Bulletin of Environmental and Scientific Research

ISSN 2278-5205, Available online at http://www.besr.org.in

Vol. 2, Issue(2-3),pp.12-17
Received: 17 June 2013 / Accepted: 14 November 2013

Assessment of ambient air quality in Northern India using Air

Quality Index method
1

Priyanka Chaudhary, 2Dharmveer Singh, 1Jitendra Kumar and 3?Sudhir Kumar Singh
1Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi284 128 (U.P.), India
2Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad211002, India

3K . Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies, IIDS, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad211002, India
?Email corresponding author: sudhirinjnu@gmail.com

Abstract

lar and cardio pulmonary system of humans living in

several major cities of India (Dockery et al, 1993; Koken et al, 2003).Vehicular emission is responsible for
higher level of air pollutants like Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(RSPM), SOx, NOx and other organic and inorganic pollutants including trace metals, which have known adverse effects on human health. These pollutants accumulate in the ambient air and deteriorate the outdoor and indoor air quality (UNEP 1999). Besides that,
various types of vehicles and their different operating
modes such as idling, stop and start, accelerating and
decelerating, combined with a high density of vehicles
leads to a pollution source problem (Caselles et al, 2002;
Kumar et al, 2001).
Its also reported that the direct effect of air pollutant on
plants, animals and soil can influence the structural and
functional changes in ecosystem, including self regulation ability (WHO 2000). The air quality index (AQI) has
been used to prompt classification of pollution levels
in India by different researchers (Ziauddin et al, 2006;
Rao et al, 2002; Sharma et al, 2003) and developed longterm AQIs for the major Indian cities (Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkata, Chennai, and Kanpur) for understanding of the
relationship between seasonal effect and specific pollutant species comprising the AQI. The effects of particulate matters on human health depends on several factors like size of particulates (smaller the size severe effects), shape, chemical composition (trace metals, organic carbon, black carbon, organic and volatile matters, PAHs etc), duration of exposure, and the condition
of the affected persons. The elevated level of PM10 associated with trace metals namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co,
Mn, Ca, Pb were found in Lucknow city reported by
researchers (Barman et al, 2010; Caselles et al, 2002;
Kaushik et al, 2006; Maitre et al, 2006; Curtis et al, 2006;
Sharma et al, 2006; Jayaraman et al, 2007). The higher
levels of PM10 and toxic metals (As, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr,
Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) around the sponge iron industries were reported by Barman et al, 2010). Wang et al,
2006 estimated 18 trace elements in PM10 and PM2.5 . In
present study we found eight heavy metals Pb, Ni, Cr,
Cu, Co, Mn, Fe, Zn in PM10 and PM2.5 respectively. The
calculated AQI values may be used for development of a
traffic flow management system during adverse air pollutant dispersion conditions and to inform the public

The present study dealt with the assessment of ambient air quality in both commercial and residential areas like Aminabad, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) Campus, Aliganj and Indranagar at Lucknow city of Northern India. The air quality was assessed based on measurement of four air pollutants like
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10 ), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (PM2.5 ), Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx), and Sulphur Dioxides (SOx) and also eight heavy
metals associated with PM10 and PM2.5 . The results
suggested that the commercial area like Aminabad has
the average value 284 g/m3 for PM10 and residential
area like Aliganj has the average value 182.3 g/m3 for
PM2.5 , which represented high pollution level among
the four locations. In both commercial and residential area, the average concentration of PM10 and PM2.5
were obtained above National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and SOx, NOx were obtained under the
prescribed limits of Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), New Delhi. The calculated values of air quality index revealed that the commercial area was found
to have higher AQI (122.95) than residential area (97.8).
The average contribution of four (PM10 , PM2.5 , SOx,
NOx) pollutant were obtained 31.7% in Aminabad, 25%
in Aliganj, 22% in IITR and 21.3% in Indranagar. The order of metals associated with PM10 and PM2.5 were Fe >
Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Mn > Co > Ni and Fe > Cr > Zn > Co
> Pb > Ni > Mn > Cu respectively. The sources of heavy
metals in this area are vehicular emission, industrial operation, combustion of waste, and construction activity
of street dust particles etc.
Keywords: Urban area; Particulate matter; SOx; NOx;
Heavy metal; Air quality index

1 Introduction
Today throughout the world, air pollution is a matter of great concern at ecological, epidemical, climatological, and toxicological levels (McMichael et al, 2000).
The increased traffic has resulted in increased emissions of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter which
has enough potential for deterioration of environmental sustainability of any ecosystem and human health
too (Nagendra et al, 2004). The air pollutants are causing many disease related to respiratory, cardiovascu12

Table 1: Number of vehicles sales in Lucknow city during 2006 to 2011 (Source: RTO, Lucknow)
Category
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles
Three wheelers
Two wheelers
Grand total
Percentage of change (%)

2006-07
1,45,869
23,430
15154
7,20,378
9,04,831
8.9

Number of vehicles
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
1,48,839
1,64,559
1,86,539
34,906
40,229
23,066
13,224
19,963
7410
7,71,846
8,26,083
8,90,442
9,68,815 10,50,834 11,03,390
6.6
7.8
4.7

about the air pollution levels.

2010-11
1.94,515
23,012
7318
9,70,897
1192145
7.4

method. The method for sampling of particulate pollutants is based on the size of the particulates to be
sampled (Rao et al, 1989). SPM and RSPM were measured using gravimetric settling method. The amount of
non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM)
was summed up with RSPM for calculation of SPM. The
sampling instruments were fixed at a breathing height
of 1.5 m above the ground level.
The estimation of NOx and SOx was also carried out according to Jacob-Hochheiser method (1958) and West
and Geake method (1956) respectively. SO2 and NOx
were collected by bubbling the sample in a specific
absorbing (Sodium tetrachloromercurate for SO2 and
Sodium hydroxide for NOx) solution at an average flow
rate of 0.20.5 min1 .The impinge samples were put in
ice boxes immediately after sampling and transferred to
a refrigerator for further analysis (Yadav et al, 2012).

2 Methodology
2.1 Study area
Lucknow is the capital of state Uttar Pradesh, India, situated in Northern India with a population of
4,815,601 Lac (2011 Census of India) and located between 26 52 Latitude and 80 56 Longitude (Figure 1).
Table 1 shows Number of vehicles sales in Lucknow city
during 2006 to 2011 which enhances the vehicular pollution load in air. Monitoring of SPM, RSPM and metals was carried out of at four locations of Lucknow city.
Earlier Aliganj and Indira Nagar were classified as residential area, now they became semi commercial areas
but Aminabad is purely commercial area mainly consisting of shopping complexes and IITR which is also
possess status of both commercial and residential area
status. Monitoring was conducted during the month of
March, 2012 for 4 week, at 24 hr in one week. Trace metals namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Mn, Ni and Cr associated
with RSPM were also estimated.

2.3 Calculation
(i) Calculation of volume of air sampled:
V = (Q).(t )

(1)

where, V = volume of air, m3 , Q = average sampling rate,

m3 /min, t = time in minutes.
(ii) Calculation of PM2.5 concentration in ambient air:
PM2.5 = [(W2 W1 ) 10 6]/V

(2)

where, PM2.5 = mass concentration of fine PM less

than 2.5 microns diameter in g/m3 . W1 = initial weight
of the filter in g, W2 = final weight of filter in g, V= volume
of air sampled in m3 , 10 6= conversion factor of g to g
Figure 1: Location map of the study area i.e. district Lucknow, capital of state Uttar Pradesh, India

2.4 Estimation of metal associated with PM

Total eight circles of 1 inch diameter [(4 locations+1
blank (unexposed filter paper)] were punched out from
the sampled filter paper and digested with concentrated
nitric acid on hot plate till white fumes arose and reduced to 2-3 ml. The content was filtered through Whatman Filter No. 42 and final volume made up to 25 ml
by double distilled water. The filtrate was examined for
the concentration of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Cr by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (ModelGBC Avanta Sigma). The AAS values of blank filter papers of each metal were deducted for the sample value
for final calculations. The instrument was calibrated for
each metal using known CRM (Certified Reference Material) before analysis.

2.2 Monitoring and analysis

2.2.1 Particulate matter (PM10 , PM2.5 ) and gaseous
pollutants
The monitoring of SPM (PM10 ) and RSPM (PM2.5 )
were carried out with the help of Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) model type APM 550 (Envirotech, New Delhi)
at flow rate of 1.01.2 m3 /min for 24hr (6.0 A.M. to
6.0 A.M.). Pre-weighed cellulose filters of Whatman
(EPM2000) were used and re-weighed after sampling
in order to determine the mass of the particles were
collected on cellulose filter paper by gravity settling
13

Table 2: National air quality standards by CPCB 2009

Pollutant (g/ m3 )
Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 )
Suspended particulate matter (PM10 )
Sulfur dioxide (SO2 )
Oxides of nitrogen as (NO2 )

Time weight
24
24
24
24

Average concentration of ambient air

Industrial area Residential & other sensitive area
60
60
100
100
80
80
80
80

Table 3: Conc. of SPM10 , RSPM2.5 , SOx and NOx urban residential area of Lucknow
Area

Location

Residential
Commercial

Aliganj
Indira Nagar
IITR Campus
Aminabad
NAAQS

SPM(g/m3 )
Range Average
116-198 182.3
109-128 118.5
136-177 156.4
269-299 284.3
100

RSPM2.5 (g/m3 )
Range Average
69.7-109 89.3
63.9-110 86.9
55-95.5
75.8
78-96-8
87.2
60

2.5 Air Quality Index

NOx (g/m3 )
Range Average
29.2-38
33.3
32-39.1
35.4
27-35.7
31.78
29.4-37.7 33.56
80

among the four locations because Aliganj has more pollution load due to transition zone of commercial and
residential activity. All the values of PM2.5 were above
the prescribed NAAQS of 60g/m3 at all four monitoring location. The average SOx concentration of four locations has been found in the range of 12.818.4g/m3
with an average of 15.7g/m3 of SO2 and the range
31.7835.4g/m3 with an average 33.51g/m3 of NO2 respectively. Indra Nagar which has the lowest value of
SO2 18.4g/m3 compare to NOx value 35.4g/m3 due to
public convenience and waste combustion. Both values were found below the prescribed NAAQS. Even in
several reports it has been found that the gaseous pollutants at low concentration are related with respiratory
and reproductive diseases in human (Curtis et al, 2006;
Senlin et al, 2007). Jayaraman et al, 2007 has reported
that the 32.5% increase of hospital admission in Delhi
due to association of SO2 level in ambient air even the
below NAAQS. The possible source of SOx and NOx may
be vehicular fuel consumption, biomass burning and
fuel electric generator etc. The gaseous pollutant plays
a major role in increment of atmospheric temperature.

We used the AQI method developed by Ziauddin et

al, 2006 to measure the ratio of pollutant concentration
means to determine the ambient air quality. The following formula was used:
AQ I = 4(

SO2 (g/m3 )
Range Average
9.01-16
12.8
12.4-24-2 18.4
9.6-21
15.3
9.3-23
16.3
80

I SP M I RSP M I SO2 I NOx

+
+
+
)100 (3)
SSP M SRSP M SSO2 SNOx

where, ISPM, IRSPM, ISO2 and INOx = Individual values

of SPM, PM, SOx, NOx respectively
SSPM, SRSPM, SSO2 and SNOx = Standards of ambient
air quality

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Descriptions of PM, SOx and NOx
We observed 24 hr mean concentration of PM and
gaseous pollutant at the four location. The range of PM
was 118.5182.2g/m3 with an average concentration of
150.4g/m3 was observed in residential area, even in
commercial area the range of PM was 156.4284.3g/m3
with an average concentration of 220.4g/m3 was observed given in Table 3. The highest SPM value was reported in residential area of Aliganj 182.3g/m3 compared to Indra Nagar 118.5g/m3 as shown in Figure 2.
The highest SPM concentration in residential area may
be due to private and public convenience, diesel power
electric generator etc. (Barman et al, 2009). The concentration of SPM in commercial area was also having
more concentration in Aminabad with 284 g/m3 compared to IITR having 156.4g/m3 . Aminabad has highest concentration of RSPM among the four sampling
site is surrounded by high commercial and residential
buildings and heavy traffic load. All observed values exceeded from the NAAQS (100 g/m3 ) prescribed for residential and commercial area by CPCB, New Delhi (Table 2). 24 hr mean concentration of PM2.5 was in the
range of 86.989.3g/m3 with an average of 88.1g/m3
in residential areas, and in commercial areas was in the
range of 75.887.2 with an average of 81.5g/m3 . The 24
hr observational values revealed that Aliganj (residential area) has more RSPM concentration (89.3g/m3 )

Figure 2: Average value of SPM10 , RSPM2.5 , SOx and NOx

in urban and residential area of Lucknow city

3.2 Air Quality Index (AQI)

The air quality index is suitable medium to reveal the
ambient air quality of selected site (Table 4). The summery of AQI values for the 24 hr average, range of SPM,
RSPM, SOX and NOx concentrations during March 2012
at four locations are given in Table 3. In the present
14

and Indra Nagar. On the basis of these result we can say

that the commercial area are more polluted than residential area. The concentration of PM and trace metal
in commercial area are suggesting the contribution of
automobile, power electric generator and small while
in residential area most pollutant contribution by mobile sources whereas in PM2.5 the corresponding values
were found Pb 20.62 ng/m3 (13.5 ng/m3 29.25 ng/m3 ),
Ni 16.63 ng/m3 (12.75 ng/m3 21.25 ng/m3 ), Cr 23.86
ng/m3 (12.5 ng/m3 39.5 ng/m3 ), Cu 12.45 ng/m3 (8.85
ng/m3 23.55 ng/m3 ), Co 27.05 ng/m3 (20.2 ng/m3 35.5
ng/m3 ), Mn 14.37 ng/m3 (11.39 ng/m3 18.28 ng/m3 ),
Fe 162.9 ng/m3 (123.15 ng/m3 188.66 ng/m3 ) and Zn
19.73 ng/m3 (10.43 ng/m3 29.5 ng/m3 ).The concentration of PM2.5 in IITR campus was found highest associated with maximum trace metal concentration like Fe,
Cr, Co and Mn while the high Fe concentration found
Indra Nagar but Cu, Co and Zn present in more amount
at Aliganj (Barman et al. 2010). Occupational exposure of trace metal is a risk factor for chronic lung diseases (Benoff et al, 2000). Cr (VI) is known to have toxic
and carcinogenic effects on the bronchial tree (Hu et al,
2002). Mn exposure leads to increased neurotoxin impairments (Santos-Burgoa et al, 2001). The hierarchy of
metals were arranged in descending order of their mean
concentrations as given below (Figure 4 a and b). PM10 :
Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Mn > Co > Ni PM2.5 : Fe > Cr >
Zn > Co > Pb > Ni > Mn > Cu

Table 4: Category of ambient air quality*

Index value Category
10 25
Clean air
26-50
Light air pollution
51-75
Moderate air pollution
76-100
Heavy air pollution
> 100
Severe air pollution
(*Source: Rao and Rao 1989, Ziauddin and Siddiqui 2006)

study the average pollutant value was found higher in

commercial area compared to residential area, which is
depicted in Table 3. On the basis of AQI (Table 5) it is obvious that the Aminabad (commercial area) was heavily polluted (AQI 100125) whereas Aliganj, Indra Nagar
(residential area) and IITR Campus (commercial area)
were moderately polluted (AQI 76-100). The average cumulative percentage of four location is shown in Figure
3.In order to protect human health, property and environment from the adverse effects of air pollution it is
necessary to all civilian to aware about pollution and
reduce fuel consumption, use public and avoid private
convenience.

Figure 3: Percentage value of AQI of SPM10 , RSPM2.5 ,

NOx and SOx in urban and residential area of Lucknow
city

3.3 Description of metal level associated

with PM10 and PM2.5
Mean concentrations associated with PM10 and
PM2.5 in each location has been shown in Table 6
and 7 respectively. In PM10 the 24 hr mean concentration of metals in four location was found to
be Pb 181.57 ng/m3 (133.24 ng/m3 215.5 ng/m3 ), Ni
22.06 ng/m3 (17.5 ng/m3 36.5 ng/m3 ), Cr 86.16 ng/m3
(45.22 ng/m3 101.28 ng/m3 ), Cu 61.20 ng/m3 (29.5
ng/m3 94.5 ng/m3 ), Co 23.78 ng/m3 (18.75 ng/m3 36.6
ng/m3 ), Mn 54.57 ng/m3 (49.5 ng/m3 62.3 ng/m3 ), Fe
1813.9 ng/m3 (1385.4 ng/m3 2142.2 ng/m3 ), Zn ng/m3
311.83 ng/m3 (149.5 ng/m3 473.4 ng/m3 ). Aminabad,
which has more PM10 concentration occupy with more
trace metal concentration load like Fe, Pb, Co, Cr, and
Mn while IITR campus that also has high concentration
range of PM above the NAAQS comprises of maximum
Fe, Cr and Co trace metal concentration. The high level
of Pb can induce severe neurological and hematological
effects on the exposed population especially children,
whereas Cd and Ni are known for inducing carcinogenic
effects in humans through inhalation. The Fe concentration was found high in residential area like Aliganj

Figure 4: (a) and (b) Showing the average concentration

of Metals in urban residential areas (Aliganj and Indra
Nagar) and commercial areas (IITR campus and Aminabad) associated with PM10 and PM2.5 respective

4 Conclusion
The present study deals with the effect of vehicular
emission on ambient air quality during the month of
15

Table 5: AQI of residential and commercial area in Lucknow city

RSPM
PM2.5
SOx
NOx
AQI
Area
Location
Ambient air quality
(g/m3 ) (g/m3 ) (g/m3 ) (g/m3 )
Aliganj
182.3
89.3
12.8
33.3 97.18 Heavily Polluted
Residential Indira Nagar
118.5
86.9
18.4
35.4 82.63 Heavily Polluted
IITR campus
156.4
75.8
15.3
31.78 85.37 Heavily Polluted
Commercial Aminabad
284.3
87.2
16.3
33.56 122.95 Heavily polluted

Table 6: Trace metal concentration (ng/m3 ) associated with PM10

Location Measure
Pb
Ni
Cr
Cu
Co
Mn
Fe
Zn
Range
213-218 18.5-24
84.5-97
89-100 16.2-26.2 56.2-68.4
2135-2149 478.3-468.5
Aliganj
Average
215.5
21.25
90.75
94.5
21.4
62.3
2142.2
473.4
Range
178.5-198
12-23 36.45-54 59.65-79
14.5-23
49-61.5
2025-1906 312.34-337
Indra Nagar
Average
188.25
17.5
45.22
69.32
18.75
55-25
1965-5
324.6
Range
142.5-124
08-18
78-89
24-35
14-23
42-57 1678.4-1846.5
135-164
IITR campus
Average
133.24
23
83.5
29.5
18.5
49.5
1762.45
149.5
Range 175.5-203.3
27-46 98.56-104
41-62
34-49
45.5-57 1278.34-1492
287.5-312
Aminabad
Average
189.3
36.5
101.28
51.5
36.6
51.25
1385.4
299.75
Average
181.57
22.06
80.16
61.2
23.78
54.57
1813.9
311.83

Table 7: Trace metal Concentration (ng/m3 ) associated with fine PM2.5

Location Measure
Pb
Ni
Cr
Cu
Co
Mn
Fe
Zn
Range
16.5-26 16.5-26 19.8-25.86 21.6-25.5
21.4-25 9.78-13 112.3-134
17-36
Aliganj
Average
21.25
21.25
22.83
23.55
23.2
11.39
123.15
26.5
Range 12.4-24.6 12.8-24
11-14
9.7-12 18.6-21.44
12-15 178-198.1
21-38
Indra Nagar
Average
18.5
18.7
12.5
10.85
20.02
13.5
188.66
29.5
Range
9-18 9.7-18
31-48 4.6-8.55
26-45 12-24.55 166-189.5
11-14
IITR campus
Average
13.5
13.85
39.5
6.57
35.5
18.28
177.75
12.5
Range
26.5-32 8.5-17 19.8-21.4
7.8-9.9
24-35 11-17.65 154-171-8 7.83-13
Aminabad
Average
29.25
12.75
20.63
8.85
29.5
14.32
162.9
10.43
Average
20.62
16.63
23.86
12.45
27.05
14.37
162.9
19.73

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March 2012 (summer) in urban area of Lucknow city.

The 24 hr mean concentration of metals associated with
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