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I. INTRODUCTION
min c j x Mj
(1)
Subject to:
P Pmax ,
(2)
j =1
P +
nCD n j
A j ,k ,i x j ,k ,i 0 , i=1,..,nC,
(3)
j =1k =1
nCD n j
P A j ,k ,i x j ,k ,i 0 ,
j =1k =1
Pmax
nCD n j
A j ,k ,i x j ,k ,i d i , i= nC+1,...,nDLC,
j =1k =1
(5)
nj
[C ] j ,k [X ] j ,k xMj 0 , j=1,....,nCD
(6)
x j ,k ,i z j xMj 0 , j=1,....,nCD
(7)
k =1
n j n j ,k
k =1 i =1
xMj M j
(8)
, j=1,....,nCD
where:
cj
cost (weighting factor) of controlling j-th type
devices,
x Mj
number of controlled devices of j-th type,
unknown amount of load reduction,
P
nj
number of different control schemes for j-th type of
device,
nCD
number of different types of controlled devices,
prespecified period of the day (number of 15nC
minutes lasting periods) when load reduction is demanded
(e.g. imposed by system operator),
nDLC
period of the day (number of 15-minute lasting
periods) when is observed DLC influence of all controlled
devices on the shape of system load curve,
Pmax prespecified amount of load reduction,
di
forecasted 15-minute load of the observed system
Pmax
forecasted peak load of the observed system,
number of controlled devices of j-th type, for
xj,k,i
control scheme k in the period i,
Mj
available number of controlled devices of j-th type
maximal number of control "cycles" (disconnection
zj
and connections) for j-th type of controlled device during
control period,
Aj,k,i
known value which describes a load control
influence of j-th type devices on the system load curve,
P j ,k ,i during disconnection periods
(9)
A j ,k ,i = P jpb
,k .i during payback periods
0,in other cases
Pj,k,i
diversified load of j-th type device for control
scheme k at period i,
P pb
net restore demand of j-th type device for control
j,k ,i
scheme k at period i.
Matrix [C]j,k and column vector [X]j,k have the following
forms:
[C]j,k=
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
lj,k
.
.
.
.
lj,k+nj,k-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
.
.
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
.
.
0
3
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
.
0
nj,k
0
0
.
.
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(10)
j ,k
(11)
1
x1,1,1
x1,1,2
x1,1,3
hour
4
l1,1
x1,1 ,n1 ,1
x1,2,1
x1,2,2
x1,2,3
x1,2 ,n1 ,2
x1,n1 ,n1 ,n
uncont r ol l ed
cont r ol l ed
Power [kW]
the day. Constraints (4) ensure that net restore demand (load
rebound) will not be greater than specified load reduction
Pmax. With (5) is provided that new load for each i-th time
interval is not going to be greater than the original forecasted
peak load of the observed system. For each type of controlled
device constraints, (6) and (8) ensure that, in each time
interval, sum of controlled devices for all control schemes is
not going to surpass a total number available for control.
Constraints (7) ensure, for each type of controlled device, that,
if there are such demands, number of control "cycles"
(disconnections and connections) is not going to be greater
than maximally allowed.
III. APPLICATION
The proposed model is applied to determine the potentials
for load reduction in a real power system, where water heaters
(WH) and air conditioners (A/C) are simultaneously
controlled. Daily diversified load curves of water heaters and
air conditioners are taken from [8] and shown in Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3, respectively. The way of acquiring daily diversified
load curves of controlled devices as well as effects of control
of their work (payback) are thoroughly described elsewhere
[8]-[15]. Daily load curve shape of the observed power system
is taken from [8] and is exposed in Fig. 4
Shape and values of payback for water heaters and air
conditioners are described in the Table 1 [10] and Table 2 [9],
respectively, where E stands for energy (in kWh) that devices
were deprived during turning off period, and Ppb stands for net
restore demand. Maximally allowed turning off time length
for water heaters is 3 hours [8]. Air conditioners are turned off
maximally for 30 minutes and after that they should be turned
on for 1 hour and 30 minutes [8], [9]. They can be turned off
maximally three times during control period. Also, it is
assumed that there are 300000 water heaters and 300000 air
conditioners available for control. The costs of controlling
water heaters and air conditioners are assumed to be the same.
0
6
12
15
18
Ti me[h]
21
Time
elapsed
after
restoration
of service
0:15
0:30
0:45
1:00
1:15
1:30
1:45
2:00
Ppb (kW)
for E <3.16 kWh
2.442
1.798
1.295
0.852
0.533
0.489
0.346
0.177
Note: Expression Max(0,) means that for small values of E, for which
second part of expression in parenthesis becomes negative, the net restore
demand is zero i. e. payback period is finished.
TABLE II RELATIONS FOR NET RESTORE DEMAND
P o w e r [ kW ]
uncont r ol l ed
cont r ol l ed
T i me [h]
Fig. 2. Daily diversified load curve of controlled and uncontrolled water
heater
Ppb (kW)
0:15
0:30
0:45
1:00
1:15
1:30
0.6 E / 0.5
0.6 E / 0.5
0.3 E / 0.5
0.3 E / 0.5
0.1 E / 0.5
0.1 E / 0.5
[2]
[3]
[4]
P =100 MW
P =150 MW
[5]
P =200 MW
P =250 MW
[6]
[7]
8500000
[8]
before DLC
after DLC
7500000
[9]
Load [kW]
6500000
[10]
5500000
[11]
4500000
[12]
[13]
3500000
[14]
2500000
6
12
15
18
21
Time [h]
Fig. 4. Load reduction in the case of controlling 300000 water heaters and
300000 air conditioners.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper is proposed a linear programming based
procedure for designing DLC of different types of customer's
appliances as a market based program. The goal of the
proposed procedure is to determine different DLC scenarios
that ensure certain (prespecified) amounts of load reduction in
the given period of the day. In this way, buyers of electricity,
according to their economic and financial goals, can select the
optimal amount of load reduction to be offered in the
electricity market. The obtained results have shown that
suggested procedure is a powerful decision-making tool for
improving design of DLC in competitive market environment.
V. REFERENCES
[1]
[15]
VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Zeljko N. Popovic (1963) received his B.Sc. degree from University of
Novi Sad, in 1988, and M.Sc. degree from University of Belgrade, in 1999,
both in electrical engineering. He is a distribution engineer in
Elektrovojvodina, Power Distribution Company in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. He
has been employed in Elektrovojvodina since 1992, working on load
management and distribution network planning and development. Currently
he is working towards the Ph.D. in field of distribution network operation and
planning.
Dragan S.Popovic (1959) received his B.Sc. degree from the University
of Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, in 1985, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1990 and 1995. He is currently
engaged as professor in Faculty of Engineering, University of Novi Sad. He
has worked for a long time in researching fields of bulk power system
analysis, control and stability. Presently he is engaged in researching and
developing application software for distribution management systems. He has
also been the project manager on several projects in the field of distribution
automation and distribution management system.