Handbook No.0 Höganäs Iron and Steel Powders For Sintered Components

Sintered Components
Metal powders from Hgans go into a large share of the worlds production of
P/M parts. By combining complex shapes with specific and unique properties, the
uses for P/M parts are many. Our R&D works proactively by developing and
perfecting new powders to expand the potential range of applications. Parts for
automobiles, household and office appliances, fittings and power tools, are just a few
of the many existing applications for P/M parts made of our metal powders.
Some examples:
Sintered bearings is a well-established application. The porosity of sintered

parts allows absorption of oil for lubrication. Normal sintered density is less
than 6.2 g/cm, and powders containing Fe-Cu or Fe-C are often used.
Power tool parts often utilize diffusion alloyed powders, achieving a sintered
density around 7.0 g/cm. Subsequent heat treatment further increases wear
resistance and strength. Warm compaction is in some cases used to further
increase density and improve gear strength.
Lock parts require high strength, toughness, wear resistance and dimensional
stability. Diffusion alloyed powders admirably match these parameters for
the sintered part, achieving a density between 6.8 and 7.0 g/cm.
Belt pulleys or chain sprockets can be found in every automobile. They are
components ideally suited to the P/M process, as it permits an intricate
weight-saving geometry. Sponge iron usually forms the base powder,
ensuring ample green strength. Sintered density ranges from 6.5 to 6.8
g/cm.
Synchronizing hubs for automobile gear boxes are mainly produced by the
P/M process route. High strength, wear resistance and dimensional stability
are demands for this application. Diffusion alloyed powders are the common
choice of material to meet the demands. Densities are in the range 7.0 --- 7.2
g/cm.
Illustrated are a few of the many parts ideally suited for P/M production. From left:
lock part, bearings, belt pulley and power tool part.
This catalogue provides a comprehensive presentation of powder properties and
mechanical properties, covering a wide range of base powders, alloying elements and
process conditions.
Our specially-developed CASIP computer program is capable, given property-,
processing- and additive requirements, of identifying the ideal powder mix for a
specific sintered component.
Hgans press-ready mixes and Starmixes ensure uniform composition and
powder properties, both between and within lots. Hgans Densmix makes warm
compaction possible and thereby increasing density and strength of the material.
Comprehensive quality assurance, from ore to finished powders, ensures customers of
the best powders for their sintering operations.
Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

The successful application of iron and steel powders as raw materials in the
manufacturing of structural parts, is related to a number of specific powder
properties:
Flowability (here expressed as flow rate) is an important factor, as is
Apparent Density during filling of the die cavity.
Powder compressibility affects the density that can be obtained, and
thereby also the properties after sintering.
Spring-back value is important for calculating the dimensions of the
compacting tool in relation to the final dimensions of the part.
Sufficient green strength is required to prevent cracks during ejection of
the part after compaction, and to allow transportation of compacts from
the press to the sintering furnace.
All these properties are affected by the particle shape and the particle size
distribution of a specific powder. Sponge iron powder exhibits more
irregular and porous powder particles, which results in higher green strength
compared to water atomized iron powders. Atomized powders have higher
compressibility compared to sponge powders.
On page 9 powder properties are presented as a comparison of some
common iron base powders. Flow and apparent density are presented for
pure powders. Compressibility, green strength and spring-back are presented
for powders with 0.6% Kenolube added to the mix.
Water atomization process allows alloying elements to be added to the
molten steel before atomization. A range of pre-alloyed powders are
available under the trademark Astaloy. By pre-alloying, mechanical
properties of the sintered material are improved while the compressibility is
lower as compared to pure iron powders.
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
STARMIX and DENSMIX introduce organic binders to the powder mix.

With bonded mixes, dusting of fine particle size additives is eliminated.
Segregation of alloying elements is avoided which improves dimensional
stability.
3
3
2
Flow (s/50 g)
Distaloy powders are based on pure iron powder or iron powder

pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum (Astaloy Mo) to which alloying
elements of fine particle size are bonded by partial diffusion. This technique
avoids segregation of alloying elements and improves dimensional stability.
Good compressibility is maintained with only partial diffusion of alloying
elements to the iron powder particles.
2
1
1
With DENSMIX warm compaction is made possible. By heating both the

powder and press tool, density is improved by 0.1 0.2 g/cm3, which
improves the mechanical properties of the sintered material. Also the green
strength is greatly improved allowing some machining operations to be
carried out in green state. This substantially improves life time of the cutting
tool.
7.
7.
7.
Green density (g/cm)
7.
The sintered properties obtained with a specific iron powder grade depend
on several factors, including density, sintering time, temperature, atmosphere
and both type and content of added alloying elements. Extensive information
of this type is present in this technical catalogue for most of the available
powder grades.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
5.
5.
For a brief survey of sintered properties of some common materials, the

diagrams on page 10 show the tensile strength, hardness and elongation.
5.
5.
Materials 1 4 were compacted at 600 MPa, resulting in densities in the

range 6.85 7.10 g/cm3 while materials 5 12 were compacted to a density
of 7.10 g/cm3. All materials were sintered at 1120C for 30 minutes in
endothermic atmosphere for base iron powders, and in 90/10 N2/H2
atmosphere for diffusion alloyed powders and Astaloy powders.
0.4
0.3
Spring-back
(%)
Springback (%)
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0

Apparent density
Flow rate
35
3.1
30
3.0
2.9
25
AD (g/cm)
Flow (s/50 g)
2.8
20
15
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
10
2.3
2.2
2.1
0
2.0
MH80.23
SC100.26
ABC100.30
NC100.24
ASC100.29
MH80.23
SC100.26
ABC100.30
NC100.24
ASC100.29
Green strength (0.6% Kenolube)
Compressibility (0.6% Kenolube)

10
Compacting pressure (tsi)

20
30
40
50
10
60
7.4
35
7.2
6.6
6.4
MH80.23
6.2
NC100.24
6.0
SC100.26
5.8
4000
25
20
15
ABC100.30
5.4
5.2
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Compacting pressure (MPa)
2000
10
ASC100.29
5.6
3000
Green strength (psi)
6.8
Green strength (MPa)
Green density (g/cm)
5000
30
7.0
1000
0
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Spring-back (0.6% Kenolube)

10

20
30
40
50
60
0.40
0.35
0.30
Spring-back
(%)
Springback (%)
e
n
60
40
7.6

20
30
40
50
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Distaloy powders
Iron base powders
Astaloy powders
1000
900
900
900
800
800
700
700
700
600
600
600
500
500
500
400
400
400
300
300
300
200
200
200
100
100
100
400
400
400
350
350
350
300
300
300
250
250
250
200
200
200
150
150
150
100
100
100
50
50
50
12
12
12
10
10
10
0
1
1. NC100.24 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C

2. SC100.26 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C
3. ASC100.29 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C
4. PASC60
10
Pla
1000
800
Elongation (%)
Hardness, HV10
Tensile Strength (MPa)
1000
Spo
0
5
5. Distaloy AB + 0.5%C
6. Distaloy AE + 0.5%C
7. Distaloy DC + 0.5%C
8. Distaloy HP + 0.5%C
10
11
12
9. Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.5%C
10. Astaloy Mo + 0.5%C
11. Astaloy A + 0.5%C
12. Astaloy CrM + 0.4%C
Overview of Powder Grades

rs
Plain Iron Grades

Sponge Iron Powders
NC100.24 is one of the most widely used iron powder
grades in the powder metallurgy industry. The greenand edge strengths of the compacts are very high due to
the spongy structure of the powder particles. NC100.24
has a good compressibility and a low and consistent H2loss.
SC100.26 has the best compressibility of all Hgans
sponge iron powder grades. The green strength is also
high. It has slightly higher apparent density than
NC100.24 and should be used particularly where high
density after single pressing and sintering is desirable.
MH80.23 is specially designed to match the requirements

for self-lubricating bearings. Its particle size range is
chosen to give an optimum pore structure for this
application. MH80.23 can also be added to powder
mixes in small quantities to substantially improve green
strength.
12
.5%C
%C
C
4%C
11
Atomized Iron Powders

AHC100.29 is an atomized plain iron powder with good
compressibility. It is used in similar P/M applications as
SC100.26, but the apparent density is considerably
higher than that of the sponge iron powder grades.
ASC100.29 is an atomized iron powder with very high

compressibility, which makes it possible to single press
compacts with densities of up to 7.2 g/cm3. ASC100.29
is particularly suited for high density structural parts,
and also as a base material for soft magnetic
applications.
ABC100.30 is an atomized iron powder with
outstanding compressibility and chemical purity. It is
especially suitable for the production of high-density
structural components. Densities up to 7.4 g/cm3 are
achievable with single pressing. ABC100.30 is also used
in applications where very good soft magnetic properties
are required.
12
Pho
Phosphorous-alloyed Grades
d
PNC60 consists of NC100.24 to which finely-divided

ferrophosphorus particles are added, giving a
phosphorus content of 0.60%. Green strength and
compressibility are almost equal to that of pure
NC100.24. Sintered parts made from PNC60 exhibit
high strength in combination with very high ductility.
The phosphorus enhances sintering, allowing shorter
sintering times and lower temperatures to be used.
PASC60 like PNC60 contains 0.60% phosphorus but is

based on ASC100.29, which gives the powder very high
compressibility. Sintered parts made from PASC60
exhibit high strength in combination with very high
ductility. An addition of graphite and/or copper will give
still higher strength with retained or even improved
dimensional stability. PASC60 is also suitable for
components requiring good soft magnetic properties.
s
13
Diffusion-alloyed Grades
Distaloy SA is based on the sponge iron grade SC
100.26, to which 1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mo
have beendiffusion bonded. Distaloy SA is
recommended for densities up to 6.9 g/cm3 after
single pressing. With the addition of graphite, a
sintered tensile strength of 600 MPa can be achieved.
Distaloy SA has a high green strength. This powder is
well suited for parts requiring heat treatment.
Distaloy AB has the same chemical composition as

Distaloy SA, 1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mo, but is
based on the high-purity atomized powder ASC100.29.
Distaloy AB can be single pressed to densities of around
7.2 g/cm3. With the addition of graphite, a sintered
tensile strength of 650 MPa can be achieved. After
heat treatment the strength can be raised to 1000 MPa.
Distaloy AE is in principle the same powder as Distaloy
AB but with Ni content increased to 4%. Cu and
Mo contents are 1.5% and 0.5% respectively. High Ni
content and good compressibility makes it possible to
produce materials with a sintered tensile strength of
750 MPa. Distaloy AE exhibits good hardenability and
dimensional stability.
Distaloy AF is similar to Distaloy AE but with higher
alloying contents: 5% Ni, 2% Cu and 1% Mo. With
the addition of graphite, a tensile strength up to 850
MPa can be obtained after single pressing and
sintering.
14
e
.
h
Distaloy DC (DC = Dimensional Control) is a lowalloyed powder specially developed to obtain both a
stable dimensional change independent of the density
and a high strength after sintering. By adding graphite,
a tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be obtained after
single pressing and sintering. Distaloy DC is produced
by diffusion bonding 2% nickel to Astaloy Mo (itself
pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This double
alloying technique ensures a good compressibility and a
small scattering of dimensions.
Distaloy DH (DH = Direct Hardening) is a low-alloyed
powder which exhibits an extremely good hardenability.
The additional copper increases the hardenability of
Distaloy DH further compared to Astaloy Mo. This
makes it suitable for all common heat treatment
processes including sinter hardening. With additions of
graphite, a tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be
obtained after single pressing and sintering. Distaloy DH
isproduced by diffusion bonding 2% copper to Astaloy
Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This
double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility
and a small scattering of dimensions.
Distaloy HP (HP = High Performance) contains 4%
nickel, 2% copper and 1.4% molybdenum. Very high
strength is obtained after sintering with a dimensional
change that is close to zero. With additions of graphite,
a tensile strength up to 850 MPa can be obtained after
single pressing and sintering. Distaloy HP is produced by
diffusionbonding 4% nickel and 2% copper to Astaloy
Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This
double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility
and a small scattering of dimensions.
15
Pre-alloyed Grades
Astaloy 85 Mo is a water-atomized steel powder
containing 0.85% Mo, balance iron. The lower
molybdenum content compared to Astaloy Mo gives
Astaloy 85 Mo a somewhat higher compressibility, and a
lower hardenability. The latter makes it easier to avoid
through-hardening of thin sections during surface heat
treatment. Astaloy 85 Mo is often used as-sintered with
addition of copper and/or nickel.
Astaloy Mo is a water-atomized steel powder pre-alloyed

with 1.5% molybdenum. This grade exhibits high
compressibility and a homogeneous microstructure after
sintering. This, in combination with its optimal
hardenability, makes this powder an excellent choice for
parts requiring surface hardening. The result is high
surface hardness and good core toughness. Astaloy Mo is
often used as-sintered with additions of copper and/or
nickel.
Astaloy A is a water-atomized steel powder which is prealloyed with 1.9 % Ni and 0.55 % Mo. This
composition results in a high hardenability. The material
is often used with the addition of copper making it
suitable for sinter hardening. Astaloy A can also be used
for different types of heat treatments with or without the
copper addition.
Astaloy B is a water-atomized steel powder which is prealloyed with 0.45 % Ni, 0.6 % Mo and 0.3% Mn. This
is an established alloying system used mainly in heat
treated applications often with additions of copper or
nickel.
16
Astaloy CrL is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyed

with 1.5% Cr and 0.2% Mo. The composition results in
high hardenability comparable to Astaloy A. This makes
it suitable for sinter hardening preferably with small
additions of copper. Astaloy CrL has a good
compressibility due to the low oxygen content. The fully
pre-alloyed composition results in a homogeneous
microstructure and dimensional stability.
d
r
r
is
Astaloy CrM is a water atomized iron powder prealloyed with 3% Cr and 0.5% Mo exhibiting an
excellent hardenability. The low oxygen content gives a
good compressibility. Very high strength and hardness
can be achieved after sintering. Astaloy CrM is also
suitable for high temperature sintering, sinter hardening
and plasma nitriding. The fully pre-alloyed composition
results in a homogeneous microstructure with very good
properties.
eal
d
e
e-
17
Conditions for sample preparation and testing

Powder mixing
Alloying elements and lubricants used to establish the data in this manual have been
copper powder (-150m) or (-30m), nickel powder (Inco 123), Kropfmhl graphite
UF4 96/97% C, zinc stearate, amide wax and Kenolube P11. The type and amount
of lubricant and added alloying additives can be found at the bottom of each page
with sintered properties. If nothing else is indicated, sintered properties are evaluated
on plain mixes. Sintered data are for some materials evaluated on bonded mixes,
Starmix or in case of warm compaction, Densmix.
Compacting
Compaction was made in carbide dies. The spring back was measured on cylinder
specimens with a diameter of 25 mm and a height of 20 mm. Steel dies give a springback that is usually 0.03-0.07% larger.
The spring-back is also dependent on other factors such as geometrical shape and
dimensions of the compacted part, tool design, type and amount of lubricant and
alloying elements.
For warm compacted specimens, the powder was heated to 130C (266F) and the
tool die and punches were heated to 140C (284F). Spring-back for compaction was
calculated based on the diameter of the tool die at room temperature and diameter of
the specimens after cooling down to room temperature.
Sintering
The sintering was mainly carried out in 90 N2/10 H2 atmosphere but data are also
presented for material sintered in endothermic atmosphere (CO2: 0.6%), synthetic
DA (75 H2/25 N2) or in the case of sinter hardening 80 N2/20 H2 atmosphere.
Carbon values in the graphs represent combined carbon contents. A mesh belt furnace
was used for sintering up to 1150C (2100F). Sintering at temperatures above
1150C (2100F) was carried out in a lifting hearth batch furnace.
Sinter hardening
For sinter hardening higher cooling rates were obtained by convective cooling in a
mesh belt furnace.
Three settings on the convective cooling unit were used to obtain different cooling
rates, off, 15 Hz and 60 Hz. Cooling rates were estimated from the microstructure of
materials for which the structure at different cooling rates is known from dilatometer
studies. Variation in cooling rate between different specimens sintered with the same
settings of the convective cooling unit was found; however 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s
(4.5F/s) and 5C/s (9F/s) are good approximations of the cooling rates.
Sinter hardened specimens were tempered at 200C (392F) for 60 min.
High temperature sintering with sinter hardening
The lifting hearth furnace used for high temperature sintering is equipped with a
convective cooling unit. This was used to generate data for the combination of high
temperature sintering and sinter hardening. In a similar way as for the belt furnace,
cooling rates were estimated by studying microstructures of known materials. Three
settings were used corresponding to cooling rates of 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s (4.5F/s)
and 5C/s (9F/s).
High temperature sintered specimens were tempered at 200C (392F) for 60 min.
Case hardening
The parts were carburized at a temperature of 920C (1688F). Material (60

kg/batch) was inserted in the furnace while the carbon potential was kept at a low
level. When the material reached 920C the carbon potential was set to 0.8% by
adding propane. Carburizing time is defined as the length of time with propane added
to the atmosphere. After carburizing the material was quenched in oil at 60C
(140F). Tempering was carried out at 180C (355F) for 60 minutes.
Test methods for powder properties and chemical analysis
Testing of powder properties and chemical analysis is made according to the following
standards:
Apparent density
Flow
Sieve analysis
Compressibility
Green strength
Carbon
H2-loss
ISO 3923-1 : 1979

ISO 4490 : 2001
ISO 4497 : 1983
ISO 3927:
2001
ISO 3995 : 1985
ISO 9556:
ISO 4491-2 : 1997
1989
Test methods for mechanical properties
Tensile strength, yield strength, Youngs modulus, elongation, hardness and

dimensional change were measured on standard tensile test specimens (ISO 27401999) with a length of 90 mm. Serrated heads were used to improve the gripping of
the dogs on the tensile testing machine, except in the case of hardened materials. The
elongation was measured over a 25 mm gauge length. The hardness was tested with
the Vickers and Rockwell B or Rockwell C methods. Impact strength was determined
according to EN 10045-1. The specimens were un-notched impact specimens
according to ISO 5754. Dimensional change during sintering was measured over the
total length of the tensile test specimens (90 mm). The dimensional change was
determined from green size to sintered size or in the case of hardened materials, from
green to hardened size.
Metallography
Case depth was measured according to ISO 4507-2000. The effective case depth is
read from the curve representing the variation of Vickers hardness at the point
corresponding to 550 HV0.1.
All microhardness profiles in the curves presented for each base powder, are starting
on the same hardness value at the position 0.05 mm from the surface. This value is
based on the microhardness of martensite evaluated on a number of specimens. Close
to the surface, the carbon content (and thus the hardness of the martensite) should
exhibit only minor deviations from carbon potential (0.8%) of the carburizing
atmosphere, independent of the added graphite content and the carburizing time. The
values at the subsequent levels are microhardness values measured on individual
specimens. Ni-containing materials were etched in Picral and materials not containing
Ni were etched in Nital.
Modelling
Modelling
Design of experiment (DOE) methodology has been used to plan and
evaluate the experiments from which the material data originates. Three
level response surface models are utilized. From the model, each material
property is described by a polynomial based on the independent variables in
the investigation (such as density, combined carbon, sintering time etc.).
Properties are then predicted and plotted from this model. The predicted
properties do not exactly match the measured data, but a good estimation is
obtained. Advantages of this method are that any erroneous data points are
found during the data modelling and that properties can be evaluated on a
lower number of experiments and yet form a model with high accuracy.
21
Comments on Case Hardening

Material properties after case hardening operation are presented for ASC100.29,
Astaloy 85 Mo, Astaloy Mo, Distaloy AB, Distaloy AE, Distaloy DC, Distaloy DH
and Distaloy HP. These data show the response of a case hardening on these
materials.
Austenitizing and carburizing were carried out at 920C (1688F) for all materials
investigated. This temperature is recommended for Astaloy Mo and also for Distaloy
DC, Distaloy DH and Distaloy HP which are based on Astaloy Mo. Diffusion
alloyed grades based on pure iron powders such as Distaloy AB and Distaloy AE are
preferably austenitized at a somewhat lower temperature in the range 870C (1600F)
to 890C (1635F). A lower carburizing temperature will demand longer carburizing
time to obtain the same case depth.
Mechanical properties of a case hardened material are not homogeneous.
From the micro hardness profiles, it is observed that hardness decreases from the
surface to the center of the specimen. A similar behavior can also be expected for
tensile and yield strength while elongation can be assumed to increase with increasing
distance to the surface. Youngs modulus is mainly dependent on porosity and is
independent of the case hardening operation. Presented data on tensile strength, yield
strength and elongation should be viewed as a component test where the component
is a tensile test bar. Properties obtained are dependent on the dimensions of the
specimen.
Plain iron grades

Sponge Iron Powders
NC100.24
SC100.26
MH80.23
Atomized Iron Powders

AHC100.29
ASC100.29
ABC100.30
33
34
NC100.24
Sponge Iron Powders

NC100.24
35
36
NC100.24
g/cm3
Apparent density versus mixing time
3.0
1. Zn-stearate
2.9
2.8
2. Kenolube P11
2.7
3. Amide wax
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
10
40
30
20
50
Spring back versus compacting pressure
0.4
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
0.3
2. 0.6% Kenolube P11
0.2
0.1
0.0
200
400
300
600
500
800
700
Green density versus compacting pressure
g/cm3
7.2
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-stearate or
0.6% Kenolube P11
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
200
15
400
300
20
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
800
700
50
55
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
37
NC100.24
103 psi
HV10
300
44
150
250
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
50
25
0
7.1
MPa
6.1
Tensile strength
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
6.1
300
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
50
-0.2
0
7.1
-0.3
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
Hardness
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.1
Dimensional change
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
Sintered density (g/cm3)

Elongation
%
24
1120C (2050F)
21
1220C (2230F)
19
16
13
11
8
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
38
NC100.24
NC100.24 + C
103 psi
HV10
600
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
MPa
6.1
Tensile strength
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
0
7.1
6.1
300
44
%
0.2
250
36
0.1
200
29
0.0
150
22
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
50
-0.3
0
7.1
-0.4
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
Hardness
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.1
Dimensional change
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7

Elongation
%
12
0.2% C
10
0.5% C
0.8% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
39
NC100.24 + Cu
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
7.0
MPa
100
6.0
Tensile strength
6.2
MPa
6.4
6.6
6.8
103 psi
Yield strength
6.0
300
44
%
1.2
250
36
1.0
200
29
0.8
150
22
0.6
100
15
0.4
50
0.2
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
0
7.0
Hardness
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.8
7.0
Dimensional change
0.0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6

Elongation
%
12
2% Cu
10
4% Cu
8
6
4
2
0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
40
NC100.24
NC100.24 + 2% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
MPa
6.0
Tensile strength
6.2
MPa
6.4
6.6
6.8
0
7.0
103 psi
Yield strength
50
6.0
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
0
7.0
Hardness
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.8
7.0
Dimensional change
0.0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6

Elongation
%
12
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
S: 1120C, (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
41
NC100.24 + 4% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
700
102
200
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
MPa
100
6.0
Tensile strength
6.2
MPa
6.4
6.6
6.8
15
7.0
103 psi
Yield strength
50
6.0
600
87
%
1.2
500
73
1.0
400
58
0.8
300
44
0.6
200
29
0.4
100
15
0.2
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
0
7.0
Hardness
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.8
7.0
Dimensional change
0.0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
42
NC100.24
NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni

MPa
103 psi
Tensile strength
HV10
600
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
0
7.1
6.1
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
0
7.1
-0.6
Hardness
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.1
Dimensional change
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7

Elongation
%
12
1120C (2050F)
10
1220C (2230F)
8
6
4
2
0
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
43
NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C

103 psi
HV10
700
102
200
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
MPa
100
6.0
Tensile strength
6.2
MPa
6.4
6.6
6.8
15
7.0
103 psi
Yield strength
50
6.0
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
0
7.0
Hardness
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.8
7.0
Dimensional change
0.0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
44
NC100.24
NC100.24 + 3% Ni
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
7.3
MPa
100
6.3
Tensile strength
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
300
44
%
-0.2
250
36
-0.4
200
29
-0.6
150
22
-0.8
100
15
-1.0
50
-1.2
0
7.3
-1.4
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.3
Hardness
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

Elongation
%
22
1120C (2050F)
19
1220C (2230F)
17
14
11
9
6
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
45
NC100.24 + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
50
MPa
Tensile strength
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
600
87
%
1.0
500
73
0.8
400
58
0.6
300
44
0.4
200
29
0.2
100
15
-0.0
-0.2
Hardness
Elongation
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
Copper content (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 500 MPa (density
approximately 6.6 g/cm3) S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas.
46
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
12
SC100.26
SC100.26
47
48
SC100.26
g/cm
3.2
1. Zn-stearate
3.1
2. Kenolube P11
3.0
2.9
2.8
3. Amide wax
2.7
2.6
2.5
10
40
30
20
50
0.4
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
0.3
1
2
0.2
0.1
0.0
200
400
300
600
500
800
700
g/cm
7.4
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-stearate or
0.6% Kenolube P11
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
200
400
300
20
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
800
700
50
55
49
SC100.26
103 psi
HV10
300
44
150
250
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
50
25
MPa
6.3
Tensile strength
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
0
7.3
103 psi
Yield strength
0
6.3
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
50
-0.2
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
0
7.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
300
Hardness
-0.3
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

Elongation
%
24
1120C (2050F)
21
1220C (2230F)
19
16
13
11
8
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
50
SC100.26
SC100.26 + C
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
7.3
MPa
100
6.3
Tensile strength
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
103 psi
Yield strength
6.3
300
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
50
-0.2
0
7.3
-0.3
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
Hardness
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

Elongation
%
12
0.2% C
10
0.5% C
0.8% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
51
SC100.26 + Cu
MPa
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
Tensile strength
100
6.1
6.3
MPa
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
103 psi
Yield strength
6.1
300
44
%
1.2
250
36
1.0
200
29
0.8
150
22
0.6
100
15
0.4
50
0.2
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
0
7.1
Hardness
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.1
Dimensional change
0.0
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7

Elongation
12
2% Cu
10
4% Cu
8
6
4
2
0
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
52
SC100.26
SC100.26 + 2% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
50
6.2
MPa
0
6.2
Tensile strength
6.4
MPa
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
103 psi
Yield strength
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
0
7.2
Hardness
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.2
Dimensional change
0.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

Elongation
%
12
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
53
SC100.26 + 4% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
700
102
200
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
15
50
6.1
MPa
100
6.1
Tensile strength
6.3
MPa
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
103 psi
Yield strength
600
87
%
0.9
500
73
0.8
400
58
0.7
300
44
0.6
200
29
0.5
100
15
0.4
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
0
7.1
0.3
Hardness
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.1
Dimensional change
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
54
SC100.26
SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni

103 psi
HV10
600
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
MPa
Tensile strength
0
6.3
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
103 psi
Yield strength
0
6.3
87
%
0.5
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.3
300
44
0.2
200
29
0.1
100
15
-0.0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
0
7.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
600
Hardness
-0.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

Elongation
%
12
1120C (2050F)
10
1220C (2230F)
8
6
4
2
0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
55
SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C

103 psi
HV10
700
102
200
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
15
50
6.3
MPa
100
6.3
Tensile strength
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
103 psi
Yield strength
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
0
7.3
0.0
Hardness
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
56
SC100.26
SC100.26 + 3% Ni
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
MPa
100
6.4
Tensile strength
6.6
MPa
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
103 psi
Yield strength
300
44
%
0.2
250
36
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
150
22
-0.4
100
15
-0.6
50
-0.8
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
6.4
Hardness
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
-1.0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0

Elongation
%
22
1120C (2050F)
19
1220C (2230F)
17
14
11
9
6
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
57
SC100.26 + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
50
MPa
Tensile strength
MPa
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
1.0
500
73
0.8
400
58
0.6
300
44
0.4
200
29
0.2
100
15
-0.0
-0.2
Dimensional change
600
Hardness
Copper content (%)

Elongation
%
12
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
Copper content (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 500 MPa Density approximately
6.9 g/cm3 S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
58
MH80.23
MH80.23
59
60
MH80.23
g/cm3
2.8
1. Zn-stearate
2.7
2.6
2. Kenolube P11
1
2
3
2.5
2.4
3. Amide wax
2.3
2.2
2.1
10
40
30
20
50
0.3
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
0.2
0.1
0.0
200
100
g/cm3
400
300
600
500
700
7.0
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-steatare or
0.6% Kenolube P11
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
200
100
10
15
400
300
20
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
700
50
61
MH80.23 + C (1050C)
103 psi
HV10
300
44
150
250
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
50
25
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
50
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
7
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
5
4
3
2
1
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8% C).
62
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
300
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + C (1120C)
103 psi
HV10
350
51
150
300
44
125
250
36
100
200
29
75
150
22
50
100
15
25
MPa
50
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
44
%
-0.0
250
36
-0.1
200
29
-0.2
150
22
-0.3
100
15
-0.4
50
-0.5
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
300
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
7
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
5
4
3
2
1
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
63
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1050C)
103 psi
HV10
350
51
150
300
44
125
250
36
100
200
29
75
150
22
50
100
15
25
MPa
50
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
50
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
7
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
5
4
3
2
1
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
64
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
300
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1120C)
103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
25
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
7.5
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
65
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1050C)
103 psi
HV10
600
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
66
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1120C)
103 psi
HV10
600
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
87
%
2.0
500
73
1.5
400
58
1.0
300
44
0.5
200
29
0.0
100
15
-0.5
-1.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
67
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1050C)
103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
25
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
68
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1120C)
103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
25
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
2.0
500
73
1.5
400
58
1.0
300
44
0.5
200
29
0.0
100
15
-0.5
-1.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
69
MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
MPa
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
25
600
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
0
7.5
-0.6
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Elongation
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
5
4
3
2
1
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
70
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change

%
7
7.0
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1120C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
25
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
71
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
175
500
73
150
400
58
125
300
44
100
200
29
75
100
15
50
25
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
72
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
87
%
0.2
500
73
0.1
400
58
0.0
300
44
-0.1
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.3
-0.4
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
73
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
50
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
74
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)

103 psi
HV10
700
102
300
600
87
250
500
73
200
400
58
150
300
44
100
200
29
50
MPa
100
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
15
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
%
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
75
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
100
15
75
50
5.0
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
103 psi
Yield strength
MPa
7.5
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
-0.6
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
6
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
76
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
MH80.23
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)

103 psi
HV10
600
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
0
5.0
Tensile strength
5.5
MPa
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
103 psi
Yield strength
0
5.0
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.1
400
58
-0.1
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.5
100
15
-0.7
-0.9
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
Dimensional change
600
0
5.0
Hardness
5.5
6.0
6.5

Elongation
6
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
4
3
2
1
0
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
77
78
AHC100.29
AHC100.29
79
80
AHC100.29
g/cm3
3.5
1. Zn-stearate
3.4
3.3
2. Amide wax
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
10
40
30
20
50
0.4
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
0.3
1
2
0.2
0.1
0.0
400
300
g/cm3
600
500
900
800
700
7.6
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-stearate
0.6% Kenolube P11
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
400
300
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
900
800
700
50
55
60
81

1120C (2050F)
1250C (2280F)
AHC100.29
103 psi
HV10
44
150
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
50
25
0
7.5
MPa
300
Tensile str.
250
Tensile and Yield strength
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
106 psi
29.0
120
180
26.1
100
73.7
160
23.2
80
59.0
140
20.3
60
44.2
120
17.4
40
29.5
100
14.5
20
14.7
80
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.1
18
0.0
15
-0.1
12
-0.2
-0.3
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
Sintered density (g/cm)
6.8
7.4
7.6
-0.4
7.0
7.2
88.4
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
0.0
Dimensional change
0.2
21
6.6
Elongation
24
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional compaction,
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1250C (2280F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
82
AHC100.29
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + C
103 psi
HV10
87
300
73
250
400
58
200
70
300
44
150
60
200
29
100
50
100
15
50
40
MPa
600
500
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.2
12
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
15
6.7
Elongation
18
6.5
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
83

0% Cu
2% Cu
5% Cu
AHC100.29 + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
150
73
125
400
58
100
70
300
44
75
60
200
29
50
50
100
15
25
40
MPa
600
500
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
2.0
12
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.5
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
2.5
15
6.5
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
84
0.0
AHC100.29
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
102
225
87
200
500
73
175
70
400
58
150
60
300
44
125
50
200
29
100
40
15
7.5
75
MPa
700
600
100
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
0.0
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.6
6.5
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
85

15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 0.8% C
103 psi
HV10
102
250
87
225
500
73
200
70
400
58
175
60
300
44
150
50
200
29
125
40
100
6.5
15
100
6.5
MPa
700
600
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
90
HV10
HRB
Tensile str.
Yield str
HRB
Hardness
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
86
0.0
7.3
Dimensional change
0.3
6.5
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
AHC100.29
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + 5% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
250
102
225
600
87
200
70
500
73
175
60
400
58
150
50
300
44
125
40
29
100
6.5
MPa
800
700
200
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
0.0
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
1.8
6.5
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
87

0% Ni
2% Ni
4% Ni
AHC100.29 + Ni
103 psi
HV10
87
150
73
125
400
58
100
70
300
44
75
60
200
29
50
50
100
15
25
40
MPa
600
500
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.1
12
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.6
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.0
15
6.5
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
88
0.0
AHC100.29
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + C
103 psi
HV10
87
200
73
175
400
58
150
70
300
44
125
60
200
29
100
50
100
15
75
40
50
MPa
600
500
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.6
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
10
6.5
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
89

15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + 0.8% C
103 psi
HV10
87
250
73
225
400
58
200
70
300
44
175
60
200
29
150
50
100
15
125
40
100
6.5
MPa
600
500
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
90
HV10
HRB
Tensile str.
Yield str
HRB
Hardness
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.6
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
0.0
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.0
6.7
Elongation
6.5
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
90
AHC100.29
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + 4% Ni + C
103 psi
HV10
87
225
73
200
400
58
175
70
300
44
150
60
200
29
125
50
100
15
100
40
75
MPa
600
500
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.6
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
10
6.5
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
91

0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 2% Ni + C
103 psi
HV10
102
300
87
250
500
73
200
70
400
58
150
60
300
44
100
50
200
29
50
40
15
MPa
700
600
100
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.7
80
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
0.0
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.6
10
6.5
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
92
0.0
AHC100.29
C
2% Cu + C
2% Ni + C
AHC100.29 (+ 2% Cu) (+ 2% Ni) + C (7.0 g/cm)

103 psi
HV10
87
200
73
175
400
58
150
70
300
44
125
60
200
29
100
50
100
15
75
40
50
MPa
600
500
0.0

Tensile str.
Yield str
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
0.2
80
0.4
0.6
30
0.8
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
0.8
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.65
12
0.40
0.15
-0.10
-0.35
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.2
0.6
0.8
-0.60
0.4
44.2
0.6
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.8
Dimensional change
0.90
15
0.0
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: conventional compaction (sintered density 7.0 g/cm),
93
94
ASC100.29
ASC100.29
95
96
ASC100.29
g/cm3
3.5
1. Zn-stearate
3.4
2. Kenolube P11
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
3. Amide wax
2.9
2.8
30
20
10
50
40
0.4
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400
300
g/cm3
600
500
900
800
700
7.6
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-st
0.6% Kenolube P11
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
400
300
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
50
900
800
700
55
60
97
ASC100.29
103 psi
HV10
44
150
250
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
50
25
MPa
Tensile strength
300
0
6.5
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
103 psi
0
6.5
44
%
0.2
250
36
0.1
200
29
0.0
150
22
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
50
-0.3
-0.4
6.5
Yield strength
300
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
24
Elongation
1120C (2050F)
22
1220C (2230F)
20
18
16
14
12
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220 C (2230F), 30 min in syntethic DA.
98
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + C
103 psi
HV10
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
6.5
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
103 psi
0
6.5
44
%
0.2
250
36
0.1
200
29
0.0
150
22
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
50
-0.3
-0.4
6.5
Yield strength
300
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
12
Elongation
0.2% C
10
0.5% C
0.8% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
99
ASC100.29 + Cu
MPa
103 psi
HV10
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
Tensile strength
600
6.3
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
0
7.3
103 psi
44
%
1.5
250
36
1.3
200
29
1.1
150
22
0.9
100
15
0.7
50
0.5
0
7.3
0.3
Yield strength
300
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.3
Hardness
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

%
14
Elongation
2% Cu
12
4% Cu
10
8
6
4
2
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in syntethic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
100
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + 2% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
87
225
500
73
200
400
58
175
300
44
150
200
29
125
100
15
100
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
6.5
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
103 psi
75
6.5
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
0.0
Yield strength
600
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
12
Elongation
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
101
ASC100.29 + 4% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
102
225
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
MPa
Tensile strength
700
100
6.3
6.5
MPa
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
15
103 psi
75
6.3
87
%
1.5
500
73
1.3
400
58
1.1
300
44
0.9
200
29
0.7
100
15
0.5
0.3
Yield strength
600
0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
Hardness
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.1
7.3
Dimensional change
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9

%
6
Elongation
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
102
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + 3% Ni
103 psi
HV10
400
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
MPa
100
6.5
Tensile strength
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
15
103 psi
Yield strength
0
6.5
44
%
-0.2
250
36
-0.3
200
29
-0.4
150
22
-0.5
100
15
-0.6
50
-0.7
-0.8
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
300
0
6.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
25.0
Elongation
1120C (2050F)
22.5
1220C (2230F)
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
S: 1120 (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA.
103
ASC100.29 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni

103 psi
HV10
87
150
500
73
125
400
58
100
300
44
75
200
29
50
100
15
25
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
6.5
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
103 psi
6.5
%
0.6
250
36
0.5
200
29
0.4
150
22
0.3
100
15
0.2
50
0.1
0.0
6.5
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
44
Yield strength
300
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
12
Elongation
1120C (2050F)
10
1220C (2230F)
8
6
4
2
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
104
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C

103 psi
HV10
102
225
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
MPa
Tensile strength
700
100
6.5
6.7
MPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
15
7.5
103 psi
75
6.5
87
%
0.8
500
73
0.7
400
58
0.6
300
44
0.5
200
29
0.4
100
15
0.3
Yield strength
600
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
Hardness
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1

%
6
Elongation
0.2% C
0.6% C
4
3
2
1
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
105
ASC100.29 + 1.5% Cu + 0.15% Graphite, 20 minutes carburizing

Various densities
Centre
Surface
ASC100
Case har
MHV0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Density 6.85 g/cm3 (500 MPa conventional compaction)
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
6.6
Density 7.15 g/cm (800 MPa conventional compaction)
3.0
Elongati
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
6.6
Density 7.30 g/cm3 (800 MPa warm compaction)
106
MANUFACT
conventiona
Carburizing
Dimensiona
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + 1.5% Cu
Case hardening
MHV0.1
mm
Micro hardness profiles
1000
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
47
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
6.85 g/cm3
7.15
800
g/cm3
7.30 g/cm3
600
400
200
0.0
0
0.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.5
6.6
3.0
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
Distance from surface (mm)

HV5
MPa
Hardness
103 psi
600
800
116
550
700
102
500
600
87
450
500
73
400
400
350
300
58
Tensile strength
44
Yield strength
29
200
300
6.6
6.8
7.0
% Elongation
7.2
7.4
Young's modulus
3.0
6.6
7.6
GPa 106 psi
200
29
0.6
180
26
0.5
2.0
160
23
0.4
1.5
140
20
0.3
1.0
120
17
0.2
0.5
100
15
0.1
80
12
0.0
Young's modulus
2.5
Elongation
0.0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
Warm compaction
Conventional compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp.; P: 500 - 800 MPa conventional
and warm compaction; S: 1120C (2050F), 20 min in 90/10 N2 /H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F),
20 min at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air. Dimensional change:
Green to as hardened.
107
MANUFAC
20 min in
60 min in
108
ASC100.29
ASC100.29 + 1.5% Cu
Case hardening
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 650 MPa conventional compaction; S: 1120C (2050F),
20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), various time at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F),
60 min in air. Dimensional change: Green to as hardened.
109
110
ASC100.29
111
112
MANUFACTU
20 min in 90
Tempering 1
ASC100.29
20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), 20 min at 0.8% C-pot.
Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air. Dimensional change: Green to as hardened.
113
114
MANUFA
20 min
Temper
ASC100.29
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.6% Lube; P: 650 MPa warm compaction; S: 1120C (2050F),
115
MANUFAC
(2050F),
Tempering
116
ASC100.29
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 550 - 700 MPa conventional compaction; S: 1120C
(2050F), 20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), 20 min at 0.8% C-pot.
117
MANUF
20 min
60 min
118
ASC100.29
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.6% Lube; P: 550 - 700 MPa warm compaction; S: 1120C (2050F),
20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), 20 min at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F),
119
120
ABC100.30
ABC100.30
121
122
ABC100.30
g/cm
3.5
1. Zn-stearate
3.4
2. Kenolube P11
3.3
3.2
3. Amide wax
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
10
40
30
20
50
0.4
0.6% Kenolube P11

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400
300
g/cm
600
500
900
800
700
7.6
Lubricated die
0.8% Zn-st
0.6% Kenolube P11
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
400
300
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
50
900
800
700
55
60
123
ABC100.30
103 psi
HV10
300
44
150
250
36
125
200
29
100
150
22
75
100
15
50
25
MPa
Tensile strength
50
0
6.6
6.8
MPa
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
103 psi
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Yield strength
300
50
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
6.6
Hardness
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
Elongation
1120C (2050F)
27.5
1220C (2230F)
25.0
22.5
20.0
17.5
15.0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in syntethic DA.
124
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change

%
30.0
7.4
ABC100.30
ABC100.30 + C
103 psi
HV10
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
MPa
Tensile strength
400
100
6.6
6.8
MPa
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
103 psi
44
%
0.3
250
36
0.2
200
29
0.1
150
22
-0.0
100
15
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Yield strength
300
50
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
6.6
Hardness
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2

%
18
Elongation
0.2% C
15
0.6% C
12
9
6
3
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
125
ABC100.30 + 2% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
102
225
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
15
75
103 psi
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.5
400
58
0.4
300
44
0.3
200
29
0.2
100
15
0.1
0.0
MPa
Tensile strength
700
100
6.6
6.8
MPa
7.2
7.4
Yield strength
600
0
6.6
7.0
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.6
6.6
Hardness
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
Elongation
0.2% C
10
0.6% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
126
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change

%
12
7.4
ABC100.30
ABC100.30 + 0.45% P + C
103 psi
HV10
102
225
600
87
200
500
73
175
400
58
150
300
44
125
200
29
100
MPa
Tensile strength
700
100
6.6
6.8
MPa
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
15
103 psi
75
6.6
87
%
0.5
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.3
300
44
0.2
200
29
0.1
100
15
-0.0
-0.1
6.6
Yield strength
600
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
Hardness
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
6.8
7.0
7.2

%
12
Elongation
0.2% C
10
0.5% C
8
6
4
2
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
127
ABC100.30 + 3% Ni
103 psi
HV10
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
7.6
MPa
400
100
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
ft lb
6.6
103
%
-0.0
120
88
-0.1
100
74
-0.2
80
59
-0.3
60
44
-0.4
40
29
-0.5
Impact energy
140
20
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
14
7.6
-0.6
6.6
Hardness
7.0
6.8
7.2
6.8
7.0
7.2
Elongation
1120C (2050F)
22
1220C (2230F)
20
Tensile strength
Yield strength
18
16
14
12
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
128
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change

%
24
7.4
ABC100.30
ABC100.30 + Cu
103 psi
HV10
58
150
350
51
125
300
44
100
250
36
75
200
29
50
150
22
25
15
MPa
Tensile strength
400
100
MPa
103 psi
44
%
1.5
250
36
1.2
200
29
0.9
150
22
0.6
100
15
0.3
50
0.0
-0.3
Yield strength
300
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
24
Elongation
20
16
12
8
4
0
Copper content (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 589 MPa (density 6.95 - 7.15 g/cm3)
129
130
Phosphorous-alloyed Grades
PNC60
PASC60
131
132
PNC60
PNC60
133
134
PNC60
135
PNC60
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
6.4
75
-0.2
60
-0.4
45
-0.6
30
-0.8
15
-1.0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-1.2
6.4
6.8
6.6
%
-0.0
Impact energy
90
Hardness
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
6.6
6.8
7.0

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
Tensile strength
Yield strength
9
6
3
0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA and endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
136
PNC60
PNC60
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
103 psi
0
840
%
0.3
500
73
0.0
400
58
-0.3
300
44
-0.6
200
29
-0.9
100
15
-1.2
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
87
Yield strength
600
Hardness
-1.5
840
920
1000
1080
Sintering temperature (C)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 589 MPa. S: 30 minutes at
various temperatures in synthetic DA and Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
137
PNC60
103 Psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 Psi
87
%
-0.2
500
73
-0.4
400
58
-0.6
300
44
-0.8
200
29
-1.0
100
15
-1.2
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
-1.4
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
20
40
60
Time at sintering temperature (min)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 589 MPa. S: Various times
at 1120C (2050F) in synthetic DA and Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
138
PNC60
PNC60 + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
-0.0
500
73
-0.2
400
58
-0.4
300
44
-0.6
200
29
-0.8
100
15
-1.0
-1.2
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11 + various copper additions.
P: 589 MPa. S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min synthetic DA and Endogas. Dimensional change:
Green to as sintered.
139
PNC60 + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
Tensile strength
800
200
0.0
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.3
400
58
0.0
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.6
100
15
-0.9
Yield strength
600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
Hardness
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
-1.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
18
Elongation
4% Cu
15
2% Cu
0% Cu
12
9
6
3
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11 + various graphite and copper
additions. P: 589 MPa. S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min synthetic DA and Endogas.
140
PNC60
NC100.24 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
6.4
75
-0.1
60
-0.2
45
-0.3
30
-0.4
15
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.4
6.8
6.6
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
%
-0.0
Impact energy
90
Hardness
6.8
6.6
7.0

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
Tensile strength
Yield strength
9
6
3
0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
141
NC100.24 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
0.2
400
0.0
300
-0.2
200
-0.4
100
-0.6
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
500
0
840
920
%
0.4
Yield strength
600
0
840
Hardness
-0.8
840
920
1000
1080

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
142
PNC60
NC100.24 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 psi
87
%
-0.0
500
73
-0.1
400
58
-0.2
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.4
100
15
-0.5
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
-0.6
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
20
40
60

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
143
NC100.24 + 0.45% P + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
0.4
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.0
300
44
-0.2
200
29
-0.4
100
15
-0.6
-0.8
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
P: 589 MPa. S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min synthetic DA and Endogas.
144
PNC60
NC100.24 + 0.45% P + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
Tensile strength
800
200
0.0
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
87
Yield strength
600
Hardness
-0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
12
Elongation
4% Cu
10
2% Cu
0% Cu
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
145
NC100.24 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
6.4
0.2
40
0.1
30
-0.0
20
-0.1
10
-0.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
50
6.8
6.6
%
0.3
Impact energy
60
Hardness
-0.3
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0

%
12
Elongation
Endo
10
DA
Tensile strength
Yield strength
6
4
2
0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
146
PNC60
NC100.24 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
103 psi
0
840
87
%
0.2
500
73
0.1
400
58
0.0
300
44
-0.1
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.3
Yield strength
600
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
Hardness
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
-0.4
840
920
1000
1080

%
12
Elongation
Endo
10
DA
8
6
4
2
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
147
NC100.24 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 psi
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
-0.3
20
40
60

%
12
Elongation
Endo
10
DA
8
6
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
148
PNC60
NC100.24 + 0.30% P + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
-0.3
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
149
NC100.24 + 0.30% P + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
800
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
200
0.0
Tensile strength
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
Yield strength
600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
Hardness
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
-0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
12
Elongation
4% Cu
10
2% Cu
0% Cu
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
150
PASC60
PASC60
151
152
PASC60
153
PASC60
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
6.6
75
-0.4
60
-0.5
45
-0.6
30
-0.7
15
-0.8
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
-0.9
6.6
7.0
6.8
%
-0.3
Impact energy
90
Hardness
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
6.8
7.0
7.2

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
Tensile strength
Yield strength
9
6
3
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
154
PASC60
PASC60
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
103 psi
0
840
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.0
400
58
-0.3
300
44
-0.6
200
29
-0.9
100
15
-1.2
Yield strength
600
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
Hardness
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
-1.5
840
920
1000
1080

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
155
PASC60
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 psi
87
%
-0.0
500
73
-0.2
400
58
-0.4
300
44
-0.6
200
29
-0.8
100
15
-1.0
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
-1.2
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
20
40
60

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
156
PASC60
PASC60 + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
0.2
500
73
-0.0
400
58
-0.2
300
44
-0.4
200
29
-0.6
100
15
-0.8
-1.0
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
157
PASC60 + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
Tensile strength
800
200
0.0
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
87
%
0.9
500
73
0.6
400
58
0.3
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.3
100
15
-0.6
Yield strength
600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
Hardness
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
-0.9
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
18
Elongation
4% Cu
15
2% Cu
0% Cu
12
9
6
3
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
158
PASC60
ASC100.29 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
6.6
75
-0.1
60
-0.2
45
-0.3
30
-0.4
15
-0.5
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
-0.6
6.6
7.0
6.8
%
-0.0
Impact energy
90
Hardness
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
6.8
7.0
7.2

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
Tensile strength
Yield strength
9
6
3
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
159
ASC100.29 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
103 psi
0
840
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.1
400
58
-0.1
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.5
100
15
-0.7
Yield strength
600
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
Hardness
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
-0.9
840
920
1000
1080

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
160
PASC60
ASC100.29 + 0.45% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 psi
87
%
-0.0
500
73
-0.1
400
58
-0.2
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.4
100
15
-0.5
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
-0.6
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
20
40
60

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
161
ASC100.29 + 0.45% P + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.1
400
58
-0.1
300
44
-0.3
200
29
-0.5
100
15
-0.7
-0.9
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
162
PASC60
ASC100.29 + 0.45% P + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
Tensile strength
800
200
0.0
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
87
%
0.9
500
73
0.6
400
58
0.3
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.3
100
15
-0.6
Yield strength
600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
Hardness
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
-0.9
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
18
Elongation
4% Cu
15
2% Cu
0% Cu
12
9
6
3
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
additions.P: 589 MPa. S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min synthetic DA and Endogas.
163
ASC100.29 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
600
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
6.6
0.2
60
0.1
45
-0.0
30
-0.1
15
-0.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
Dimensional change
75
6.8
%
0.3
Impact energy
90
Hardness
-0.3
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
Tensile strength
Yield strength
9
6
3
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
164
PASC60
ASC100.29 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
0
840
920
MPa
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
103 psi
0
840
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
Yield strength
600
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
0
1240
Hardness
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
1160
1240
Dimensional change
-0.3
840
920
1000
1080

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
840
920
1000
1080
1160
1240
165
ASC100.29 + 0.30% P
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
20
MPa
40
60
80
0
100
103 psi
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
Yield strength
600
20
40
60
80
0
100
Hardness
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Dimensional change
-0.3
20
40
60

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
166
PASC60
ASC100.29 + 0.30% P + Cu
103 psi
HV10
87
300
500
73
250
400
58
200
300
44
150
200
29
100
100
15
50
MPa
Tensile strength
600
MPa
103 psi
87
%
0.3
500
73
0.2
400
58
0.1
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.1
100
15
-0.2
-0.3
Yield strength
600
Hardness
Dimensional change
Copper content (%)

%
18
Elongation
Endo
15
DA
12
9
6
3
0
Copper content (%)
P: 589 MPa. S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min synthetic DA and Endogas. Dimensional change:
Green to as sintered.
167
ASC100.29 + 0.30% P + Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
116
300
700
102
250
600
87
200
500
73
150
400
58
100
300
44
50
29
1.0
MPa
Tensile strength
800
200
0.0
0.2
MPa
0.4
0.6
0.8
103 psi
0.0
87
%
0.6
500
73
0.4
400
58
0.2
300
44
-0.0
200
29
-0.2
100
15
-0.4
Yield strength
600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
Hardness
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
-0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Carbon content (%)

%
18
Elongation
4% Cu
15
2% Cu
0% Cu
12
9
6
3
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Carbon content (%)
168
Diffusion alloyed grades

Distaloy SA
Distaloy AB
Distaloy AE
Distaloy AF
Distaloy DC
Distaloy DH
Distaloy HP
169
170
Distaloy SA
Distaloy SA
Plain iron grades
171
Typical data, Distaloy SA
172
Distaloy SA
Springback
%
0.4
0.8% Zn-st
0.6 % Kenolube
0.3
Lubricated tool die
0.2
0.1
0.0
200
300
400
g/cm3
500
600
700
800
600
700
800
Green density
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
200
500
400
300
Green strength
MPa
psi
30
4350
25
3625
20
2900
15
2175
10
1450
725
0
200
15
400
300
20
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
800
700
50
55
173
174
Distaloy SA
1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Distaloy SA + 0.5% C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
MPa
900
300
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
90
6.2
6.4
GPa
6.6
6.8
7.0
0
7.2
106 psi
40
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
30
Ft lb
29.0
J
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.2
Young's modulus
200
80
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
-0.3
6.2
6.6
6.8
44.0
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.2
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
10
6.4
Elongation
%
12
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 300 - 700 MPa conventional compaction.
S: Various temperatures, 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
175
176
Distaloy SA
177
178
Distaloy AB
Distaloy AB
179
Typical data, Distaloy AB
180
Distaloy AB
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.6% Lube + 0.45% Graphite, Warm compaction
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
600
500
400
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
600
500
400
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
50
900
800
700
55
60
181
182
Distaloy AB
183

1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Distaloy AB + 0.5% C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
90
600
87
200
80
450
65
150
70
44
100
60
22
50
MPa
900
300
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
40
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.8
7.4
7.6
-0.3
7.0
7.2
44.0
7.4
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube respectively; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional and warm compaction, S: Various temperatures, 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
184
7.6
Dimensional change
0.3
10
6.6
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.6
0.0
Distaloy AB
185
550 - 650 MPa
186
187
MANUFACTU
and warm c
20 min at 0
Dimensiona
188
Distaloy AB
and warm compaction; S: 1120C (2050F), 20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F),
20 min at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air.
Dimensional change: Green to as hardened.
189
MANUFACT
20 min in 9
60 min in a
190
Distaloy AB
191
192
Distaloy AB
193
0.1% graphite addition
194
Distaloy AB
195
196
Distaloy AB
197
198
Distaloy AE
Distaloy AE
199
Typical data, Distaloy AE
200
Distaloy AE
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
500
400
300
g/cm3
600
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
600
500
400
300
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
201
202
Distaloy AE
203

204
Distaloy AE
Distaloy AE + 0.5% C
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10 N2/H2.
205
550 - 650 MPa
206
Distaloy AE
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional
and warm compaction, S: 1250C (2282F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2, convective cooling rate 2.5C/s.
Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
207
Distaloy AE + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)
208
Distaloy AE
Distaloy AE + 0.5% C
209
MANUFACTU
and warm co
20 min at 0.
Dimensional
210
Distaloy AE
Warm compaction
211
MANUFACTU
20 min in 90
60 min in air
212
Distaloy AE
213
214
Distaloy AE
215
216
Distaloy AE
0.1% graphite
0.2% graphite
217
218
Distaloy AE
0.1% graphite
0.2% graphite
219
220
Distaloy AF
Distaloy AF
221
Typical data, Distaloy AF
222
Distaloy AF
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
500
400
g/cm3
600
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
600
500
400
300
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
223
224
Distaloy AF
225
226
Distaloy AF
227
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
228
Distaloy DC
Distaloy DC
229
Typical data, Distaloy DC
230
Distaloy DC
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
600
500
400
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
600
500
400
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
231
232
Distaloy DC
233
234
Distaloy DC
235
236
237
238
MANUFACT
and warm c
20 min at 0
Dimensiona
Distaloy DC
239
240
MANUFAC
20 min in
60 min in
Distaloy DC
241
242
Distaloy DC
243
244
MANUFACT
20 min in 9
60 min in a
Distaloy DC
245
246
MANUF
90/10
Dimens
Distaloy DC
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.6% Lube; P: 650 MPa warm compaction; S: 1120C (2050F), 20 min in
90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), 20 min at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air.
247
248
Distaloy DH
Distaloy DH
249
Typical data, Distaloy DH
250
Distaloy DH
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
600
500
400
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
600
500
400
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
251
252
Distaloy DH
253

1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Distaloy DH + 0.5% C
10 3psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
90
600
87
200
80
450
65
150
70
300
44
100
60
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
6.5
6.7
GPa
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
40
10 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.5
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
0.0
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.6
6.5
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
conventional and warm compaction, S: Various temperatures, 30 min in 90/10 N 2 /H2 .
254
0.0
Distaloy DH
255
256
257
258
Distaloy DH
Distaloy DH
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
800
600
400
6.80 g/cm3
7.15 g/cm3
200
0
7.35 g/cm3
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
94
2.0
78
1.6
63
1.2
47
0.8
31
0.4
16
0.0
2.5
Thau
Case Depth
2.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
103 psi
1100
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
600
350
300
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.4
7.2
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
7.6
GPa 106psi
29 0.6
180
26 0.5
2.0
160
23 0.4
1.5
140
20 0.3
1.0
120
17 0.2
0.5
100
15 0.1
80
12 0.0
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
Sintered density (g/cm )

3
7.6
87
Yield strength
6.6
6.8
200
3.0
102
Tensile strength
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
73
Dimensional change
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
259
260
Distaloy DH
261
262
Distaloy DH
263
MANUFAC
(2050F),
Tempering
264
Distaloy DH
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 650 MPa conventional compaction; S: 1120C
(2050F), 20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), 20 min at 0.8% C-pot.
265
266
MANUFACT
90/10 N2/H
Dimensiona
Distaloy DH
267
268
Distaloy HP
Distaloy HP
269
Typical data, Distaloy HP
270
Distaloy HP
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
600
500
400
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
400
300
600
500
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
271
272
Distaloy HP
273

1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Distaloy HP + 0.5% C
MPa
103 psi
1400
HV10
HRB
Hardness
203
400
1200
174
350
90
1000
145
300
80
800
116
250
70
600
87
200
60
58
150
29
7.5
100
Tensile str.
400
100
200
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
40
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3

3
7.5
-0.3
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.3
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.7
6.9
7.1
274
0.0
Distaloy HP
275
P: 550 - 650 MPa
276
Distaloy HP
277

278
Distaloy HP
279
MANUFACTU
and warm c
20 min at 0
Dimensional
280
Distaloy HP
Warm compaction
281
MANUFACTUR
20 min in 90/
60 min in air.
282
Distaloy HP
283
284
Distaloy HP
285
286
MANUFACT
20 min in 9
60 min in a
Distaloy HP
Plain iron grades
287
288
MANUFA
20 min in
Temperin
Distaloy HP
289
290
Pre-alloyed grades
Astaloy 85 Mo
Astaloy Mo
Astaloy A
Astaloy B
Astaloy CrL
Astaloy CrM
291
292
Astaloy 85 Mo
Astaloy 85 Mo
293
294
Astaloy 85 Mo
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.6% Lube, Warm compaction
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
600
500
400
300
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
500
400
600
Green strength
MPa
psi
30
4350
25
3625
20
2900
15
2175
10
1450
725
0
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
295
296
Astaloy 85 Mo
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy 85 Mo + C
MPa
900
103 psi
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
109
250
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
300
44
100
50
150
22
50
40
Tensile str.
750
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
90
HV10
HRB
6.6
6.8
80
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.6
0.1
12
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0
6.6
-0.4
6.6
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.0
7.2
66.3
7.4
7.6
0.0
Dimensional change
0.2
15
6.8
6.8
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
297

0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy 85 Mo + 1% Cu + C
MPa
103 psi
900
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
300
44
100
50
22
50
Tensile str.
150
90
0
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
40
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
80
11.6
7.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.6
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
-0.3
6.6
7.0
7.2
66.3
7.4
Warm compaction
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
298
7.6
Dimensional change
0.3
10
6.8
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.6
0.0
Astaloy 85 Mo
0% Cu
1% Cu
2% Cu
Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.5% C + Cu
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
90
600
87
200
80
450
65
150
70
300
44
100
60
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
40
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.8
7.4
7.6
-0.6
7.0
7.2
44.0
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
0.0
Dimensional change
0.6
6.6
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
299

0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy 85 Mo + 2% Ni + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
300
44
100
50
150
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
750
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
40
30
7.6
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
-0.1
12
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.8
7.4
7.6
-0.6
7.0
7.2
66.3
7.4
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
300
0.0
7.6
Dimensional change
0.0
15
6.6
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.6
Astaloy 85 Mo
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy 85 Mo + 2% Cu + 2% Ni + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
90
600
87
200
80
450
65
150
70
300
44
100
60
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0
7.6
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
40
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4

3
7.6
-0.2
6.6
7.0
7.2
44.0
7.4
7.6
0.0
Dimensional change
0.4
10
6.8
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
301
Astaloy 85 Mo + C
MPa
1000
Conventional compaction SD=7.0 g/cm3

Warm compaction SD=7.2 g/cm3
103 psi
HV10
HRB
Hardness
145
300
850
123
250
80
700
102
200
70
550
80
150
60
58
100
50
36
50
15
0.8
400
Tensile str.
250
100
Yield str
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
90
40
HV10
HRB
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
80
11.6
0.8
GPa
Young's modulus
200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.6
0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
66.3
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
Dimensional change
0.2
10
0.2
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
302
0.0
Astaloy 85 Mo
0.4% C
0.6% C
0.8% C
Astaloy 85 Mo + 2% Cu + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

Sinter hardening
MPa
1000
103 psi
145
Tensile str.
Yield str
900
HV10
HRC
Hardness
600
45
HV10
HRC
131
500
800
116
400
35
700
102
300
30
600
87
200
25
500
73
100
20
58
7.4
400
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.4
6.6
40
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
15
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu-30 + 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 80/20 N2/H2, convective cooling rate
2.5C/s. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
303
304
Astaloy 85 Mo
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy 85 Mo + 2% Cu + 0.6% C
Sinter hardening
MPa
103 psi
1000
HV10
HRC
Hardness
145
500
131
450
800
116
400
700
102
350
30
600
87
300
25
500
73
250
20
400
58
7.4
200
Tensile str.
900
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
40
HV10
HRC
Yield str
6.4
45
6.4
6.6
35
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
15
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 80/20 N2/H2, various convective cooling
rates. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
305
Astaloy 85 Mo + 1% Ni + 0.1% Graphite

20 minutes carburizing
Various densities
Centre
Astaloy
Case hard
Surface
MHV0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
6.6
%
3.0
Elongatio
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
306
6.6
MANUFACTU
and warm c
20 min at 0
Dimensiona
Astaloy 85 Mo
Astaloy 85 Mo + 1% Ni
Case hardening
MHV0.1
mm
1000
Thau
Case Depth
2.4
94
7.00 g/cm3
7.30 g/cm3
800
7.50 g/cm3
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
78
1.6
63
1.2
47
0.8
31
0.4
16
0.0
2.5
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
103 psi
1100
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
600
350
300
6.6
6.8
7.0
Elongation
7.2
7.4
Young's modulus
500
6.6
7.6
GPa 106psi
29
0.3
180
26
0.2
2.0
160
23
0.1
1.5
140
20
0.0
1.0
120
17 -0.1
0.5
100
15 -0.2
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
80
7.6
12 -0.3
87
Yield strength
6.8
200
3.0
102
Tensile strength
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
73
Dimensional change
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
307
Astaloy 85 Mo +1% Ni + 0.1% Graphite

650 MPa conventional compaction (7.20 g/cm3)
Various carburizing time
Centre
Astaloy 85 M
Case hardning
Surface
MVH0.1
Micro
1000
800
600
400
7 minute
20 minu
200
40 minu
0
0.0
0.5
Distanc
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
10
Elongation
3.0
Young's
2.5
Elonga
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
308
10
MANUFACTURING C
20 min in 90/10 N2
Tempering 180C (
Astaloy 85 Mo
309
Astaloy 85 Mo +1% Ni + 0.1% Graphite

650 MPa warm compaction (7.40 g/cm3)
Centre
Astaloy
Case har
Surface
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
%
3.0
Elongat
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
310
MANUFACT
90/10 N2/
Dimension
Astaloy 85 Mo
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
47
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5
10
20
30
40
50

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
103 psi
1100
159.5
550
1000
145.0
500
900
130.5
450
800
116.0
400
700
350
300
%
3.0
600
10
20
30
40
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
50
GPa 106psi
29 0.3
180
28 0.2
2.0
160
26 0.1
1.5
140
25 0.0
1.0
120
23 -0.1
0.5
100
22 -0.2
80
20 -0.3
Young's modulus
2.5
Elongation
10
20
30
Carburizing time (min)
40
50
87.0
Yield strength
10
200
0.0
101.5
Tensile strength
20
30
40
50
40
50
72.5
Dimensional change
10
20
30
90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), various time at 0.8% C-pot. Tempering 180C (355F), 60 min in air.
311
650 MPa conventional compaction (7.20 g/cm3), 20 minutes carburizing
Various graphite additions
Surface
Centre
Astalo
Case ha
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
No graphite addition
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
0.0
%
3.0
Elong
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
312
0.0
MANUFAC
in 90/10
Dimensio
Astaloy 85 Mo
313
650 MPa warm compaction (7.40 g/cm3), 20 minutes carburizing
Surface
Centre
Astaloy
Case har
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
0.0
%
3.0
Elongat
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
MANUFACT
90/10 N2/
Dimensiona
314
Astaloy 85 Mo
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
800

600
400
200
0
0.0
1.0
0.5
2.0
1.5
47
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0
0.3

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
1100
103 psi
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
600
350
300
0.0
%
3.0
0.1
0.2
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
0.0
0.3
GPa 106psi
200
29
0.3
190
26
0.2
2.0
180
23
0.1
1.5
170
20
0.0
1.0
160
17
-0.1
0.5
150
15
-0.2
140
0.3
12
-0.3
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
0.0
0.1
0.2
Graphite addition (%)
102
Tensile strength
87
Yield strength
0.1
0.2
73
0.3
Dimensional change
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
315
Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.1% Graphite

Various nickel additions
Surface
Centre
Astalo
Case ha
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
No Nickel addition
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
1% Nickel addition
3.0
Elonga
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2% Nickel addition
316
MANUFAC
20 min in
60 min in
Astaloy 85 Mo
Astaloy 85 Mo + Ni
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
No Ni addition
800
1% Ni addition
2% Ni addition
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
47
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5
Thau
Case Depth
1.2

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
1100
103 psi
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
350
300
600
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
0.3
180
26
0.2
2.0
160
23
0.1
1.5
140
20
0.0
1.0
120
17 -0.1
0.5
100
15 -0.2
80
12 -0.3
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
Nickel addition (%)
29
87
Yield strength
GPa 10 psi %
200
3.0
102
Tensile strength
73
Dimensional change
Nickel addition (%)
317
Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.1% Graphite

Various nickel additions
Surface
Centre
Astalo
Case ha
MHV0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
No Nickel addition
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
1% Nickel addition
3.0
Elong
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2% Nickel addition
318
MANUFAC
20 min in
Temperin
Astaloy 85 Mo
Astaloy 85 Mo + Ni
Case hardening
MHV0.1
mm
1000
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
47
No Ni addition
1% Ni addition
800
2% Ni addition
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
1100
103 psi
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
350
300
600
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
GPa 106psi
29
0.3
190
28
0.2
2.0
180
26
0.1
1.5
170
25
0.0
1.0
160
23 -0.1
0.5
150
22 -0.2
140
20 -0.3
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
Nickel addition (%)
87
Yield strength
200
3.0
102
Tensile strength
73
Dimensional change
Nickel addition (%)
319
320
Astaloy Mo
Astaloy Mo
321
322
Astaloy Mo
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
400
300
600
500
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
400
600
500
Green strength
MPa
psi
30
4350
25
3625
20
2900
15
2175
10
1450
725
0
0
400
300
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
323
Astaloy Mo
Sintered density
g/cm3
g/cm3
7.3
7.2
7.4
7.1
7.3
7.0
7.2
0% C
6.9
6.7
350
0.5% C
7.0
0.8% C
0.5% C + 2% Cu
450
550
650
750
850
6.9
350

g/cm3
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.0
350
550
650
750
7.6
650
750
850
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
P2 (MPa)
Double pressing - 0.5% C - P1: 600 MPa
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
S1: 750C
S1: 800C
S1: 850C
7.1
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
850
P2 (MPa)
conventional, double and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
324
850
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
7.1
P2 (MPa)
g/cm3
550
7.2
P1: 400 MPa

P1: 600 MPa
P1: 800 MPa
450
450
g/cm3 Double pressing - P1: 600 MPa - S1: 800C

7.6
7.5
7.1
0.8% C
0.5% C + 2% Cu
Double pressing - 0.5% C - S1: 800C
7.2
0% C
7.1
0.5% C
6.8
Warm Compaction
7.5
850
Astaloy Mo
0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy Mo + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
300
44
100
50
150
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
750
0
6.5
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
HRB
Hardness
90
40
HV10
HRB
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
30
7.5
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.2
12
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
15
0
6.5
6.5
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
325

1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Astaloy Mo+ 0.5% C

MPa
103 psi
900
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
300
Tensile str.
150
90
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
40
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.3
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.7
6.9
7.1
326
0.0
Astaloy Mo
15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
Astaloy Mo + 0.5% C
MPa
103 psi
HV10
HRB
Hardness
90
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
900
300
Tensile str.
150
0
0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
Young's modulus
7.5
40
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
200
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.5
GPa
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.7
6.9
7.1
327

0% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Astaloy Mo + 1% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
300
44
100
50
150
22
50
MPa
900
750
6.5
Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
HRB
Hardness
90
40
HV10
HRB
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
Warm compaction
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
328
7.5
Dimensional change
0.3
10
6.5
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.5
0.0
Astaloy Mo
0% Cu
1% Cu
2% Cu
Astaloy Mo + 0.5%C + Cu
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
90
600
87
200
80
450
65
150
70
300
44
100
60
22
50
MPa
900
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
0
6.5
0
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
0
6.5
40
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
10 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
11.6
7.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
0
6.5
6.7
Elongation
0
6.5
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N 2 /H 2 .
329
Astaloy Mo + C
MPa

103 psi
HV10
HRB
Hardness
90
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
900
300
Tensile str.
150
0
Yield str
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
40
HV10
HRB
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
0.8
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.6
0.8
-0.3
0.0
0.4
66.3
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
Dimensional change
0.3
10
0
0.0
0.2
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
330
0.0
Astaloy Mo
331

1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy Mo + 2% Cu + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

Sinter hardening
103 psi
HV10
203
500
1200
174
450
1000
145
400
35
800
116
350
30
87
300
25
58
250
20
MPa
1400
600
HRC
Hardness
45
40
HV10
HRC
Tensile str.
400
200
0.35
Yield str
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
29
0.85
200
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
15
0.85
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
11.6
0.85
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
0.75
0.85
0.0
0.35
0.55
0.65
22.1
0.75
0.0
0.85
0.75
0.85
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
0.35
0.45
Elongation
3.0
0
0.35
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu-30 + 0.8% Amide wax, P: 550 - 650 MPa conventional compaction,
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 80/20 N2/H2, various convective cooling rates.
332
Astaloy Mo
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy Mo + 2% Cu + 0.6% C
Sinter hardening
103 psi
HV10
203
500
1200
174
450
1000
145
400
35
800
116
350
30
87
300
25
58
250
20
MPa
1400
600
Tensile str.
400
200
6.4
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
29
7.4
200
6.4
HRC
Hardness
45
40
HV10
HRC
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
15
7.4
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
0.0
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
333
Astaloy Mo + 0.1% Graphite

Various densities
Centre
Astaloy M
Case harde
Surface
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
D
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
%
3.0
6.6
6.8
Elongation
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
334
6.6
6.8
MANUFACTUR
and warm com
20 min at 0.8
Dimensional c
Astaloy Mo
Astaloy Mo
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
7.00 g/cm3
7.25 g/cm3
800
7.45 g/cm3
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
47
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
1100
103psi
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
350
300
%
3.0
102
Tensile strength
600
6.6
6.8
7.0
Elongation
7.2
7.4
Young's modulus
500
7.6
GPa 106psi
6.6
6.8
200
29
0.3
180
26
0.2
2.0
160
23
0.1
1.5
140
20
0.0
1.0
120
17 -0.1
0.5
100
15 -0.2
80
12 -0.3
7.0
0.0
Elongation
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4

3
7.6
7.2
7.4
7.6
73
Dimensional change
Young's modulus
2.5
87
Yield strength
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
335

650 MPa conventional compaction (7.15 g/cm3)
Centre
Astaloy
Case hard
Surface
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
%
3.0
Elongatio
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
336
MANUFACT
20 min in 9
Tempering
Astaloy Mo
337

650 MPa warm compaction (7.35 g/cm3)
Centre
Astalo
Surface
Case ha
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
3.0
Elong
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
338
MANUFA
20 min in
Temperin
Astaloy Mo
Astaloy Mo
Case hardening
MVH0.1
mm
1000
Thau
Case Depth
1.2
47
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.0
2.5
10
20
30
40
50

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
103 psi
1100
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
350
300
%
3.0
102
Tensile strength
600
10
20
30
40
Young's modulus
Elongation
500
50
10
GPa 106psi %
200
29
0.3
180
26
0.2
2.0
160
23
0.1
1.5
140
20
0.0
1.0
120
17 -0.1
0.5
100
15 -0.2
80
12 -0.3
87
Yield strength
20
30
40
50
40
50
73
Dimensional change
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
Elongation
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
20 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Carburizing 920C (1690F), various time at 0.8% C-pot.
339
Astaloy Mo
Surface
Centre
Astaloy M
Case hard
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
0.0
3.0
Elongation
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
340
0.0
MANUFACTU
(2050F), 20
Tempering 1
Astaloy Mo
0.1% graphite
0.2% graphite
341
Astaloy Mo
Surface
Centre
Astaloy
Case har
MVH0.1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
HV5
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
0.0
3.0
Elongati
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
342
MANUFACT
90/10 N2/
Dimensiona
Astaloy Mo
Astaloy Mo
Case hardening
MVH0.1
1000
0.1% graphite
800
Thau
Case Depth
mm
1.2
47
1.0
39
0.8
31
0.6
23
0.4
16
0.2
0.2% graphite
600
400
200
0
0.0
1.0
0.5
2.0
1.5
0.0
2.5
0.0
0.2
0.1
0
0.3

HV5
MPa
Hardness
600
1100
103 psi
160
550
1000
145
500
900
131
450
800
116
400
700
350
600
300
0.0
500
0.0
%
3.0
0.1
0.2
Young's modulus
Elongation
0.3
GPa 106psi %
200
29 0.3
180
28 0.2
2.0
160
26 0.1
1.5
140
25 0.0
1.0
120
23 -0.1
0.5
100
22 -0.2
102
Tensile strength
Yield strength
0.1
0.2
87
73
0.3
Dimensional change
Young's modulus
2.5
0.0
0.0
Elongation
0.1
0.2
80
0.3
20 -0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
343
344
Astaloy A
Astaloy A
345
346
Astaloy A
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
400
300
600
500
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
400
600
500
Green strength
MPa
psi
30
4350
25
3625
20
2900
15
2175
10
1450
725
0
0
400
300
25
30
600
500
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
347
Astaloy A
Sintered density
g/cm3
7.40
7.25
g/cm3
Warm Compaction
7.40
0% C
0.4% C
7.25
0.8% C
7.10
7.10
0.5% C + 2% Cu
6.95
6.95
6.80
6.80
6.65
6.65
0% C
6.50
350
450
550
650
750
850
6.50
350

g/cm3
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
550
650
7.2
P1: 400 MPa
P1: 600 MPa
P1: 800 MPa
7.1
450
550
650
750
750
850
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
P2 (MPa)

S1: 750C
S1: 800C
S1: 850C
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
850
P2 (MPa)
348
850
0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
7.1
P2 (MPa)
7.6
450

7.6
7.5
g/cm3
0.8% C
0,5% C + 2% Cu
7.5
7.0
350
0.4% C
850
Astaloy A
0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
Astaloy A + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
300
44
100
40
150
22
50
MPa
900
750
6.4
Tensile str.
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
HRB
Hardness
100
25
HV10
HRB
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
10
7.4
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.4
-0.1
12
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.4
6.8
7.0
66.3
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
15
6.6
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
349

15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
Astaloy A + 0.4% C
MPa
103 psi
900
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
750
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
44
100
40
22
50
300
Tensile str.
150
100
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
25
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.4
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.4
6.8
7.0
44.0
7.2
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
350
7.4
Dimensional change
0.0
6.6
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.4
0.0
Astaloy A
0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
Astaloy A + 1% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
300
44
100
40
22
50
MPa
900
150
0
Tensile str.
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
HRB
Hardness
100
25
HV10
HRB
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
-0.3
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
10
6.4
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
351

0% Cu
1% Cu
2% Cu
Astaloy A + Cu + 0.4% C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
44
100
40
22
50
MPa
900
300
Tensile str.
150
HRB
Hardness
100
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
25
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-0.8
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
-1.2
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
Warm compaction
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
352
7.4
Dimensional change
1.2
6.4
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.4
0.0
Astaloy A
Astaloy A + C

103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
MPa
900
300
Tensile str.
150
0
Yield str
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
HRB
Hardness
90
40
HV10
HRB
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
0.8
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.6
0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
66.3
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.0
Dimensional change
0.2
10
0.2
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
353

0.4% C
0.6% C
0.8% C
Astaloy A + 2% Cu + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

Sinter hardening
MPa
103 psi
1000
145
Tensile str.
900
HV10
HRC
Hardness
600
45
HV10
HRC
131
500
800
116
400
35
700
102
300
30
600
87
200
25
500
73
100
20
58
400
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.4
6.6
40
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
15
106 psi
29
30
180
26
25
18.4
160
23
20
14.7
140
20
15
11.1
120
17
10
7.4
100
15
3.7
12
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.6
7.0
7.2

3
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
354
Astaloy A
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy A + 2% Cu + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

Sinter hardening
MPa
1000
103 psi
HV10
HRC
Hardness
145
450
900
131
400
40
800
116
350
35
700
102
300
30
87
250
25
73
200
600
Tensile str.
Yield str
500
400
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
58
0.85
150
0.35
45
HV10
HRC
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
20
15
0.85
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
11.6
0.85
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
0.75
0.85
0.0
0.35
0.55
0.65
22.1
0.75
0.0
0.85
0.75
0.85
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
0.35
0.45
Elongation
3.0
0
0.35
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu-30 + 0.8% Amide wax, P: 650 - 750 MPa

conventional compaction, S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 80/20 N2/H2, various convective cooling
355
Astaloy A + 2% Cu + 0.6% C
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Sinter hardening
3
10 psi
HV10
160
500
1000
145
450
40
900
131
400
35
800
116
350
30
102
300
25
87
250
MPa
1100
700
Tensile str.
600
Yield str
500
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
73
7.4
HRC
Hardness
45
HV10
HRC
200
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
20
15
7.4
Ft lb
10 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.6
7.0
7.2

3
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2%Cu-30 + 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional and warm compaction, S: 1120C in 80/20 N2/H2, various convective cooling rates.
356
0.0
Astaloy B
Astaloy B
357
358
Astaloy B
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
400
300
500
g/cm
600
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
400
300
500
600
Green strength
MPa
psi
30
4350
25
3625
20
2900
15
2175
10
1450
725
0
400
300
25
500
30
35
600
40
45
800
700
50
55
900
60
359
Astaloy B
Sintered density
g/cm3
g/cm3
7.40
7.25
7.25
7.10
7.10
6.95
6.95
0% C
0% C
6.80
6.80
0.4% C
6.65
6.50
350
0.5% C + 2% Cu
450
550
650
7.6
750
850
6.50
350
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
550
650
750
7.6
750
0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
850
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
P2 (MPa)

S1: 750C
S1: 800C
S1: 850C
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
350
450
550
650
750
850
P2 (MPa)
360
850
7.1
P2 (MPa)
g/cm3
650
7.2
P1: 400 MPa

P1: 600 MPa
P1: 800 MPa
450
550
7.6
7.5
7.0
350
450
7.5
7.1
0.8% C
0.5% C + 2% Cu
7.2
0.4% C
6.65
0.8% C

g/cm3
Warm Compaction
7.40
850
Astaloy B
15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
Astaloy B + 0.4% C
MPa
103 psi
900
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
750
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
44
100
40
22
50
300
Tensile str.
150
100
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
25
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-0.6
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
361
362
Astaloy B
0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
Astaloy B + 1% Cu + C
103 psi
HV10
131
300
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
300
44
100
40
150
22
50
MPa
900
750
6.5
Tensile str.
Yield str.
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
HRB
Hardness
100
25
HV10
HRB
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
10
7.5
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0.2
12
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
Sintered density
(g/cm3)
6.7
7.3
7.5
-0.3
6.9
7.1
66.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.5
0.0
Dimensional change
0.3
15
6.5
Elongation
18
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
363

0% Cu
1% Cu
2% Cu
Astaloy B + Cu + 0.4% C
MPa
103 psi
900
HV10
HRB
Hardness
131
300
750
109
250
85
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
55
300
44
100
40
22
50
Tensile str.
150
100
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
0
7.5
25
HV10
HRB
Yield str
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
0.8
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-0.8
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
Sintered density
(g/cm3)
7.3
7.5
-1.2
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.0
7.3
Warm compaction
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
364
7.5
Dimensional change
1.2
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.5
0.0
Astaloy B
Astaloy B + C

103 psi
HV10
131
300
750
109
250
80
600
87
200
70
450
65
150
60
44
100
50
22
50
MPa
900
300
Tensile str.
150
0
Yield str
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
HRB
Hardness
90
HV10
HRB
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
40
30
0.8
106 psi
29.0
90
180
26.1
75
55.2
160
23.2
60
44.2
140
20.3
45
33.1
120
17.4
30
22.1
100
14.5
15
11.0
80
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.2
0.6
0.8
-0.3
0.4
66.3
0.6
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.8
Dimensional change
0.3
10
0.0
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
365

0.3% C
0.5% C
0.7% C
Astaloy B + 2% Cu + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

Sinter hardening
103 psi
HV10
145
600
123
500
700
102
400
35
550
80
300
30
400
58
200
25
250
36
100
20
15
7.4
MPa
1000
Tensile str.
Yield str
850
100
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.4
HRC
Hardness
45
HV10
HRC
6.6
40
6.8
7.0
7.2
15
7.4
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
80
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
0.0
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
366
Astaloy B
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy B + 2% Cu + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

Sinter hardening
MPa
1000

Tensile str.
103 psi
HV10
145
450
HRC
Hardness
45
HV10
HRC
40
131
400
800
116
350
35
700
102
300
30
600
87
250
25
500
73
200
20
900
400
0.25
Yield str
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
58
0.75
150
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
15
0.75
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
11.6
0.75
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.35
0.45
0.55
Combined carbon (%)
0.65
0.75
0.0
0.25
0.45
0.55
22.1
0.65
0.0
0.75
0.65
0.75
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
0.25
0.35
Elongation
3.0
0
0.25
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.35
0.45
0.55
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu-30 + 0.8% Amide wax, P: 600 - 700 MPa

367
368
Astaloy CrL
Astaloy CrL
369
370
Astaloy CrL
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
600
500
400
300
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
300
600
500
400
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
25
600
500
400
300
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
371

0% C
0.4% C
0.8% C
Astaloy CrL + C
MPa
1000
103 psi
HV10
HRB
Hardness
145
300
123
250
700
102
200
70
550
80
150
55
400
58
100
40
250
36
50
25
15
Tensile str.
Yield str
850
100
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
100
HV10
HRB
6.4
6.6
85
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
10
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
80
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.4
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.5
6.4
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
372
7.4
Dimensional change
0.1
10
6.6
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.4
0.0
Astaloy CrL
15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
Astaloy CrL + 0.5% C

MPa
103 psi
1000
HV10
HRB
Hardness
145
400
850
123
350
90
700
102
300
80
550
80
250
70
58
200
60
36
150
15
100
400
Tensile str.
250
100
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
100
50
HV10
HRB
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
40
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.7
160
23.2
40
29.3
140
20.3
30
22.0
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.3
80
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.4
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.5
6.4
6.8
7.0
44.0
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.1
6.6
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
373
Astaloy CrL + C
6.90 g/cm3 (conventional compaction)

7.15 g/cm3 (warm compaction)
103 psi
HV10
145
400
850
123
350
90
700
102
300
80
550
80
250
70
58
200
60
36
150
15
100
0.0
MPa
1000
400
Tensile str.
250
HRB
Hardness
100
100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
50
HV10
HRB
Yield str
0.2
0.4
0.6
40
0.8
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.2
0.6
0.8
-0.5
0.4
44.2
0.6
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.8
Dimensional change
0.1
10
0.0
Elongation
12
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
374
Astaloy CrL
0.4% C
0.6% C
0.8% C
Astaloy CrL + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

High temperature sintering
103 psi
HV10
232
600
203
500
1200
174
400
35
1000
145
300
30
800
116
200
25
600
87
100
20
58
7.5
MPa
1600
1400
400
6.5

Tensile str.
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
HRC
Hardness
45
HV10
HRC
6.7
40
6.9
7.1
7.3
15
7.5
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
-1.2
6.5
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
0.0
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.0
6.7
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.7
6.9
7.1
and warm compaction, S: 1250C (2282F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2, convective cooling rate 2.5C/s.
375

1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy CrL + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

MPa
1200
103 psi
HV10
203
600
Tensile str.
1050
HRC
Hardness
60
HV10
HRC
176
500
900
150
400
40
750
123
300
30
600
97
200
20
450
70
100
10
300
44
1.0
Yield str
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
50
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1.0
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
1.0
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Combined carbon (%)
0.2
0.8
1.0
-1.2
0.4
0.6
44.2
0.8
0.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
Dimensional change
0.0
0.0
Elongation
%
6
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax, P: 500 - 600 MPa conventional compaction,
376
Astaloy CrL

3)
3)
377

0.4% C
0.6% C
0.8% C
Astaloy CrL + 2% Cu + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

Sinter hardening
MPa
1100
103 psi
HV10
160
600
HRC
Hardness
50
HV10
HRC
45
145
500
131
400
40
800
116
300
35
700
102
200
30
600
87
100
25
73
1000
Tensile str.
Yield str
900
500
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
20
7.4
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
0.0
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu -30 + 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa
378
Astaloy CrL
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy CrL + 2% Cu + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

Sinter hardening
MPa
103 psi
HV10
HRC
Hardness
50
160
450
1000
145
400
45
900
131
350
40
800
116
300
35
102
250
30
87
200
1100
700
Tensile str.
600
500
0.35
Yield str
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
73
0.85
150
0.35
HV10
HRC
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
25
20
0.85
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
11.6
0.85
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
0.75
0.85
0.0
0.35
0.55
0.65
22.1
0.75
0.0
0.85
0.75
0.85
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
0.35
0.45
Elongation
3.0
0
0.35
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.45
0.55
0.65
Combined carbon (%)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu -30 + 0.8% Amide wax, P: 600 - 700 MPa

379

1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy CrL + 2% Cu + 0.6% C

Sinter hardening
103 psi
HV10
174
500
160
450
45
145
400
40
900
131
350
35
800
116
300
30
700
102
250
87
200
6.4
MPa
1200
1100
Tensile str.
Yield str
1000
600
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
HRC
Hardness
50
25
HV10
HRC
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
20
7.4
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
0.0
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
0.0
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
0.6
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 2% Cu - 30 + 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa
380
Astaloy CrM
Astaloy CrM
381
382
Astaloy CrM
Springback
%
0.4
0.8 % Amide-wax
0.8% Zn-st
0.3
0.6 % Kenolube
0.2
Lubricated tool die
0.1
0.0
300
600
500
400
g/cm3
700
800
900
700
800
900
Green density
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
300
500
400
600
Green strength
MPa
psi
60
8700
50
7250
40
5800
30
4350
20
2900
10
1450
0
0
300
25
600
500
400
30
35
40
45
700
50
900
800
55
60
383

0.2 % C
0.4% C
0.6% C
Astaloy CrM + C
MPa
103 psi
1500
HV10
HRC
Hardness
218
600
181
500
1000
145
400
40
750
109
300
30
500
73
200
20
250
36
100
10
Tensile str.
1250
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
60
HV10
HRC
6.4
6.6
50
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
80
11.6
GPa
Young's modulus
200
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.4
-0.1
2.0
-0.2
1.5
-0.3
1.0
-0.4
0.5
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.4
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
Warm compaction
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
384
7.4
Dimensional change
0.0
2.5
0.0
6.6
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.4
0.0
Astaloy CrM
1090C (1995F)
1120C (2050F)
1150C (2100F)
Astaloy CrM + 0.4% C

103 psi
HV10
218
400
1250
181
350
50
1000
145
300
40
750
109
250
30
73
200
20
36
150
MPa
1500
500
Tensile str.
250
0
Yield str
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
100
6.4
HRC
Hardness
60
10
HV10
HRC
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
11.6
7.4
0
6.4
-0.1
2.0
-0.2
1.5
-0.3
1.0
-0.4
0.5
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
7.4
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
2.5
0.0
6.6
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
Warm compaction
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
385

15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes

103 psi
HV10
218
400
1250
181
350
50
1000
145
300
40
750
109
250
30
73
200
20
36
150
MPa
1500
500
Tensile str.
250
HRC
Hardness
60
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
0
7.4
100
6.4
10
HV10
HRC
Yield str
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
-0.1
2.0
-0.2
1.5
-0.3
1.0
-0.4
0.5
-0.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.2
7.4
-0.6
6.8
7.0
44.2
7.2
Warm compaction
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
386
7.4
Dimensional change
0.0
2.5
0.0
6.4
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
7.4
0.0
Astaloy CrM
Astaloy CrM + C
MPa
1500

103 psi
HV10
HRC
Hardness
218
600
181
500
50
1000
145
400
40
750
109
300
30
500
73
200
20
250
36
100
1250
0.0
Tensile str.
Yield str
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
0.8
60
10
HV10
HRC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.8
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
80
11.6
0.8
GPa
Young's modulus
200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
-0.1
2.0
-0.2
1.5
-0.3
1.0
-0.4
0.5
-0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
0.6
0.8
-0.6
0.0
0.4
44.2
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.0
Dimensional change
0.0
2.5
0.0
0.2
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.2
0.4
Combined carbon (%)
387

0.3% C
0.4% C
0.5% C
Astaloy CrM + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

103 psi
HV10
232
600
203
500
1200
174
400
40
1000
145
300
35
800
116
200
30
600
87
100
25
58
MPa
1600
Tensile str.
Yield str
1400
400
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
HRC
Hardness
50
HV10
HRC
6.7
45
6.9
7.1
7.3
20
7.5
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-1.2
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
0.0
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.0
6.5
Elongation
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
and warm compaction, S: 1250C (2282F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2, convective cooling rate 2.5 C/s.
388
Astaloy CrM
1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s
Astaloy CrM + C (sintered density 7.0 g/cm3)

MPa
1300
103 psi
HV10
203
500
Tensile str.
HRC
Hardness
50
HV10
HRC
45
176
450
1100
150
400
40
1000
123
350
35
900
97
300
30
800
70
250
25
1200
700
0.15
Yield str
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
44
0.65
200
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
20
0.65
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0
0.15
11.6
0.65
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
Combined carbon (%)
0.25
Elongation
0.55
0.65
-1.2
0.15
Ft lb
Impact energy
0.35
0.45
44.2
0.55
0.0
0.65
0.55
0.65
Dimensional change
0.25
0.35
0.45
Combined carbon (%)
389

1 C/s
2.5 C/s
5 C/s

MPa
1600
103 psi
232
HV10
HRC
Hardness
550
45
HV10
HRC
40
1400
203
500
1200
174
450
35
1000
145
400
30
116
350
25
87
300
20
58
250
800
Tensile str.
600
400
6.5
Yield str
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
15
7.5
106 psi
29.0
60
180
26.1
50
36.9
160
23.2
40
29.5
140
20.3
30
22.1
120
17.4
20
14.7
100
14.5
10
7.4
11.6
7.5
GPa
Young's modulus
200
80
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
-0.2
2.0
-0.4
1.5
-0.6
1.0
-0.8
0.5
-1.0
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.7
7.3
7.5
-1.2
6.9
7.1
44.2
7.3
0.0
7.5
7.3
7.5
Dimensional change
0.0
2.5
0.0
6.5
Elongation
3.0
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
and warm compaction, S: 1250C (2282F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2, various convective cooling rates.
390
Astaloy CrM
0.3% C
0.4% C
0.5% C
Astaloy CrM + C (cooling rate 2.5C/s)

Sinter hardening
MPa
1500
103 psi
HV10
218
600
Tensile str.
Yield str
1300
HRC
Hardness
45
HV10
HRC
189
500
1100
160
400
35
900
131
300
30
700
102
200
25
500
73
100
20
44
300
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.4
6.6
40
6.8
7.0
7.2
15
7.4
106 psi
29.0
30
180
26.1
25
18.4
160
23.2
20
14.7
140
20.3
15
11.1
120
17.4
10
7.4
100
14.5
3.7
11.6
7.4
Young's modulus
GPa
200
80
6.4
6.6
%
3.0
6.8
7.0
7.2
2.5
0.2
2.0
0.1
1.5
0.0
1.0
-0.1
0.5
-0.2
0.0
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.4
6.6
%
0.3
Elongation
7.2
7.4
-0.3
Ft lb
Impact energy
6.8
7.0
22.1
7.2
0.0
7.4
7.2
7.4
Dimensional change
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax and 0.6% Lube resp. P: 400 - 800 MPa
391
392
Astaloy CrM
393

Handbook No.0 Höganäs Iron and Steel Powders For Sintered Components

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Handbook No.0 Höganäs Iron and Steel Powders For Sintered Components

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Sintered Components

Sintered bearings is a well-established application. The porosity of sintered

Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

STARMIX and DENSMIX introduce organic binders to the powder mix.

Distaloy powders are based on pure iron powder or iron powder

With DENSMIX warm compaction is made possible. By heating both the

Green density (g/cm)

For a brief survey of sintered properties of some common materials, the

Materials 1 4 were compacted at 600 MPa, resulting in densities in the

Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

Green strength (0.6% Kenolube)

Compressibility (0.6% Kenolube)

Compacting pressure (tsi)

Green strength (psi)

Green strength (MPa)

Green density (g/cm)

Spring-back (0.6% Kenolube)

Compacting pressure (tsi)

Compacting pressure (tsi)

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Iron base powders

1. NC100.24 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C

Tensile Strength (MPa)

Overview of Powder Grades

Plain Iron Grades

MH80.23 is specially designed to match the requirements

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Atomized Iron Powders

ASC100.29 is an atomized iron powder with very high

Overview of Powder Grades

PNC60 consists of NC100.24 to which finely-divided

PASC60 like PNC60 contains 0.60% phosphorus but is

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Distaloy AB has the same chemical composition as

Overview of Powder Grades

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Astaloy Mo is a water-atomized steel powder pre-alloyed

Overview of Powder Grades

Astaloy CrL is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyed

Conditions for sample preparation and testing

The parts were carburized at a temperature of 920C (1688F). Material (60

Test methods for powder properties and chemical analysis

ISO 3923-1 : 1979

Test methods for mechanical properties

Tensile strength, yield strength, Youngs modulus, elongation, hardness and

Comments on Case Hardening

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Plain iron grades

Atomized Iron Powders

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Sponge Iron Powders

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Apparent density versus mixing time

Spring back versus compacting pressure

2. 0.6% Kenolube P11

Green density versus compacting pressure

Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Sintered density (g/cm3)

Sintered density (g/cm3)

Sintered density (g/cm3)