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The piston moves out wards because of the expansion of system i.e. gas. It can be represented
on p-V diagram as shown in Fig 2
W.D;
If in a system, the temperature and pressure at all parts is same, also there is no velocity gradient
and chemical equilibrium is also attained then the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium .For acute of
thermodynamic equilibrium system should always be in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium.
11. Define a quasi-static process.
Quasi static means almost static. It refers to a process in which a thermodynamic equilibrium
state passes through a process in such a way that every state in the process is in thermodynamic
equilibrium.
12. Differentiate between extensive and intensive properties
Is it possible that W
It is clear from the Fig. that a paddle wheel is fitted with pulley shaft which in turn can be made
to rotate by lowering the weight. Due to this lowering of weight paddle wheel gets related and work is
being done on the system (fluid) which gets stirred up. Now the volume of system remains same
(constant i.e. dV = 0)
At the same time, weight W be displaced by a small distance dx then small work done is
dW = W.dx = mg dx, which is not equal to zero.
17. Discuss whether (PdV + VdP) represents the system properties or not?
The condition for the property of a system is that the quantity which represents it should be an
exact differential.
The quantity (PdV + VdP) d (PV)
Now its integration
i.e.
is a exact differential.
p = Pressure
V=Volume
The right side of equation (1) has each of quantities as properties, so enthalpy is also a property.
For unit mass,
h = u + pv
h = specific enthalpy
u = specific internal energy
v= specific volume.
19. Define Internal energy. Is it a function of state or process?
Energy possessed by a substance because of molecular arrangement and motion molecules is
known as Internal energy. It is solely dependent on the initial and final states the system that means it is
a point function and hence a property.
20. How is the property of system classified? Explain with examples.
Classification of property of a system is a follows:
1. Extensive properties: The properties which are dependent on the mass a system are known as
extensive or extrinsic properties. Volume, mass, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy are the examples
of extensive properties. 2. Intensive properties: The properties which are independent of the mass of system are known
as intrinsic properties. Intensive properties are independent of the size of system.
21. Differentiate between open system, close a system and isolated system
Open system: A system in which the transfer of mass well as energy takes place, is known as an
open system. Air compressor and a balloon containing air are known as an open system.
Closed system: A system in which the mass remains constant (i.e. no transfer of mass) but transfer
of energy takes place is known as a closed system. A steel flask with hot water in it is an example of a
closed system.
Isolated system: A system in which neither the mass nor energy transfer takes place is known as
an isolated system. A steel flask with outer casing insulated from the surroundings is an example of an
isolated system.
22. Discuss whether the following properties represent the system properties or not?
(a) PdV
(b) VdP
(a) PdV: In this quantity, p is a function of V and moreover, these are connected by a line on a pV
diagram. Thus, the integration $ PdV can only be found out if relationship between P and V is clearly
defined. Thus PdV is not an exact differential and hence, not a property of system.
(b) VdP: This quantity is not an exact differential because of the same reason explained above, so
it is also not a property of system.
23. Define heat. Is it the property of system?
Heat is a type of energy which is transferred beyond the boundary of a system, because of the
difference in temperature between system and surroundings. No heat is not a property of system
because it is not dependent on the end states, but depends upon the path followed to achieve a
particular state.
24. Differentiate between high grade and low grade energy. Giving examples.
Energy which can be completely transformed in the shaft work without any loss is known as high
grade energy. Mechanical and electrical energy are the examples of high grade energy.
Energy which cannot be completely converted into shaft work/mechanical work is-known as low
grade energy. Heat energy and nuclear energy are the examples of low grade energy.
25. What is an irreversible process? Give an example of irreversible process.
A process, which involves heat transfer due to finite difference of temperature between the system
and surroundings, is known as an irreversible process. Fluid friction between the molecules because of
turbulence due to high speeds is an example of an irreversible process
26. Differentiate between universal gas constant and characteristic gas constant
Characteristic gas constant
From the characteristic gas equation,
pV= mRT
R = pV/mT
P = pressure
V = volume
m = mass
T = temperature
27. How do you state flow and non flow work mathematically?
Non flow work wnf =
Flow work wf=
28. State the first law of thermodynamics.
First law of thermodynamics states that, If a system passes through a cycle of processes so that it
returns to its initial state the sum of heat and work effects will be zero
32.For generation of steam in a boiler requires 2500 kJ/kg of heat and in the condenser 1800 kJ/kg of
heat is rejected to cooling water, using first law of thermodynamics, determine steam flow rate.
Ans.
h1 = 2500 kJ/kg, h2 = 1800 kJ/kg
Steam flow rate = h1 h2 = 2500 1800 = 700 kJ/kg.
33. What is an isobaric process?
In an isobaric process, both volume and temperature change, where as pressure is kept constant.
The volume and temperature increases when heat is supplied to system and decreases when heat is
rejected by the system.
35. Why a hyperbolic process is similar to constant temperature process in the case of gases.
The plot of a rectangular hyperbola is represented by pV = C. Since the law of an isothermal process
is also the same i.e. pV = C, therefore it follows that in the case of gases, the isothermal and hyperbolic
processes are same. Hence the equations derived for work, heat and change in internal energy for on
isothermal and hyperbolic process are also same.
36. What are flow and non flow processes?
Flow processes: The processes occurring in open system which permit the transfer of mass as well
as energy across its boundaries are known as flow processes.
Non-flow processes: The processes occurring in closed system which does not permit
the transfers of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow processes.
37. Classify flow processes.
The flow processes may be classified as
1. Steady flow processes
2. Unsteady flow processes
Steady flow process: A process is said to be steady flow process, if the conditions in the control
volume remains unchanged with time.
Unsteady flow process: A process is said to be an unsteady flow process If the conditions in control
volume change with time.
work?
The limitations of
are as follows:
1. It is only applicable to steady flow open systems.
2 The system undergoes reversible quasistatic process
3. The changes in K.E and P.E. are negligible.
42. Differentiate between reversible adiabatic process and the polytropic process.
A reversible process in which there is no heat transfer between the system and surroundings i e
Q = 0 is known as reversible adiabatic process and follows the law
= adiabatic index
If these, is a heat transfer between the system and surroundings, the process is called a polytropic
process and it follows the law pVn =C, n= polytropic exponent.
43. State Joules law.
Joules law states that the internal energy of a perfect gas is the function of absolute temperature
only. Therefore, U = f (T).
1. Boyles law
Boyle's law says that, at constant temperature, the product of an ideal gas's pressure and volume is
always constant.
2. Charless law
Charles's law says that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.
3. Avogadros law
Avogadro's law states that, the volume occupied by an ideal gas is proportional to the number of moles
(or molecules) present in the container.
47. Define Ideal gas and Real gas.
An Ideal gas (Perfect gas) is a theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly-moving, non-interacting
point particles. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation
of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics.
Real gases as opposed to a perfect or ideal gas exhibit properties that cannot be explained entirely
using the ideal gas law. To understand the behaviour of real gases, the following must be taken into
account:
Compressibility effects.
Variable specific heat capacity.
Van der Waals forces.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects.
Issues with molecular dissociation and elementary reactions with variable composition.