Finite Element Method:

One-Dimensional Heat
Conduction II
Engineering 471
Heat Transfer

Boundary Conditions

x=L

T(L ) = TR

or
k

x=0

T
i n + h (T T ) = 0
x

T(0 ) = TL

or
T
k
i n + h (T T ) = 0
x

Each end can have either a

specified temperature or
convection boundary condition.

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Simplified Integral Equation)
Governing Integral Equation
L


0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0

We seek a solution (x,t) to this integral equation. (x,t) will

be an approximation to the solution of the governing
differential equation and boundary conditions.
Governing
2
T
T

CA
= Aq gen + kA 2 hP(T T ) Differential
t
x
Equation
T
Convection Boundary
k
i n + h (T T ) = 0
x
Condition

Integration
Governing Integral Equation
L

0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0

x
Nodes

k
2
1

i
3

2
Elements

xj

elem x i

F(x )dx = F(x )dx

Element Geometry
x
k
i

2
1

xj

elem x i

F(x )dx = F(x )dx

= x xi
xj

elem x i

elem 0

F(x )dx = f ( )dx

Interpolation Functions
( ) = N i ( )i + N j ( ) j

N i ( ) = 1
l

N j ( ) =
l

N( )

Ni ( )

N j ( )

1.0

Ni ( ) and N j ( )are
called interpolation
functions.
They can be used to find
the value of at any
if the values of at the
node points are known.

Thermal Conductivity Integral

L


0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0
l

KA d
0 x KA x dx = elem
0
l

0 KA d = KA 0 d

Thermal Conductivity Integral

(Continued)

( ) = N i ( )i + N j ( ) j

N i ( ) = 1
l

N j ( ) =
l
l

1
1

= i + j
l
l

1
=
l

KA
d = KA i

0
0

1
l 1
j
1
l
l

1 i

l j

1 i
d
l j

Thermal Conductivity Integral

(Continued)

1
l
l 1 1 i
d
KA i j

1
0
l l j
l
1
1
l
2
l2
i
l
= KA i j

1
1
j

2
l2
l
1
1

l
i
l
= KA i j
1
1 j

l
l

Convection Integral
L


0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0
l

hP ( T )dx = hP ( T )d

elem 0

hPd hPT d

elem 0

First Integral

elem 0

Second Integral

Convection Integral
(First Integral)

( ) = N i ( )i + N j ( ) j

N i ( ) = 1
l

N j ( ) =
l

( ) = 1
l

i

l j

Convection Integral
(First Integral)

hPd = hP
0

= hP i
0

1 - l

1j

2
1
l

j

1
l l

i
d
l j

1
l l i d

2
j

l

Convection Integral
(First Integral)
l

hPd = hP
0

l
3
j
l

i
6
l j

Second Integral
l

hPT d = hPT

l
2
j
l

2

Heat Capacity Integral

L

0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0

CA i
0 CA t dx = elem

l
3
j
l

l
&

i
6
l & j

3

Internal Heat Generation Integral

L

0 CA t dx 0 q gen A dx 0 x KA x dx + 0 hP ( T )dx

+ (0 )hA ( (0 ) T ) (L )hA ( (L ) T ) = 0

q&

elems 0

gen

Ad =

q&

elems

gen

A i

l
2
j
l

2