifold is obtained from a drawn brass bar with flow-check valves on the
supply manifold and thermostatic valves on the return manifold and it is supplied with mounting
brackets for anchoring it to the cabinet. It is equipped with flow-check valves with a memory, that
is, once the system has been balanced, the maximum opening of the valves can be blocked (by
means of a special tool) so that they can be used as stop flow valves in the circuit. This is a special
system, in that the flow-check valve can be re-opened and it automatically brings itself to the number of turns corresponding to the balancing value. Another important aspect, is that the Valsir manifolds are equipped with an automatic air vent on both the supply and return manifolds with a system
drainage valve. Finally, irrespective of the number of outlets, it was chosen to make manifolds with
a 11/4 diameter, compared with other manifolds currently available on the market, in order to
improve flow.
3.4.1. The manifold components
Figure 3.4.2
Scheme of the components of the Valsir manifold
45
The total width of the manifold and its weight are indicated in the following table:
Table 3.4.1. Dimensions and weight of Valsir manifolds
Outlets
L (mm)
Weight (kg)
296
5,05
346
5,87
396
6,69
446
7,50
496
8,31
546
9,66
10
596
10,48
11
646
11,30
12
696
12,12
Supply manifold.
Return manifold.
Flow-check valves. All of the flow-check valves on the supply manifold have the
46
memory function to block the maximum opening. This function is particularly useful
when the manifold has been tampered with, as it avoids having to balance the system
once more.
Valves with thermostatic capacity. On the valves with thermostatic capacity, it is possible to apply a thermoelectric head connected to the thermostat in the room to be heated. Once the temperature set has been reached, the thermoelectric head actuates the
valve, progressively closing the circuit and thereby reducing the flow of the heating
fluid.
Automatic air vent and system drainage group. All of the Valsir manifolds are equipped
with this group both on the supply and return. The group is made up of an automatic air
vent, which eliminates air from the system; the air vent valve is equipped with a nonreturn valve which permits the total evacuation of air from the system. The group is also
equipped with a discharge valve with an insert for system drainage.
Mounting brackets for anchoring the manifold to the cabinet.
Hexagonal 6 mm key for regulating the flow-check valves.
Figure 3.4.4 Characteristic curve of the thermostatic valves on the return manifold
47
Figure 3.4.5
Valve adjustment for circuit balancing
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
a) Insert the key in the valve and close the actuator by acting exclusively on the 6 mm hexagonal key .
b) Turn the fitted key in an anti-clockwise direction thus making the sleeve fully descend without
moving the 6 mm hexagonal key.
c) Adjust the sleeve with the fitted key to the number of turns obtained from the characteristic
curve of the flow-check valve.
d) Fully re-open the actuator using only the 6 mm hexagonal key .
48
Field of application
Use
Dosage
0,2%0,3%
Fundamental
performance
Appearance
Colour
Brown
Odour
Characteristic
pH
Solubility in water
Soluble
Density
1,1 kg/l
Packaging
10 kg container
Storage
N.B.
49
Figure 3.6.1
Positioning of control unit
Figure 3.6.2
Mounting of central unit on the guide
The connections are rapidly and easily carried out thanks to the colouring of the terminals which is
the same as the wires and also the use of a screwdriver is not required. Any extra modules are easily
assembled to the principal unit.
Figure 3.6.3
Wiring
50
Figure 3.6.4
Colouring of terminals
The presence of LEDs allows monitoring of the circuit (open/closed) at any time and a fuse
protects the unit in case of wiring errors. The card of the control unit is protected in the case
of a short circuit of one of the thermoelectric heads of the mixing kit circulator.
Figure 3.6.5
LED
It is possible to use any type of thermostat or thermostat with timer, even if they differ from each other.
Furthermore, the control unit allows the signals to be easily divided amongst one or more zones. The
modularity of the control unit means that the configuration can be changed at any time and extra
modules allow the number of controllable zones, or the number of thermo-electric heads connected
to the same zone, to be increased.
There are two types of Valsir control units: the smallest one controls up to four thermo-electric heads
and it is commanded by a single thermostat (1 zone); the biggest one allows to control up to 14 thermo-electric heads and can be interfaced with 6 thermostats (6 zones).
Figure 3.6.6
Modularity of Valsir control unit
51
Supply voltage
230V
Operating voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Base colour
Protection colour
transparent
L
H
B
Dimensions
93 mm
70 mm
75 mm
1 thermostat
Max. 4 thermo-electric heads (cod. 110430)
state of actuators
state of supply
state of fuse
Supply voltage
230V
Operating voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Base colour
Protection colour
transparent
Dimensions
L
H
B
305 mm
70 mm
75 mm
6 thermostats
Max. 14 thermo-electric heads (cod. 110430)
state of actuators
state of supply
state of fuse
The control units are equipped with spring terminals which allow wiring without using screw terminals and wires with sections of 1,0 to 1,5 mm2 which have to be peeled back by 10 mm.
52
Press the supply wires inside the guide present on the base of the control unit.
Insert the stripped part of the wire of the thermoelectric heads inside the control unit connector with the help of a screwdriver.
53
Supply voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Operating voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Base colour
Protection colour
transparent
L
H
B
Dimensions
93 mm
70 mm
75 mm
2 thermostats
Max. 8 thermo-electric heads (cod. 110430)
Supply voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Operating voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Supply wire
2 x 0,5 mm2
1000 mm
Characteristics
Supply voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Operating voltage
24V 50/60 Hz
Base colour
Protection colour
transparent
Dimensions
54
L
H
B
93 mm
70 mm
75 mm
Valsir underfloor
heating systems
wall
skirting board
V-BAND edging strip
floor
MIXAL pipe 16x2
concrete
V-ESSE pocketed insulating panel
concrete
anti-shrinkage grid if used
V-FOIL anti-humidity film if used
wall
skirting board
V-BAND edging strip
floor
MIXAL pipe 16x2
concrete
V-ELLE smooth insulating panel
concrete
V-CLIP01 anchor clip
anti-shrinkage grid if used
V-FOIL anti-humidity film if used
16x2 MIXAL pipe made with internal layer in crosslinked polyethylene PEX with an intermediate layer in butt-welded aluminium. Total barrier to oxygen and gas in general. Produced
in compliance with the strictest international standards. 120 m and 240 m rolls.
V-ELLE smooth insulating panel made of expanded polystyrene with grey film and red squaring to facilitate installation. The 20 mm thick panel has a density of 30 kg/m3 with a compressive strength of 150 kPa, the 30 mm panel has a density of 40 kg/m 3 and a compressive strength of 250 kPa. The panel is produced in compliance with the standard UNI EN
ISO 13163.
Mixing kit and 11/4 brass manifold with flow-check valves, valves with thermostat capacity and flow meters (0,62,4 l/min). Three-speed pump and three-way mixing valve with
motor capacity. Interception valves with thermometer (060C) and automatic air vent valves both on the supply and return. Number of outlets: 412.
V-BAND edging strip 7 mm thick and 200 mm high. The strip is self-adhesive on the entire
surface and has a polyethylene film to avoid cement penetrating below the panels.
Clips V-CLIP01 for anchoring the pipe to the panel.
V-FLUID fluidizing additive. When used in correct proportions, reduces the quantity of paste
water and improves workability of the gush.
Anti-shrinking grid in fusion welded steel. It is used to limit the formation and increase of
cracking due to the natural dimensional variation of the cement.
V-FOIL anti-humidity film made of polyethylene with 0,2 mm thickness. Prevents any humidity present in the ground from spreading to the inside of the room. It has an adhesive strip
to aid the attachment of one film to another.
56
wall
skirting board
V-BAND edging strip
floor
PEXAL pipe 14x2
concrete
V-ELLE 20/150 smooth insulating panel
concrete
V-CLIP01 anchor clip
anti-shrinkage grid if used
V-FOIL anti-humidity film if used
14x2 PEXAL pipe with internal and external layer in crosslinked polyethylene PEX with
an intermediate layer in butt-welded aluminium. Total barrier to oxygen and gas in general. Produced in compliance with the strictest international standards. 100 m rolls.
V-ELLE20/150 smooth insulating panel made of expanded polystyrene with grey film
and squaring to facilitate installation. The panel has a density of 30 kg/m 3 and a compressive strength of 150 kPa. It is produced in compliance with the standard UNI EN ISO
13163.
Mixing kit and 11/4 brass manifold with flow-check valves, valves with thermostat
capacity and flow meters (0,62,4 l/min). Three-speed pump and three-way mixing
valve with motor capacity. Interception valves with thermometer (060C) and automatic
air vent valves both on the supply and return. Number of outlets: 412.
V-BAND edging strip 7 mm thick and 200 mm high. The strip is self-adhesive on the entire surface and has a polyethylene film to avoid cement penetrating below the panels.
Clips V-CLIP01 for anchoring the pipe to the panel.
V-FLUID fluidizing additive. When used in correct proportions, reduces the quantity of
paste water and improves workability of the gush.
Anti-shrinking grid in fusion welded steel. It is used to limit the formation and increase
of cracking due to the natural dimensional variation of the cement.
V-FOIL anti-humidity film made of polyethylene with 0,2 mm thickness. Prevents any
humidity present in the ground from spreading to the inside of the room. It has an adhesive strip to aid the attachment of one film to another.
57
wall
V-BAND edging strip
concrete
anti-shrinkage grid
flloor
20x2 MIXAL pipe with internal layer in crosslinked polyethylene PEX and intermediate layer in
butt-welded aluminium. Total barrier to oxygen and gas in general. Produced in compliance with
the strictest international standards. 120 m and 240 m rolls.
V-ELLE30/250 smooth insulating panel made of expanded polystyrene with grey film and squaring to facilitate installation. The panel has a density of 40 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of
250 kPa. It is produced in compliance with the standard UNI EN ISO 13163.
11/4 brass manifold with 6 to 8 outlets.
V-BAND edging strip 7 mm thick and 200 mm high. The strip is self-adhesive on the entire surface and has a polyethylene film to avoid cement penetrating below the panels.
Clips V-CLIP02 for anchoring the pipe to the support fusion welded grid with threading 35 mm
or else clips V-CLIP01 for anchoring the pipe directly to the panel.
V-FLUID fluidizing additive. When used in correct proportions, reduces the quantity of paste water
and improves workability of the gush.
Anti-shrinking grid in fusion welded steel. It is used to limit the formation and increase of cracking
due to the natural dimensional variation of the cement.
V-FOIL anti-humidity film made of polyethylene with 0,2 mm thickness. Prevents any humidity present in the ground from spreading to the inside of the room. It has an adhesive strip to aid the
attachment of one film to another.
58
wall
V-BAND edging strip
concrete
anti-shrinkage grid
MIXAL pipe 20x2
insulating concrete
V-CLIP 02 anchor clip
support grid
V-FOIL anti-humidity film if used
20x2 MIXAL pipe with internal layer in crosslinked polyethylene PEX and intermediate layer in
butt-welded aluminium. Total barrier to oxygen and gas in general. Produced in compliance with
the strictest international standards. 120 m and 240 m rolls.
Support made of cement with special insulating additives.
11/4 brass manifold with 6 to 8 outlets.
V-BAND edging strip 7 mm thick and 200 mm high. The strip is self-adhesive on the entire surface and has a polyethylene film to avoid cement penetrating below the panels.
Clips V-CLIP02 for anchoring the pipe to the support fusion welded grid with threading 35 mm.
V-FLUID fluidizing additive. When used in correct proportions, reduces the quantity of paste water
and improves workability of the gush.
Anti-shrinking grid in fusion welded steel. It is used to limit the formation and increase of cracking
due to the natural dimensional variation of the cement.
V-FOIL anti-humidity film made of polyethylene with 0,2 mm thickness. Prevents any humidity present in the ground from spreading to the inside of the room. It has an adhesive strip to aid the
attachment of one film to another.
For snowmelt systems the 26x3 PEXAL pipe is available, which guarantees an elevated flow
necessary in tough climatic conditions. In this case, the pipe can be installed either on insulating gush cement or on a V-ELLE30/250 panel and anchored with V-CLIP02 clips on a
fusion-welded support grid with threading 35 mm.
59
5.1. Introduction
For the calculation of the thermal output and for the dimensioning of underfloor heating
systems in residential, office and other buildings, reference is made to the European Standard
UNI EN 1264, parts 1, 2, 3 and 4.
In this chapter, we will look at the mathematical instruments for calculating the thermal output,
the surface temperature and hot water flow, necessary for heating a room by means of a floor
radiant panel with PEXAL/MIXAL pipe.
In as far as possible, the symbols referred to in the reference standard will be used.
60
61
62
S a,i is the thickness of each layer i which makes up the floor covering [m], the layer of screed over
the pipes is identified by S u,
S b,i is the thickness of each layer i which makes up the floor below the pipe [m],
a,i and b,i are the coefficients of heat conductivity of each layer i which makes up the floor both
above and below the pipe [W/mK],
a a is the coefficient of convection heat exchange of the air [W/m2K] in the upper part of the
radiant panel and takes on a value equal to 10,8 W/m2K,
b is the coefficient of convection heat exchange of the air [W/m2K] in the room below, in the
case in which the room is not in direct contact with the ground, equal to 5,9 W/m2K,
R ,B is the heat resistance of the floor covering [m2K/W],
R ,isol is the heat resistance of the insulating panel [m2K/W],
R o is the total heat resistance of the floor above the pipe [m2K/W],
R u is the total heat resistance of the floor below the pipe [m2K/W].
The heat resistance of the floor covering is given by the following equation:
[5.1]
In the appendix, the heat resistance values are given for the most widely used coverings, as
well as the most common construction materials. Some comments are also made on the
use of wood (parquet) as a floor covering.
[5.2]
where S u indicates the thickness of the screed above the pipes and E indicates its heat conductance.
When the room is directly on the ground, the total heat resistance of the floor below the pipe is:
[5.3]
63
if there is a room lying underneath, the coefficient of convection heat exchange of the air is also
used:
[5.4]
The standard EN 1264-4 establishes the minimum thermal resistance that the insulating
layers shall have depending on the thermal conditions under the floor heating structure.
In the following table, these limits are indicated as well as the minimum insulation thickness required
(polystyrene with typical heat conductance of 0.034 W/mK).
Minimum
Condition
of insulation
thickness of
R ,isol [m2K/W]
insulation [mm]
0,75
22
1,25
37
1,25
37
1,25
37
1,50
44
2,00
59
[5.6]
where Tm is the temperature of the supply water in the circuit [C], Tr is the temperature of the return
water [C] and Tiis the temperature of the room [C].
As specified in UNI EN 1264-2, the thermal flow is proportional to the logarithmically determined
average differential temperature:
[5.7]
[5.8]
where the coefficients aB , aT, m T, aU , m U , aD , m D and aC depend on the structure of the heating
floor. In particular:
aB is a coefficient depending on the thermal conductivity of the screed E [W/mK] and the heat
resistance of the floor covering R ,B [m2K/W].
aT is a coefficient depending on the floor covering R ,B,
m T is dependent on pipe spacing p [cm] of the heating loop,
aU is dependent on pipe spacing p and floor covering R ,B,
m U is dependent on concrete thickness S u [cm] above the pipes,
aD is dependent on pipe spacing p and floor covering R ,B,
m D is dependent on the outside diameter De [mm] of the pipe,
aC is dependent on pipe spacing p, the outside diameter De and wall thickness s of the pipe as
well as the conductance coefficient T [W/mK]. Its value is indicated in the following table.
65
Table 5.2. Coefficient aC for the calculation of the specific heat output
Spacing
P
Pipe
MIXAL 16x2
PEXAL 14x2
[cm]
MIXAL 20x2
Coefficient aC
-87,044
-127,829
-145,262
7,5
-58,030
-85,219
-96,841
10
-43,522
-63,914
-72,631
15
-29,015
-42,610
-48,421
20
-21,761
-31,957
-36,315
22,5
-19,343
-28,406
-32,280
25
-17,409
-25,566
-29,052
30
-14,507
-21,305
-24,210
35
-12,435
-18,261
-20,752
37,5
-11,606
-17,044
-19,368
mT
mU
mD
The values of the coefficients aB , aT , aU , aD , are expressed in the attached diagrams at the end of
this chapter.
5.2.3. Characteristic curves
A diagram, showing the heat flow on the vertical axis, and the temperature difference on the horizontal axis, can represent the relationship between the average differential surface temperature and
the heat flow. The resulting curve is defined the characteristic curve of the floor installation; it is a
straight line and the gradient is given by the coefficient 1/Rq. Once the floor structure has been established, it is possible to draw several characteristic curves depending on the pipe spacing. When the
pipe spacing is increased, the curve gradient diminishes as can be seen in the graph below.
Figure 5.3. Characteristic curves
66
Type of room/area
29
Occupied area
33
35
Peripheral area
The heat flow limit can be obtained with the radiant floor once all of its characteristics have been
established (spacing, screed thickness, type of covering, stratification). The heat flow limit is calculated from the following equation:
[5.9]
where B G and nG are two coefficients depending on screed thickness S u [cm] above the pipes and
conductivity E [W/mK] but above all, pipe spacing p [cm].
Whereas the coefficient iis dependent on the room temperature and the maximum floor temperature:
[5.10]
Only pipe spacing which respect the following ratio can be accepted:
[5.11]
If no spacing corresponds to this ratio, then the floor heating system alone is not sufficient
to heat the room and it must be supplemented with another source of heat, for example,
one or more radiators.
67
g) The minimum supply temperature Tm,min is given by TH ,min considering a zero temperature drop
between supply and return Tm Tr = 0C. The equation [ 5.6] becomes:
[5.12]
h) The maximum supply temperature Tm,max is given by TH ,max considering a maximum temperature drop between supply and return Tm Tr = 5C. In this case the equation [ 5.6] becomes:
[5.13]
i) The supply temperature must be chosen between the minimum value Tm,min and the maximum
value Tm,max.
Ulterior criteria based on the economical aspects of system management or investment can be
applied in order to further reduce the field of acceptable values of the supply temperature.
69
[5.14]
[5.15]
where R o is the thermal resistance of the floor above the pipe, R u is the thermal resistance of the floor below the pipe, T u is the temperature of the room below or the ground under
the floor, T i is the temperature of the room to be heated and qa is the required thermal
flow.
70
7,5
10
15
20
22,5
25
30
35
37,5
[m]
25
1,25
1,875 2,5
3,75
5,65
6,25
7,5
8,75
9,4
50
2,5
3,75
7,5
10
11,3
12,5
15
17,5
18,8
100
7,5
10
15
20
22,5
25
30
35
37,5
150
7,5
11,3
15
22,5
30
33,8
37,5
45
52,5
56,3
200
10
15
20
30
40
45
50
60
70
75
[5.16]
[5.17]
71
[5.18]
where
A F is the surface occupied by the loops [m2],
qa and qb are the upward and downward specific heat outputs [W/m2],
T = Tm - Tr is the temperature drop of the heating fluid and therefore Tm and Tr are respectively
the supply and return temperature of the heating fluid [C].
When the average fluid temperature is known Tmed the temperature drop has been established T
the supply temperature is calculated:
[5.19]
[5.20]
The velocity of the flow [m/s] is calculated in accordance with following formula:
[5.21]
72
where is the density of the water [kg/m3] at the average temperature Tmed and D i is the internal
diameter of the pipe [mm]. The speed can be obtained directly from the diagrams of the pressure
loss, from which the pressure drop is also obtained.
5.2.11. Design limits in the choice of pipe spacing
In choosing the pipe spacing, the limits to be imposed on the speed, pressure loss and temperature drop of each circuit, must be taken into consideration.
The speed limits are linked to noise in the case of excessively fast fluids and to air bubbles in the case
of excessively slow fluids.
The values of minimum and maximum speed for each pipe diameter are indicated in the following
table.
Table 5.5. Velocity, flow and pressure loss limits
vmin [m/s]
vm a x [m/s]
.
m min [l/s]
.
m m a x [l/s]
PEXAL 14x2
0,05
0,45
0,0040
0,0354
MIXAL 16x2
0,05
0,45
0,0057
0,0509
MIXAL 20x2
0,05
0,45
0,0101
0,0905
Pipe
The pressure loss limit is obviously linked to the capacity of the pump to circulate the flow inside the
loops. The limit imposed is:
and it must include the loss in the flow-check valve on the supply manifold and in the valve with thermostatic capacity on the return manifold.
to avoid flows with excessive thermal ranges which would negatively influence the performance of
the installation.
73
k,total
k,flow-check valve
k,valve
k,circuit
[5.22]
where pk, flow-check valve is the loss of pressure in the flow-check valve in the k circuit, considered completely open, given by the characteristic curve of the flow-check valve (Figure 3.4.3)
.
depending on the flow m k in the circuit, pk,valve is the pressure loss in the valve, given by the
.
valve characteristic curve (Figure 3.4.4) depending on the flow m k in the circuit, pk,circuit, is
the pressure loss in the pipe loop of circuit k.
c) Calculate the pressure loss for the other circuits at the flow-check valve pi, flow-check valve, keeping
in mind that the total pressure loss for each circuit is the same as the total pressure loss of the circuit
with the greatest pressure loss:
,iflow-check valve
k,total
,ivalve
,icircuit
[5.23]
d) By using the flow-check valve characteristic curve, determine the number of regulations corresponding to the pressure loss calculated.
74
Room
Room
temperature Ti
Total
area
Heating
area A F
Required thermal
output Q
Bedroom
20C
11,4 m2
11,4 m2
696 W
Living room
20C
16,1 m2
16,1 m2
1320 W
Kitchen
20C
10,4 m2
10,4 m2
832 W
Bathroom*
22C
7,2 m2
5,4 m2
576 W
Storeroom
18C
2,4 m2
2,4 m2
120 W
* The heating area of the bathroom must be reduced due to the presence of the bath.
The project is on the first floor, over constantly heated rooms, at a temperature of T u=20C. In
compliance with the standard requirements, the V-ESSE 30 pocketed insulating panel is chosen, with a 30 mm base and a total height of 60 mm; this panel allows a spacing of 7,5 cm,
15 cm, 22,5 cm, 30 cm and 37,5 cm. The screed thickness above the pipes is 45 mm. The
MIXAL 16x2 pipe is chosen for the heating loops. The other characteristics of the floor can be
seen in Figure 5.7 for the bathroom and in Figure 5.8 for the other rooms.
The floor covering is 15 mm cotto tiles, in all of the rooms, except for the bathroom, where
there 10 mm ceramic tiles have been chosen.
75
Room no.1
Bedroom
Area 11,4 m2
Room no.5
Store room
Area 2,4 m2
Room no.3
Room no.2
Kitchen
Area 10,4 m2
Living room
Area 16,1 m2
Room no.4
Bathroom
Area 7,2 m2 (5,4 m2)
76
Ceramic covering 10 mm
Screed
MIXAL 16 x 2
V-ESSE 30 insulation
concrete subfloor
plaster
plaster
77
The downward thermal resistance is for all the rooms (including the bathroom):
In the following table, the thermal resistance values of the rooms are summarised:
Table 5.7. Floor thermal resistance of the rooms in the project
78
Thermal resistance
of covering
R ,B [m2K/W]
Upward thermal
resistance
R O [m2K/W]
Thermal resistance
of covering
R U [m2K/W]
N.
Rooms
Bedroom
0,017
0,1447
1,4939
Living room
0,017
0,1447
1,4939
Kitchen
0,017
0,1447
1,4939
Bathroom
0,010
0,1377
1,4939
Storeroom
0,017
0,1447
1,4939
Room
Bedroom
Living
Kitchen
Bathroom
aTm T
mU
aU
mD
aD
aC
Rq
Spacing p
[W/m2]
[cm]
85
7,5
0,97
1,00
1,00
0,980
-85,21
0,155
13,20
15
0,97
0,82
1,00
0,964
-42,61
0,191
16,25
22,5
0,97
0,68
1,00
0,955
-28,40
0,232
19,69
30
0,97
0,56
1,00
0,950
-21,30
0,281
23,89
37,5
0,97
0,46
1,00
0,948
-17,04
0,346
29,41
7,5
0,97
1,00
1,00
0,980
-85,21
0,155
12,73
15
0,97
0,82
1,00
0,964
-42,61
0,191
15,67
22,5
0,97
0,68
1,00
0,955
-28,40
0,232
19,00
30
0,97
0,56
1,00
0,950
-21,30
0,281
23,04
37,5
0,97
0,46
1,00
0,948
-17,04
0,346
28,37
7,5
0,97
1,00
1,00
0,980
-85,21
0,155
12,42
15
0,97
0,82
1,00
0,964
-42,61
0,191
15,29
22,5
0,97
0,68
1,00
0,955
-28,40
0,232
18,53
30
0,97
0,56
1,00
0,950
-21,30
0,281
22,48
37,5
0,97
0,46
1,00
0,948
-17,04
0,346
27,68
7,5
1,01
1,00
1,00
0,980
-85,21
0,149
15,95
15
1,01
0,82
1,00
0,963
-42,61
0,184
19,65
22,5
1,01
0,67
1,00
0,955
-28,40
0,226
24,15
30
1,01
0,55
1,00
0,950
-21,30
0,276
29,51
37,5
1,01
0,45
1,00
0,948
-17,04
0,338
36,13
82
room
aB
qa
80
107
[m2K/W]
TH
[C]
The storeroom is not included in the calculation as it already contains the supply/return manifold of
the heating loops and the same pipes will supply the required thermal flow, which is, in this case,
very low (qa=50 W/m2). It is possible to verify this statement by calculating the heat flow delivered
by the pipes, which pass through the storeroom.
79
Living
4 Bathroom
BG
nG
qG
qaqG
0,155
1,0
94,5
0,013
97,90
Yes
15
0,191
1,0
74,5
0,077
92,97
Yes
22,5
0,232
1,0
54,5
0,148
84,68
No
30
0,282
1,0
35,1
0,247
74,45
No
37,5
0,344
1,0
17,4
0,411
60,65
No
7,5
0,155
1,0
94,5
0,013
97,90
Yes
15
0,191
1,0
74,5
0,077
92,97
Yes
22,5
0,232
1,0
54,5
0,148
84,68
Yes
30
0,282
1,0
35,1
0,247
74,45
No
37,5
0,344
1,0
17,4
0,411
60,65
No
7,5
0,155
1,0
94,5
0,013
97,90
Yes
15
0,191
1,0
74,5
0,077
92,97
Yes
22,5
0,232
1,0
54,5
0,148
84,68
Yes
30
0,282
1,0
35,1
0,247
74,45
No
37,5
0,344
1,0
17,4
0,411
60,65
No
7,5
0,149
1,247
94,5
0,013
122,02
Yes
15
0,184
1,247
74,5
0,077
115,58
Yes
22,5
0,226
1,247
54,5
0,148
105,12
No
30
0,276
1,247
35,1
0,247
92,19
No
37,5
0,338
1,247
17,4
0,411
74,70
No
Spacing p
Rq
[W/m2]
[cm]
[m2K/W]
85
7,5
82
room
3 Kitchen
qa
80
107
The selected pipe spacing must be excluded in that they generate surface temperatures above the
physiological limits imposed by the standard EN 1264.
80
81
Table 5.10. Characteristic coefficients and average differential temperature for the calculation of the supply temperature
Room
Fictitious with
structure as in
project with
R ,B=0,1 m2K/W
qa,max
Spacing p
[W/m2]
[cm]
85
aB
mT
aT
aU U
aD D
aC
Rq
TH
[m2 K/W]
[C]
7,5
0,61
1,0
1,0
0,984
-85,21
0,247
20,99
15
0,61
0,86
1,0
0,972
-42,61
0,289
24,58
22,5
0,61
0,75
1,0
0,963
-28,40
0,334
28,35
30
0,61
0,65
1,0
0,958
-21,30
0,386
32,80
37,5
0,61
0,56
1,0
0,956
-17,04
0,448
38,10
Table 5.11. Thermal flow limit for calculation of the supply temperature
Room
Fictitious with
structure as in
project with
R ,B=0,1 m2K/W
82
BG
nG
qG
qaqG
0,247
1,0
94,5
0,013
98,50
Yes
22,5
0,334
1,0
54,5
0,148
90,22
Yes
30
0,386
1,0
35,1
0,247
82,53
No
37,5
0,448
1,0
17,4
0,411
72,92
No
qa,max
Spacing p
Rq
[W/m2]
[cm]
[m2 K/W]
7,5
85
In Figure 5.11 the minimum and maximum values of the average differential temperatures TH,min
and TH,max are shown. These values are used in equations [ 5.12] and [ 5.13], to calculate the
minimum and maximum values of the supply temperature:
The supply temperature Tm will have to be chosen from the acceptable range of 41C to 50C. In the
example dealt with, consider a supply temperature of Tm =46C, an average value in the acceptable
range.
83
Room
Bedroom
Living room
Kitchen
Bathroom
qa
Spacing p T
Tr
Tf
qb
.
m
[m]
[l/s]
[W/m2]
[cm]
[C]
[C]
[C]
[W/m2]
85
7,5
21
25
27,7
8,23
152 0,0121
0,11
52
15
16,5
29,5
27,7
8,23
76
0,0154
0,14
38
7,5
21
24
27,5
7,94
215 0,0165
0,15
122
15
17,5
28,5
27,5
7,94
107 0,0198
0,18
82
22,5
12,5
33,5
27,5
7,94
72
0,24
97
7,5
20,5
25,5
27,3
7,70
38
15
18
28
27,3
7,70
70
0,0121
0,11
25
22,5
13,5
32,5
27,3
7,70
47
0,0162
0,14
26
7,5
17
29
29,6
9,86
72
0,0089
0,08
15
15
11
35
29,6
9,86
36
0,0137
0,12
15
82
80
107
0,0277
[m/s] [mbar]
The final choice of spacing must be made excluding the spacing values that do not respect the limits
indicated in paragraph 5.2.11. In the above example, all the values are within the limits. If the
MIXAL pipe 16 x 2 is to be used in 100 m rolls, reduced pipe spacing values must be chosen which
allow circuits under 100 m. For the bathroom, a spacing of 15 cm is chosen, so that the flow velocity is not too near the minimum permissible value.
84
Room
Spacing p
Tr
Q a+ Qb
.
m
[cm]
[C]
[W]
[cm]
[l/s]
[m/s]
[mbar]
Bedroom
15
27,7
1063
76
0,0154
0,14
38
Living room
22,5
27,5
1448
72
0,0277
0,24
97
Kitchen
15
27,3
912
70
0,0121
0,11
25
Bathroom
15
29,6
631
36
0,0137
0,12
15
4054
254
0,0689
2,total
2,flow-check valve
2,valve
2,circuit
From the characteristic curve of the valve with thermostatic capacity for circuit 1, we have p1,valve=1,3 mbar and
1,flow-check valve
2,total
1,valve
1,circuit
From the characteristic curve of the valve with thermostatic capacity for circuit 3, we have p3,valve=1,3 mbar and
3,flow-check valve
2,total
3,valve
3,circuit
From the characteristic curve of the valve with thermostatic capacity for circuit 4, we have p4,valve=1,3 mbar and
4,flow-check valve
2,total
4,valve
4,circuit
85
In correspondence with these losses, the regulations of the flow-check valves are obtained, as shown
in the table:
Table 5.14. Regulation points of the circuit flow-check valves
N.
Room
.
m
[l/s]
pi,flow-check valve
[mbar]
Number
of turns
Bedroom
0,0154
70,3
0,21
0,250,5
Living room
0,0277
4,3
1,52
t.o.
Kitchen
0,0121
82,8
0,15
0,250,5
Bathroom
0,0137
92,6
0,16
0,250,5
.
with p expressed in mbar and m in l/h.
86
Kv
Figure 5.12.
87
Figure 5.13.
88
Figure 5.14.
89
Figure 5.15.
90
Figure 5.16.
91
Figure 5.17.
92
Figure 5.18.
93
Figure 5.19.
94
Figure 5.20.
95
6.1 Introduction
Radiant panel heating systems can be used for eliminating snow and ice in outdoor
areas such as roads, bridges, viaducts, runways and helipads, sidewalks, car parks, athletic fields, garage entrance ramps, hospitals, hotels, warehouse loading docks, etc.
The problem of snow and ice is usually dealt with by scattering salt or other anti freeze
substances. As well as being unreliable, these methods cause pollution to ground water
and, in fact, some regional laws forbid their use.
Heating systems with radiant panels have proven to be the most efficient and reliable for
this type of application.
Furthermore, the Valsir Pexal multi layer pipe is the best choice for this type of installation in that the internal aluminium layer renders the pipe more resistant than other traditional pipes in plastic and at the same time, its elasticity makes it easier to install than
metal pipes.
Accurate sizing of radiant panel heating systems in closed areas is fundamental in order
to optimise heat output and avoid energy waste.
Certain factors relating to climatic conditions and the type of installation must be considered.
Climatic factors
Rate of snowfall: this factor is extremely important in designing a system; it is the
speed with which snow falls on the surface to be heated and it is measured in cm/h.
Air temperature: important in determining the thermal energy necessary for the removal of both snow and ice.
Wind velocity: wind removes heat from the heating surface, thus obstructing snow melt
and facilitating the formation of ice.
Relative humidity: the higher the humidity the more thermal energy will be required for
melting the snow.
System factors
Surface temperature: in order to avoid ice formation, the temperature of the heating
surface must not be lower than 1C. Higher temperatures would lead to energy waste.
The system must be capable of delivering sufficient thermal output even in varying
external climatic conditions.
Heating fluid: generally an antifreeze solution is utilized in these systems which is
made up of a mixture of water and ethylene or propylene glycol, in adequate proportions, depending on the minimum external temperature (see Table in the appendix).
96
Water drainage: a suitable drainage system for the melted snow must be studied; any
stagnant water left on the surface will cause a reduction in heat output.
Thermal insulation: under the heating coils it is advisable to lay a layer of insulation, which reduces direct heat dispersion (heat loss). The type of insulation is closely related to the expected surface load. Extruded polystyrene insulating panels may be used for light loads (max. load 250 kPa)
or insulating screed (generally concrete with insulating spheres) for high surface loads caused by
heavy vehicles.
Heated screed: the pipe may be buried in the concrete or directly in the ground. Asphalt pavements, however, are not advisable for two reasons. Asphalt is usually placed at 150C and this
temperature may damage the pipes. Also, the compaction process (by means of rollers) may
deform or break the pipes.
Figure 6.1
rubber
concrete or
The pipes are embedded directly in the layer of concrete, which also makes up the pavement.
This is generally the case with entrance/exit ramps. The pipe must be embedded in the concrete at a depth of 12 to 15 cm. On the surface a layer of cement or rubber is laid. The following figure shows an example.
97
Figure 6.2
The pipes are embedded in the concrete and the pavement is laid on top. In this case the thickness
of the concrete, which contains the pipes can be reduced. The thickness can vary from 8 to 12 cm.
The surface layer can be made of different materials, such as asphalt, earth, etc. This type of application is often used for roads and parking lots.
Figure 6.3
The pipes are immersed in a layer of sand or gravel, over which the pavement is laid. The bed of
sand or gravel in which the pipes are laid must have a thickness of 12 to 20 cm. The surface layer
can be made of concrete or earth, as with athletic fields.
98
99
where:
The coefficient ar takes on different values depending on the type of area to be heated.
Table 6.1
ar
Area to be heated.
0,5
1
The equations for calculating the various contributing factors to required heat output are:
[6.4]
100
where
[6.6]
sa,i is the thickness of each layer i which makes up the screed above the centre line of the pipe [m],
sb,i is the thickness of each layer i which makes up the screed below the centre line of the pipe [m],
a,i and b,i are the coefficients of heat conduction of each layer number i which makes up the
screed, both below and above the centre line of the pipe [W/mK],
a is the coefficient of convective heat exchange of the air [W/m2K] in the upper part of the radiant
panel valued at the temperature of the external air Tea which is generally equal to 20 W/m2K,
b is the coefficient of convective heat exchange of the air [W/m2K] in the lower part of the radiant
101
panel valued at the temperature of the external air Teb if the panel is elevated (viaducts, bridges,
etc.) it is equal to 16 W/m2K,
Ka and Kb are the total transmittance coefficients of the screed above and below the centre line of
the pipe [W/m2K],
p is the spacing of the loops [cm].
The coefficient of total transmittance in the upper part of the radiant panel is given by:
[6.7]
The coefficient of total transmittance in the lower part of the radiant panel, if laid directly on the
ground, is:
[6.8]
[6.9]
102
[6.10]
[6.11]
[6.12]
where Teb is the temperature of the air under the panel in the case of elevated systems (bridges, viaducts, etc.), whereas in heating systems laid on the ground, it is the temperature of the ground.
103
7,5
10
15
20
22,5
25
30
35
37,5
40
7,5
8,75
9,4
10
25
1,25
1,875 2,5
3,75
50
2,5
3,75
7,5
10
11,3
12,5
15
17,5
18,8
20
100
7,5
10
15
20
22,5
25
30
35
37,5
40
150
7,5
11,3
15
22,5
30
33,8
37,5
45
52,5
56,3
60
200
10
15
20
30
40
45
50
60
70
75
80
[6.13]
whereas the total area to be heated is given by the sum of the single heating areas:
[6.14]
and, therefore, supposing that the loops are all of the same length, the number of circuits is:
[6.15]
104
[6.16]
where
A J. is the surface to be heated by the loop number j[m2],
qa and qb are the downward and upward specific heat outputs [W/m2],
T = Tm - Tr is the temperature drop and therefore Tm and Tr are, respectively, the supply and return
temperatures of the heating fluid [C].
In the coldest part of the radiant panel, where the temperature of the fluid is Tr, the surface temperature must not be below 1C to avoid the formation of ice.
It is necessary to make sure that the return temperature Tr is not below a minimum value determined
by the following equation:
[6.17]
With the average fluid temperature Tmed and having established the return temperature Tr above the
minimum value allowed, it is possible to determine the temperature drop between the supply and
return temperature:
[6.18]
[6.19]
It is also necessary to verify the maximum speed and pressure loss. By using the pressure loss
diagrams, depending on the pipe diameter and the recently calculated flow, it is possible to
determine speed and pressure loss. In the table the speed limits are indicated for each pipe
diameter.
105
Vmax [m/s]
.
m min [l/s]
.
m m a x [l/s]
MIXAL 20x2
0,05
1,00
0,0101
0,201
PEXAL 26x3
0,05
1,00
0,0157
0,314
Pipe
106
and supposing there is a spacing p = 30 cm, from the diagram in Figure 6.11 the coefficient of total
upward transmittance is calculated:
K a = 5,5 W/m2K
Then, by calculating the total downward thickness from the pipe centre
and supposing a spacing p = 30 cm, from the diagram in Figure 6.12 the coefficient of total downward transmittance for a radiant panel laid on the ground is determined:
K b = 0,9 W/m2K.
107
therefore, a difference of T=15C must be considered to avoid any risk and to obtain a relatively
low supply temperature.
The actual return temperature is therefore given by:
With this flow rate and a 20 mm diameter PEXAL pipe with a 2 mm wall thickness, there is a fluid
speed of about 0,21 m/s and a pressure loss in each circuit of 0,016 bar.
Figure 6.7 indicates a general outline of the heated ramp in which the spacing and the distribution
of the 14 circuits are indicated.
108
Figure 6.8.
109
Figure 6.9.
110
Figure 6.10.
111
Figure 6.11.
112
Figure 6.12.
113
Figure 6.13.
114
Figure 6.14.
115
Figure 6.15.
116
Figure 6.16.
117
Figure 6.17.
118
Installation
Figure 7.2. Placement of the polyethylene film of the V-BAND strip over the insulating panels
120
Figure 7.3. Laying of the pipe from the perimeter to the centre of the room
121
Figure 7.4. Laying of the pipe from the centre to the perimeter of the room
122
Corrugated tube
Expansion joint
123
Settlement joints
7.8. Filling
Close the interception valves both at the supply and return of the manifold.
Close all the flow-check valves at the supply manifold.
Connect the supply pipe of the test pump by removing the insert of the supply manifold drainage
valve.
Open the drainage valve on the return manifold, connecting a pipe to the insert for the transport
of the water to the drain.
Open the flow-check valve of the first circuit and circulate the water until all the air contained in
the circuit has been expelled.
Close the circuit flow-check valve and repeat the operation for the other circuits.
Once the filling operation of the circuits has finished close the drainage valve on the return manifold.
124
7.11. Heating up
This operation shall be carried out at least 21 days after the laying of the cement screed or in
accordance with the manufacturers instructions but at least 7 days in the case of anhydrite screeds
or, at any rate, also in this case, in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
The initial heating up commences at a supply temperature between 20C and 25C, which shall
be maintained for at least 3 days. Subsequently the maximal design temperature shall be set and
maintained for at least another 4 days.
At the end of the test, the floor covering can be laid.
125
A. Heat transfer
Heat transfer concerns all physical processes in which a certain quantity of heat energy is transferred from one system to another due to a difference in temperature. Such processes occur according
to the principles of thermodynamics:
The heat energy given off by a system has to be the same as the energy received by the other.
Heat passes from a warmer to a colder body.
The speed with which the heat transfer process occurs is also very important
and therefore the quan.
tity of heat exchanged within the unit of time or the thermal output Q which is measured in Watts.
126
A.1.2. Convection
Convection occurs when one of the substances is a fluid (water, air, etc.) and the heat transfer may be associated with a transfer of matter. When the temperature of a fluid is not uniform, that is, it contains hot and cold areas, the difference in temperature and the speed of
the fluid itself, generate a continuous movement of the particles in the fluid, causing them to
be mixed, thus favouring the transfer of heat from the hot to the cold particles. This phenomenon is called natural convection. When, on the other hand, the movement of the particles
is caused mechanically, by a pump in the case of water circulation, or simply by wind, the
phenomenon is called forced convection. Convection occurs, for example, when an intermediate fluid circulates between two bodies (thermal fluid), which heats up when in contact with
the hot matter, and then transfers its heat when it comes into contact with the cold matter
(Figure A.2).
A.1.3. Radiation
Radiative heat transfer involves the emission and consequent absorption of electromagnetic rays. The
heat exchanged in this case rapidly increases with a difference in temperature. Radiation differs from
the other modes of heat transfer, in that it does not require the presence of a means in order to transfer energy. Electromagnetic radiation that generates the transmission of heat is linked to the energetic state of the atoms of which it is made up. In this case, the hot matter emits electromagnetic rays
that are absorbed by the cold matter (Figure A.3).
127
TO TAL
128
Convection
Radiation
[A.1]
The two transmission mechanisms act in a parallel way. There is, in fact, an analogy with electrical
circuits, which allows an analysis of the phenomenon of combined heat transfer (Figure A.4).
Figure A.4. Heat transfer between floor and ceiling
The flow of current which circulates in the two resistances R1 and R2, which represent respectively the
resistances of convection and radiation, behaves in an analogous way to the quantity of heat which
flows for a certain period between the two bodies caused by convection and radiation. The total flow
of current, in fact, is given by the sum of the currents, which circulate in the two resistances, just as
the total thermal output is given by the sum of the exchanged thermal output of the single transfer
mechanisms [ A.1].
On the other hand, if we consider a wall made of two layers of different materials, with the two external parallel surfaces at different temperatures, as shown in Figure A.5, the heat is transferred by conduction only and it flows from wall A to wall B.
129
During its passage it meets different materials and the heat transfer intensity is different according
to the type of material. We can consider the three layers as three resistances placed in a series
(Figure A.5) for which the following relation is valid:
[A.2]
TO TAL
Conduction1
Conduction2
Conduction3
where,
are the thermal outputs transferred by conducConduction1
Conduction2
Conduction3
tion respectively through the cement, the insulating layer and the bricks. As noted in the
equation [A.2] the total thermal output transferred is less than the output that would flow
singly in each material. The walls of houses are made of several layers in order to minimise
the heat loss though them.
130
131
132
Asphalt
0.70
Reinforced concrete
1.51
Ordinary concrete
1.28
Chalk
0.43
0.93
0.70
0.93
Linoleum
0.18
Cement mortar
1.40
Expanded polystyrol
0.035
Expanded polyurethane
0.028
Dry sand
0.58
0.93
Cork leaves
0.04
Expanded vermiculite
0.07
Ceramic tiles 6 mm
0,0060
Ceramic tiles 8 mm
0,0080
Ceramic tiles 10 mm
0,0100
Ceramic tiles 12 mm
0,0120
Cotto tiles 10 mm
0,0111
Cotto tiles 15 mm
0,0167
Cotto tiles 20 mm
0,0222
Cotto tiles 30 mm
0,0333
Rubber 2 mm
0,0071
Rubber 3 mm
0,0107
Rubber 4 mm
0,0143
Rubber 5 mm
0,0179
133
Marble 10 mm
0,0029
Marble 15 mm
0,0044
Marble 20 mm
0,0059
Marble 30 mm
0,0088
Parquet 6 mm
0,0300
Parquet 8 mm
0,0400
Parquet 10 mm
0,0500
Parquet 12 mm
0,0600
Parquet 14 mm
0,0700
Parquet 16 mm
0,0800
Parquet 18 mm
0,0900
Parquet 20 mm
0,1000
Moquette 10 mm
0,1100
Moquette 12 mm
0,1300
Moquette 14 mm
0,1600
Moquette 16 mm
0,1800
Moquette 18 mm
0,2000
Moquette 20 mm
0,2200
134
0,320
0,350
0,370
0,360
0,400
0,430
135
Dimensioning of the grid can be done by means of a mathematical equation defined as slip
equation:
[D.1]
where:
L is the distance between two successive contraction joints [m],
f is the coefficient of static friction between floor and subfloor,
is the specific weight of the concrete including any permanent loads [kg/m3],
su is the thickness of the concrete screed [cm],
s is the allowable traction stress of the steel [MPa],
Aa is the grid area by linear meter of floor [cm2/m] or rather the ratio between the section of grid
and the dimension of the mesh as indicated:
[D.2]
136
where da is the diameter of the thread [cm] and pa is the dimension of the mesh [m] (see Figure D.2).
metal grid
da [cm]
pa [m]
2/5
0,2
0,05
0,63
3/10
0,3
0,1
0,71
5/20
0,5
0,2
0,98
5/30
0,5
0,3
0,65
5/35
0,5
0,35
0,56
6/20
0,6
0,2
1,41
6/30
0,6
0,3
0,94
6/35
0,6
0,35
0,81
8/30
0,8
0,3
1,68
8/35
0,8
0,35
1,44
Net
Area A a [cm2/m]
In the following table, the f values in relation to the type of subfloor are given.
Static friction f
PE film
0,80
Fine sand
0,90
Ganular mix
1,65
1,80
Clay
2,00
137
It is recommended to use static friction coefficient values f equal to 2,5 considering in this
way the irregularities of the ground on which the concrete floor is to be laid and which
significantly influence the effects of friction.
The principle on which the slip equation is based, is that the power of friction which is created between the floor and the subfloor is in proportion to the weight of the floor itself and the friction coefficient of the subfloor. The forces at the interface between the subfloor and the floor generate traction stress in the metal grids due to the friction between the two surfaces.
Figure D.3. Force of friction between the subfloor and the concrete floor
metal grid
concrete
ground
In order to limit the degree of cracking in proximity of the contraction joints, the metal grid will have
to be laid as near as possible to the upper surface of the floor. In doing so, however, there is a risk
that the grid is cut during installation of the contraction joints.
The correct compromise for the installation height of the grid is 1/3 of the total height of
the screed starting from the surface of the floor as shown in Figure D.3.
According to Table D.1 it is possible to choose between a grid of 5/20 (0,98 cm2/m) or else a
grid of 6/30 (0,94 cm2/m) to be positioned at 10 cm from the subfloor (5 cm from the floor).
138
Volume concentration
-4C
10%
-9C
20%
-17C
30%
-26C
40%
-37C
50%
Volume concentration
-10C
25%
-15C
33%
-32C
50%
The concentrations may vary from one product to the other. The aim of these values
is to give a general idea of the quantities of anti-freeze required in relation to outdoor
temperatures.
139
Table F.1. Quantity of concrete for pipe De=16 mm and V-ESSE panel
Quantity of concrete in m3/100 m2 with external pipe diameter 16 mm and V-ESSE panel
screed
InHeight
the offollowing
tables, the typical concentrations (volume
of the most commonly used
Pipe spacingpercentage)
[cm]
above the bosses
anti-freeze liquids are indicated: ethylene or propylene glycol.
[mm]
7,5
15
22,5
30
37,5
45
30
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
35
5,3
5,4
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
40
5,8
5,9
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
45
6,3
6,4
6,5
6,5
6,5
6,5
50
6,8
6,9
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
55
7,3
7,4
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5
60
7,8
7,9
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
65
8,3
8,4
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,5
70
8,8
8,9
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
Table F.2. Quantity of concrete for pipe De=20 mm and V-ESSE panel
Quantity of concrete in m3/100 m2 with external pipe diameter 20 mm and V-ESSE panel
Height of screed
above the bosses
140
[mm]
7,5
15
22,5
30
37,5
45
30
4,6
4,9
4,9
5,0
5,0
5,0
35
5,1
5,4
5,4
5,5
5,5
5,5
40
5,6
5,9
5,9
6,0
6,0
6,0
45
6,1
6,4
6,4
6,5
6,5
6,5
50
6,6
6,9
6,9
7,0
7,0
7,0
55
7,1
7,4
7,4
7,5
7,5
7,5
60
7,6
7,9
7,9
8,0
8,0
8,0
65
8,1
8,4
8,4
8,5
8,5
8,5
70
8,6
8,9
8,9
9,0
9,0
9,0
Table F.3. Quantity of concrete for pipe De=14 mm and V-ELLE panel
Quantity of concrete in m3/100 m2 with external pipe diameter 14 mm and V-ELLE panel
Height of screed
above the pipe
[mm]
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,3
4,3
4,3
4,4
4,4
35
4,6
4,7
4,8
4,8
4,8
4,8
4,9
4,9
40
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,3
5,3
5,3
5,4
5,4
45
5,6
5,7
5,8
5,8
5,8
5,8
5,9
5,9
50
6,1
6,2
6,3
6,3
6,3
6,3
6,4
6,4
55
6,6
6,7
6,8
6,8
6,8
6,8
6,9
6,9
60
7,1
7,2
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,4
7,4
65
7,6
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,9
7,9
70
8,1
8,2
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,4
8,4
75
8,6
8,7
8,8
8,8
8,8
8,8
8,9
8,9
80
9,1
9,2
9,3
9,3
9,3
9,3
9,4
9,4
85
9,6
9,7
9,8
9,8
9,8
9,8
9,9
9,9
90
10,1
10,2
10,3
10,3
10,3
10,3
10,4
10,4
95
10,6
10,7
10,8
10,8
10,8
10,8
10,9
10,9
100
11,1
11,2
11,3
11,3
11,3
11,3
11,4
11,4
Table F.4. Quantity of concrete for pipe De=16 mm and V-ELLE panel
Quantity of concrete in m3/100 m2 with external pipe diameter 16 mm and V-ELLE panel
Height of screed
above the pipe
[mm]
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30
4,2
4,4
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
35
4,7
4,9
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
40
5,2
5,4
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
45
5,7
5,9
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
50
6,2
6,4
6,5
6,5
6,5
6,5
6,5
6,5
55
6,7
6,9
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
7,0
60
7,2
7,4
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5
65
7,7
7,9
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
70
8,2
8,4
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,5
75
8,7
8,9
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
80
9,2
9,4
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
9,5
85
9,7
9,9
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
90
10,2
10,4
10,5
10,5
10,5
10,5
10,5
10,5
95
10,7
10,9
11,0
11,0
11,0
11,0
11,0
11,0
100
11,2
11,4
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,5
141
Tabella F.5. Quantity of concrete for pipe De=20 mm and V-ELLE panel
Quantity of concrete in m3/100 m2 with external pipe diameter 20 mm and V-ELLE panel
Height of screed
above the pipe
142
[mm]
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30
4,4
4,7
4,8
4,8
4,9
4,9
4,9
4,9
35
4,9
5,2
5,3
5,3
5,4
5,4
5,4
5,4
40
5,4
5,7
5,8
5,8
5,9
5,9
5,9
5,9
45
5,9
6,2
6,3
6,3
6,4
6,4
6,4
6,4
50
6,4
6,7
6,8
6,8
6,9
6,9
6,9
6,9
55
6,9
7,2
7,3
7,3
7,4
7,4
7,4
7,4
60
7,4
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
65
7,9
8,2
8,3
8,3
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,4
70
8,4
8,7
8,8
8,8
8,9
8,9
8,9
8,9
75
8,9
9,2
9,3
9,3
9,4
9,4
9,4
9,4
80
9,4
9,7
9,8
9,8
9,9
9,9
9,9
9,9
85
9,9
10,2
10,3
10,3
10,4
10,4
10,4
10,4
90
10,4
10,7
10,8
10,8
10,9
10,9
10,9
10,9
95
10,9
11,2
11,3
11,3
11,4
11,4
11,4
11,4
100
11,4
11,7
11,8
11,8
11,9
11,9
11,9
11,9
143
In this case, the volume of the concrete in direct contact with the pipe, and which therefore influences the thermal mass effect, is approximately 0.061 m3/m2 (quantity of concrete per square meter
of surface). If the same system had been created without insulating panels (see Figure G.2), the volume of concrete in direct contact with the pipe would be 0.213 m3/m2 (given by the volume of screed
above the pipe and the volume of concrete). It is easy to verify that the relationship between the volume of concrete is from 1 to 3.5 and therefore there is a significant increase in the thermal mass
should insulating panels not be used. Based on what has been expressed in the introduction, it follows that the greater the thermal mass the longer it will take the system to respond to the variations
in temperature.
144
145
G.2.2. Results
To evaluate the energy loss through the floor, systems were sized with and without insulating panels,
maintaining the floor structure and varying several fundamental parameters: the temperature of the
underlying room Tu and the useful thermal flow qa.
A building of a residential type of approximately 100 m2 was considered and the system was installed with the multilayer pipe Valsir Mixal 16x2.
Variation of the external temperature at equal thermal flow
A thermal flow of 70 W/m2 was considered and the downward energy loss in a room with floor
insulation and one without insulation was calculated at varying temperatures in the underlying room.
From Table G.1 and Figure G.4 the following can be observed: going from a temperature
Tu of -6C (rooms over a terrace in cold climates) to a temperature of +4C (rooms on the ground)
until reaching a temperature of +16C (rooms over heated rooms) there is an energy loss which
varies from 26% to 12% for systems with insulating panels and which goes from 44% to 24% for
systems without insulating panels.
A building without insulation, therefore, has significantly higher energy losses and on average, they
are double the losses in buildings with floor insulation. In the coldest conditions, the energy loss in a
system with no floor insulation can reach values as high as 44%.
Table G.1. Downward energy loss according to the variation in temperature of the room below
146
Temperature
of the room below
Downward
thermal flow with
insulating panel
Tu
qa
[C]
[W/m2]
[%]
-6
24,1
-4
Energy
loss
Downward thermal
flow without
insulating panel
Energy
loss
[W/m2]
[%]
[%]
26%
56,1
44%
+19%
22,8
25%
53,0
43%
+19%
-2
21,5
23%
49,9
42%
+18%
18,8
21%
43,7
38%
+17%
17,5
20%
40,6
37%
+17%
16,1
19%
37,5
35%
+16%
14,8
17%
34,5
33%
+16%
10
13,5
16%
31,4
31%
+15%
12
12,2
15%
28,3
29%
+14%
14
10,8
13%
25,2
26%
+13%
16
9,5
12%
22,1
24%
+12%
qb
Figure G.4. Trend of downward loss in relation to the temperature variation in the underlying room
Downward thermal
flow with
insulating panel
qa
qa
Energy
loss
Downward thermal
flow without
insulating panel
Energy
loss
qb
[W/m ]
[W/m ]
[%]
[W/m2]
[%]
[%]
50
14,9
23%
34,6
41%
+18%
55
15,3
22%
35,7
39%
+18%
60
15,8
21%
36,8
38%
+17%
65
16,3
20%
38,0
37%
+17%
70
16,8
19%
39,1
36%
+16%
75
17,3
19%
40,2
35%
+16%
80
17,8
18%
41,4
34%
+16%
85
18,3
18%
42,5
33%
+16%
90
18,8
17%
43,6
33%
+15%
95
19,3
17%
44,8
32%
+15%
147
Figure G.5. Trend of downward loss in relation to the variation of thermal flow
Economic analysis
From a simplified economic analysis it is possible to evaluate the difference in terms of heating
expense between the two buildings, the first with floor insulation (which we will call case A), the
second without floor insulation (which we will call case B). Let's suppose that the building is situated
on the round (Tu=+4C) and the heating power is 7000 W (70 W/m2 for a surface of 100 m2).
From the table the following is read:
- the downward energy loss in case A is 19%
- the downward energy loss in case B is 36%
therefore:
- the necessary heating power in case A is 8640 W
- the necessary heating power in case B is 10937 W
If a boiler efficiency of 90% and methane heating power of 8200 kcal/m3 (34330 kJ/m3) is considered, it is possible to determine the flow of methane necessary in both cases and the annual consumption, considering 75 days of heating per year and the cost of methane at 0,55 /m3.
The result is therefore:
G.3. Conclusion
From the results obtained it is deduced that the absence of insulating panels has a significant negative effect on the heat output of the heating system which could entail an energy loss of as much as
40%. The use of insulating panels is therefore always strongly recommended; it allows, in fact, to
achieve important reductions in annual consumption, in the example taken into consideration, a
saving in methane consumption of approximately 20% was calculated. The considerations that were
made for residential floor heating systems can be transferred to an industrial type floor heating
system with the same results.
The use of insulating panels influences not only consumption but also the performance of the system,
it has been seen how the presence of the panel reduces the thermal mass and therefore enables the
system to respond quicker to changes in the temperature.
149
H. Measurement units
Table H.1. Basic and supplementary measurement units
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Length
meters
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
seconds
Electricity
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Light intensity
candle
cd
mole
mole
Plane angle
radian
rad
Solid angle
steradian
sr
Quantity of a substance
150
25,40 mm
1 ft
0,3048 m
(foot)
1 yd
(yard)
0,9144 m
1 mi
(US mile)
1,609 km
1 mi
(nautical mile)
1,852 km
1 inch2
645,2 mm2
1 ft2
0,09290 m2
1l
0,001 m3
1 inch3
16,39 cm3
1 ft3
0,02832 m3
0,003785 m3
1 US gal
3,785 l
1 UK gal
0,004546 m3
1 UK gal
4,546 l
1 kg
2,204 lb
1t
1000 kg
28,35 g
16,02 kg/m3
1 N (Newton)
0,102 kgf
1 kgf
9,81 N
4,448 N
1 Pa
1 N/m2
1 bar
100000 Pa
1 bar
1,019 kg/cm2
1 bar
14,48 psi
101325 Pa
1 atm
760 mm Hg
1 at
1 kg/cm2
Area
1 US gal
(gallon)
Mass
(tonne)
1 oz
(ounce)
Density
1 lb/ft3
Force
(kg force)
1 lbf
Pressure
1 atm
(standard atmosphere)
(metric atmosphere)
151
1 at
736 mm Hg
1 at
10 m H2O
1 atm
1,033 at
1 lb/inch2
6,895 kPa
1 inch H2O
249,1 Pa
1 inch Hg
3,386 kPa
1 mm H2O
9,807 Pa
1 mm Hg
133,3 Pa
1 torr
133,3 Pa
1 mbar
100 Pa
1 psi
1 lb/inch2
1,055 kJ
1 kWh
3,6 MJ
1 kcal
4,187 kJ
1 J (Joule)
1 Nm
1J
0,102 kgfm
1 W (Watt)
1,36 CV
1W
1,34 HP
1W
0,860 kcal/h
1 kcal/h
1,162 W
1 CV
0,986 HP
1 HP
1,014 CV
1 Btu/h
0,2931 W
1 J/s
1W
0,30 kW
1 ft3/h
7,866 ml/s
1 ft3/min
471,9 ml/s
1 l/s
60 l/min
1 l/s
3600 l/h
1 l/s
3,6 m3/h
1 Btu/ft3
37,26 kJ/m3
1 kcal/m3
4,187 kJ/m3
1 Btu/lb
2,326 kJ/kg
1 kcal/kg
4,187 kJ/kg
Output
1 lb/h
(vapour)
Flow
Energy flow
152
Heat flow
1 Btu/ft2.h
3,155 W/m2
1 Btu/in2.h
1 kcal/m2.h
454,2 W/m2
1,162 W/m2
Specific heat
1 Btu/lb.F
4,187 kJ/kg.K
4,187 kJ/kg.K
1 kcal/kg.C
1 Btu/ft3.F
1 kcal/m3.C
Heat conductivity
1 Btu/ft.h.F
67,07 kJ/m3.K
4,187 kJ/m3.K
1,731 W/m.K
1,162 W/m.K
418,7 W/m.K
=
=
5,678 W/m2.K
1,162 W/m2.K
41,87 W/m2.K
1 K (Kelvin)
5/9.R
1R (Rankine)
1C (Celsius)
F + 459,67
5/9.(F - 32)
1K
5/9.(F + 459,67)
1K
C + 273,15
1 kcal/m.h.C
1 cal/cm.s.C
Heat conductance
1 Btu/ft2.h.F
1 kcal/m2.h.C
1 cal/cm2.s.C
Temperature scale
153
Notes:
LO2 - 242/
VALSIR S.p.A.
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25078 Vestone - Brescia - Italia
Tel. +39.0365.877011 - Fax +39.0365.820261
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