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CLINICAL FINDINGS U SHOULD KNOW MUST

Term
"Bamboo spine" on x-ray -- CF
"Blue bloater" -- CF
"Brown tumor" of bone -- CF

Definitions
Ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic bronchitis
Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts:
1. Hyperparathyroidism; 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
(von Recklinghausen's disease)
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

"Chocolate cysts" -- CF
"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
glomeruli on immunouorescence -- CF
"Machine-like" murmur -- MF cause
PDA
"Orphan Annie" nuclei -- CF
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [1"Pink puffer" -- CF
antitrypsin deciency])
"Smudge cell" -- CF
CLL
"Strawberry tongue" -- CF
Scarlet fever
"Tram-track" appearance on LM -- CF Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
"Wire loop" appearance on LM -- CF Lupus nephropathy
Berry aneurysmassociated with adult polycystic
"Worst headache of my life" -- CF
kidney disease
Actinic keratosis -- CF
Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma
Autoimmune (infection is the 2nd most common
Addison's -- MF cause
cause)
Addison's disease -- CF
1 adrenocortical deficiency
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty,
Albright's syndrome -- CF
caf-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls
Guillain-Barr (incr protein in CSF with only modest
Albuminocytologic dissociation -- CF
incr in cell count)
Alport's syndrome -- CF
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
Aneurysm, dissecting -- MF cause
Hypertension
Antibasement membrane antibodies -Goodpasture's syndrome
CF
Anticentromere antibodies -- CF
Scleroderma (CREST)
Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
(ANA antibodies) -- CF
Antiepithelial cell antibodies -- CF
Pemphigus vulgaris
Antigliadin antibodies -- CF
Celiac disease
Antihistone antibodies -- CF
Drug-induced SLE
Anti-IgG antibodies -- CF
Rheumatoid arthritis
Antimitochondrial antibodies -- CF
1 biliary cirrhosis

Antineutrophil antibodies -- CF
Vasculitis
Antiplatelet antibodies -- CF
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and
Atherosclerosis
descending aorta -- MF cause
Aortic aneurysm, ascending -- MF cause3 syphilis
Arachnodactyly -- CF
Marfan's syndrome
Argyll Robertson pupil -- CF
Neurosyphilis
Arnold-Chiari malformation -- CF
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Aschoff bodies -- CF
Rheumatic fever
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies -- CFWernicke's encephalopathy
Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the
Auer rods -- CF
promyelocytic type)
Autosplenectomy -- CF
Sickle cell anemia
Babinski's sign -- CF
UMN lesion
Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA) -- MC S. aureus
Bacteria associated with cancer -- MC H. pylori
Bacteria found in GI tract -- MC
Bacteroides (2nd most common is E. coli )
Bacterial meningitis (adults) -- MF
Streptococcus pneumoniae
cause
Bacterial meningitis (elderly) -- MF
S. pneumoniae
cause
Bacterial meningitis (kids) -- MF cause S. pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
Bacterial meningitis (newborns) -- MF
Group B streptococcus
cause
Baker's cyst in popliteal fossa -- CF
Rheumatoid arthritis
Bartter's syndrome -- CF
Hyperreninemia
Basophilic stippling of RBCs -- CF
Lead poisoning
Becker's muscular dystrophy -- CF
Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's
Bell's palsy -- CF
LMN CN VII palsy
Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains
Bence Jones proteins -- CF
in urine), Waldenstrm's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
Berger's disease -- CF
IgA nephropathy
Bernard-Soulier disease -- CF
Defect in platelet adhesion
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis -- CF Sarcoidosis
Birbeck granules on EM -- CF
Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
Bloody tap on LP -- CF
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Blue sclera -- CF
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Blue-domed cysts -- CF
Fibrocystic change of the breast
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray -- CF
Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH
Bouchard's nodes -- CF
Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2 to osteophytes)
Boutonnire deformity -- CF
Rheumatoid arthritis
Mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma
Brain tumor (adults) -- MC
multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
Brain tumor (kids) -- MC
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Brain tumorsupratentorial (kids) -Craniopharyngioma
MC
Branching rods in oral infection -- CF Actinomyces israelii
Inltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1
Breast cancer -- MC
in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
Breast mass -- MC
Fibrocystic change (in postmenopausal women,

Breast tumor (benign) -- MC

Bruton's disease -- CF
Budd-Chiari syndrome -- CF
Buerger's disease -- CF
Bug in debilitated, hospitalized
pneumonia patient -- MC
Burkitt's lymphoma -- CF

carcinoma is the most common)

Fibroadenoma
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Posthepatic venous thrombosis
Small/medium-artery vasculitis
Klebsiella
t8:14; associated with EBV; "starry sky" appearance
on histology
Lead poisoning
Neurofibromatosis
Gas emboli
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary
Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis

Burton's lines -- CF
Caf-au-lait spots on skin -- CF
Caisson disease -- CF
Calf pseudohypertrophy -- CF
Call-Exner bodies -- CF
c-ANCA, p-ANCA -- CF
Cancer associated with AIDS -- MF
Kaposi's sarcoma
cause
Cardiac 1 tumor (adults) -- MC
Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
Cardiac 1 tumor (kids) -- MC
Rhabdomyoma
Cardiac tumor (adults) -- MC
Mets
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy -- CF Chagas' disease
Cardiomyopathy -- MC
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cerebriform nuclei -- CF
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
Chagas' disease -- CF
Trypanosome infection
Chancre -- CF
1 syphilis (not painful)
Chancroid -- CF
Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)
Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor,
Charcot's triad -- CF
scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain,
fever)
Charcot-Leyden crystals -- CF
Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes)
Chdiak-Higashi disease -- CF
Phagocyte deficiency
Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal
Cherry-red spot on macula -- CF
artery occlusion
respirations Central apnea in CHF and incr
Cheyne-Stokes -- CF
intracranial pressure
Down syndrome (associated with ALL, Alzheimer's
Chromosomal disorder -- MC
dementia, and endocardial cushion defects)
Atrial brillation (associated with high risk of
Chronic arrhythmia -- MC
emboli)
Chronic atrophic gastritis -- CF
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
Chvostek's sign -- CF
Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
-- CF
Clue cells -- CF
Gardnerella vaginitis
Codman's triangle on x-ray -- CF
Osteosarcoma
Cold agglutinins -- CF
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis
Cold intolerance -- CF
Hypothyroidism
Condylomata lata -- CF
2 syphilis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- MF
21-hydroxylase deciency
cause

Congenital cardiac anomaly -- MC

Constrictive pericarditis -- MC
Continuous machinery murmur -- CF
Cori's disease -- CF
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
-- MC
Cotton-wool spots -- CF
Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever -CF
Councilman bodies -- CF
Cowdry type A bodies -- CF
Crescents in Bowman's capsule -- CF
Cretinism -- MF cause
Crigler-Najjar syndrome -- CF
Curling's ulcer -- CF
Currant-jelly sputum -- CF
Curschmann's spirals -- CF
Cushing's syndrome -- MF cause
Cushing's ulcer -- CF
Cyanosis (early; less common) -- MC
Cyanosis (late; more common) -- MC
D-dimers -- CF
Death in CML -- MF cause
Death in SLE -- MF cause
Dementia -- MF cause
Demyelinating disease -- MC
Depigmentation of neurons substantia
nigra -- CF
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea -- CF
DIC -- MF cause
Dietary decit -- MC
Dog or cat bite -- CF
Donovan bodies -- CF
Dressler's syndrome -- CF
Dubin-Johnson syndrome -- CF
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy -- CF
Eburnation -- CF
Edwards' syndrome -- CF
Eisenmenger's complex -- CF
Ejection click -- MF cause
Elastic skin -- CF
Epiglottitis -- MC

VSD
Tuberculosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
Debranching enzyme deficiency
LAD > RCA > LCA
Chronic hypertension
Measles
Toxic or viral hepatitis
Herpes virus
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
Iodine decit/hypothyroidism
Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Klebsiella
Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
Corticosteroid therapy (2nd most common cause is
excess ACTH secretion by pituitary)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels,
truncus arteriosus
VSD, ASD, PDA (close with indomethacin; open
with misoprostol)
DIC
Blast crisis
Lupus nephropathy
Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi-infarct)
Multiple sclerosis
in Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder
rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications,
cancer, burn trauma
Iron
Pasteurella multocida
Granuloma inguinale
Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black
liver)
Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive)
Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of
bone)
Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, lowset ears, heart disease
Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L -> R shunt
becomes R -> L shunt)
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Haemophilus inuenzae type B

Superior trunk (C5C6) brachial plexus injury

("waiter's tip")
Erythema chronicum migrans -- CF
Lyme disease
Esophageal cancer -- MC
Squamous cell carcinoma
Fanconi's syndrome -- CF
Proximal tubular reabsorption defect
Fat, female, forty, and fertile -- CF
Acute cholecystitis
Fatty liver -- CF
Alcoholism
Ferruginous bodies -- CF
Asbestosis
Food poisoning -- MF cause
S. aureus
Gardner's syndrome -- CF
Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
Gaucher's disease -- CF
Glucocerebrosidase deciency
Gene involved in cancer -- MC
p53 tumor suppressor gene
Ghon focus -- CF
1 TB
Gilbert's syndrome -- CF
Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia -- CF
Defect in platelet aggregation
Glomerulonephritis (adults) -- MF cause IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular
Goodpasture's syndrome -- CF
basement membrane proteins
Duchenne's (use of patient's arms to help legs pick
Gowers' maneuver -- CF
self off the oor)
Caucasians (fat-soluble vitamin deciencies, mucous
Group affected by cystic brosis -- MC
plugs/lung infections)
Guillain-Barr syndrome -- CF
Idiopathic polyneuritis
Gynecologic malignancy -- MC
Endometrial carcinoma
Hair-on-end (crew-cut) appearance on B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary
x-ray -- CF
hematopoiesis)
Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos +
Hand-Schller-christian disease
lesions of skull -- CF
Hand-Schller-christian disease -- CF Chronic progressive histiocytosis
HbF -- CF
Thalassemia major
HbS -- CF
Sickle cell anemia
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with
hCG elevated -- CF
and without embryo)
Heart murmur -- MC
Mitral valve prolapse
Heart valve (rheumatic fever) -- MC
Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd)
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis -Mitral
MC
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in
Tricuspid
IVDA -- MC
Heberden's nodes -- CF
Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2 to osteophytes)
Heinz bodies -- CF
G6PD deciency
Enterobius vermicularis (Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd
Helminth infection (U.S.) -- MC
most common)
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (arterial
Hematomaepidural -- MF cause
bleeding is fast)
Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; venous bleeding
Hematomasubdural -- MF cause
is slow)
Multiple blood transfusions (can result in CHF and
Hemochromatosis -- MF cause
incr risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Henoch-Schnlein purpura -- CF
Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with
Erb-Duchenne palsy -- CF

hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs

Hepatic cirrhosis -- MF cause
EtOH
Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and
Hepatocellular carcinoma -- MF cause
C)
Hereditary bleeding disorder -- MC
von Willebrand's
Heterophil antibodies -- CF
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
High-output cardiac failure (dilated
Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deciency)
cardiomyopathy) -- CF
HLA-B27 -- CF
Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis
DM type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of B
HLA-DR3 or -DR4 -- CF
cells)
Holosystolic murmur -- MF cause
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Homer Wright rosettes -- CF
Neuroblastoma
Honeycomb lung on x-ray -- CF
Interstitial brosis
Horner's syndrome -- CF
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
Howell-Jolly bodies -- CF
Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen)
Huntington's disease -- CF
Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)
Hyperphagia + hypersexuality +
Klver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)
hyperorality + hyperdocility -- CF
Hyperpigmentation of skin -- CF
1 adrenal insufciency (Addison's disease)
Hypersegmented neutrophils -- CF
Macrocytic anemia
Hypertension + hypokalemia -- CF
Conn's syndrome
Hypertension, 2 -- MF cause
Renal disease
Hypochromic microcytosis -- CF
Iron deciency anemia, lead poisoning
Hypoparathyroidism -- MF cause
Thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism -- MF cause
Adenoma
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative
Increased uric acid levels -- CF
disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics
Increased -fetoprotein in amniotic
Anencephaly, spina bida (neural tube defects)
uid/maternal serum -- CF
Infection in blood transfusion -- MF
Hepatitis C
cause
Infection in burn victims -- MF cause Pseudomonas
Intussusception -- CF
Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's patches)
Janeway lesions -- CF
Endocarditis
Syphilisoveraggressive treatment of an
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction -- CF
asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to
rapid lysis
Job's syndrome -- CF
Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
Kaposi's sarcoma -- CF
AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men)
Kartagener's syndrome -- CF
Dynein defect
Kayser-Fleischer rings -- CF
Wilson's disease
Keratin pearls -- CF
Squamous cell carcinoma
Calcium = radiopaque (2nd most common is
ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease-positive
Kidney stones -- MC
organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or
Staphylococcus)
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules -- CF
Diabetic nephropathy
Klver-Bucy syndrome -- CF
Bilateral amygdala lesions
Koilocytes -- CF
HPV

Koplik spots -- CF
Krukenberg tumor -- CF
Kussmaul hyperpnea -- CF
Lens dislocation + aortic dissection +
joint hyperexibility -- CF
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome -- CF
Leukemia (adults) -- MF cause
Lewy bodies -- CF
Libman-Sacks disease -- CF
Lines of Zahn -- CF
Lisch nodules -- CF
Liver disease -- MC
Location of brain tumors (adults) -- MC
Location of brain tumors (kids) -- MC
Low serum ceruloplasmin -- CF
Lucid interval -- CF
Lysosomal storage disease -- MC
Lytic bone lesions on x-ray -- CF
Male cancer -- MC
Malignancy associated with
noninfectious fever -- MC
Malignant skin tumor -- MC
Mallory bodies -- CF
Mallory-Weiss syndrome -- CF
McArdle's disease -- CF
McBurney's sign -- CF
Mental retardation -- MF cause
Mets to bone -- MC
Mets to brain -- MC
Mets to liver -- MC
MI -- MF cause
Mitral valve stenosis -- MF cause
MLF syndrome (INO) -- CF
Monoclonal antibody spike -- CF

Measles
Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Marfan's syndrome (brillin decit)
HGPRT deciency
AML
Parkinson's disease
Endocarditis associated with SLE
Arterial thrombus
Neurobromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
Alcoholic liver disease
Supratentorial
Infratentorial
Wilson's disease
Epidural hematoma
Gaucher's disease
Multiple myeloma
Prostatic carcinoma
Hodgkin's disease
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
Alcoholic liver disease
Esophagogastric lacerations
Muscle phosphorylase deciency
Appendicitis
Down syndrome (fragile X is the 2nd most common
cause)
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell
carcinoma), GI
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung
carcinomas
Atherosclerosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG
or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of
undetermined signicance), Waldenstrm's (M
protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
ALS
Coxsackie B
Hypothyroidism
Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and
glomerular disease)

Motor neuron disease -- MC

Myocarditis -- MF cause
Myxedema -- CF
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and
necrotizing glomerulonephritis -- CF
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent
Gout
crystals -- CF
Negri bodies -- CF
Rabies
ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar
Neoplasm (kids) -- MC
medulloblastoma)

Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss -CF

Nephrotic syndrome -- MC
Nephrotic syndrome (adults) -- MF
cause

Alport's syndrome
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis

Minimal change disease (associated with

infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
Neurobrillary tangles -- CF
Alzheimer's disease
Niemann-Pick disease -- CF
Sphingomyelinase deciency
No lactation postpartum -- CF
Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
Nutmeg liver -- CF
CHF
Obstruction of male urinary tract -- MC BPH
Occupational exposure to asbestos -- CF Malignant mesothelioma
Opening snap -- MF cause
Mitral stenosis
Opportunistic infection in AIDS -- MC Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Organ receiving mets -- MC
Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply)
Organ sending mets -- MC
Lung > breast, stomach
Osler's nodes -- CF
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis -- MF cause
S. aureus
Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell
Salmonella
disease -- MF cause
Osteomyelitis with IVDA -- MF cause Pseudomonas
Ovarian tumor (benign) -- MC
Serous cystadenoma
Ovarian tumor (malignant) -- MC
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Owl's eye -- CF
CMV
Painless jaundice -- CF
Pancreatic cancer (head)
Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks -Henoch-Schnlein purpura
CF
Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's
Pancoast's tumor -- CF
syndrome
Pancreatic tumor -- MC
Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)
Pancreatitis (acute) -- MF cause
EtOH and gallstones
Pancreatitis (chronic) -- MF cause
EtOH (adults), cystic brosis (kids)
Pannus -- CF
Rheumatoid arthritis
Parkinson's disease -- CF
Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML -- ALLchild, CLLadult > 60, AMLadult > 60,
MC
CMLadult 3550
Patient with Hodgkin's -- MC
Young male (except nodular sclerosis typefemale)
Patient with minimal change disease -Young child
MC
Patient with Reiter's -- MC
Male
Peau d'orange -- MF cause
Carcinoma of the breast
Periosteal elevation on x-ray -- CF
Pyogenic osteomyelitis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome -- CF
Benign polyposis
Peyronie's disease -- CF
Penile brosis
Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl ) -CML (may sometimes be associated with AML)
CF
Pick bodies -- CF
Pick's disease
Pick's disease -- CF
Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's
PID -- MF cause
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
Nephrotic syndrome (kids) -- MF cause

Pituitary tumor -- MC
Plummer-Vinson syndrome -- CF
Pneumonia in cystic brosis, burn
infection -- MF cause
Pneumonia, hospital-acquired -- MF
cause
Podagra -- CF
Podocyte fusion -- CF
Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or
respiratory infection -- CF
Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and
edema -- CF
Pompe's disease -- CF
Port-wine stain -- CF
Positive anterior "drawer sign" -- CF
Pott's disease -- CF
Preventable blindness -- MF cause
Preventable cancer -- MC
Primary amenorrhea -- MF cause
Primary bone tumor (adults) -- MC
Primary hyperaldosteronism -- MF
cause
Primary hyperparathyroidism -- MC
Primary hyperparathyroidism -- MF
cause
Primary liver tumor -- MC
Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
-- CF
Pseudorosettes -- CF
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis -- CF
Pulmonary hypertension -- MF cause
Rash on palms and soles -- CF
Raynaud's syndrome -- CF
RBC casts in urine -- CF
Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and
S. aureus infections -- CF
Red urine in the morning -- CF
Reed-Sternberg cells -- CF
Reid index (increased) -- CF
Reinke crystals -- CF
Reiter's syndrome -- CF
Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous
hemangiomas + adenomas -- CF
Renal epithelial casts in urine -- CF
Renal tumor -- MC

Prolactinoma (2ndsomatotropic "acidophilic"

adenoma)
Esophageal webs with iron deciency anemia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella
Gout (MP joint of hallux)
Minimal change disease
Guillain-Barr syndrome
WET beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deciency)
Lysosomal glucosidase deciency associated with
cardiomegaly
Hemangioma
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Vertebral tuberculosis
Chlamydia
Lung cancer
Turner's (XO)
Multiple myeloma
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then
carcinoma)
Adenoma
Hepatoma
Glioblastoma multiforme
Ewing's sarcoma
Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor)
COPD
2 syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Recurrent vasospasm in extremities
Acute glomerulonephritis
Cystic brosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Chronic bronchitis
Leydig cell tumor
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
von HippelLindau disease
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
Renal cell carcinomaassociated with von Hippel
Lindau and acquired polycystic kidney disease;
paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin,

PTH, ACTH)
Rhomboid crystals, positively
birefringent -- CF
Rib notching -- CF
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary
cause -- MF cause
Right-sided heart failure -- MF cause
Roth's spots in retina -- CF
Rotor's syndrome -- CF
Rouleaux formation (RBCs) -- CF

Pseudogout
Coarctation of aorta
Cor pulmonale

Left-sided heart failure

Endocarditis
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Multiple myeloma
Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral
S3 -- CF
regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)
S4 -- CF
Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Schiller-Duval bodies -- CF
Yolk sac tumor
Secondary hyperparathyroidism -- MC Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure
Senile plaques -- CF
Alzheimer's disease
Sexually transmitted disease -- MC
Chlamydia
Szary syndrome -- CF
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Sheehan's syndrome -- CF
Postpartum pituitary necrosis
Sheehan's syndrome -- MF cause
Postpartum pituitary infarction 2 to hemorrhage
Shwartzman reaction -- CF
Neisseria meningitidis
SIADH -- MF cause
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Signet-ring cells -- CF
Gastric carcinoma
Simian crease -- CF
Down syndrome
Sipple's syndrome -- CF
MEN type IIa
Site of diverticula -- MC
Sigmoid colon
Site of metastasis -- MC
Regional lymph nodes
Site of metastasis (2nd most common) -Liver
MC
Sites of atherosclerosis -- MC
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Sjgren's syndrome -- CF
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Skin cancer -- MC
Basal cell carcinoma
Skip lesions -- CF
Crohn's
Slapped cheeks -- CF
Erythema infectiosum (fth disease)
Smith antigen -- CF
SLE
Soap bubble on x-ray -- CF
Giant cell tumor of bone
Spike and dome on EM -- CF
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Spitz nevus -- CF
Benign juvenile melanoma
Splinter hemorrhages in ngernails -Endocarditis
CF
Starry-sky pattern -- CF
Burkitt's lymphoma
Stomach cancer -- MC
Adenocarcinoma
Streaky ovaries -- CF
Turner's syndrome
String sign on x-ray -- CF
Crohn's disease
Subepithelial humps on EM -- CF
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Suboccipital lymphadenopathy -- CF Rubella
Sulfur granules -- CF
Actinomyces israelii
Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deciency)
Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound
vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline
healing, anemia -- CF
and lysine in collagen synthesis

Systolic ejection murmur (crescendodecrescendo) -- CF

t(14;18) -- CF
t(8;14) -- CF
t(9;22) -- CF
Tabes dorsalis -- CF
Tendon xanthomas (classically
Achilles) -- CF
Testicular tumor -- MC
Thumb sign on lateral x-ray -- CF
Thyroid cancer -- MC
Thyroidization of kidney -- CF
Tophi -- CF
Tracheoesophageal stula -- MC
Trousseau's sign -- CF

Aortic valve stenosis

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
3 syphilis
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Seminoma
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus inuenzae)
Papillary carcinoma
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
Gout
Lower esophagus joins trachea/upper esophagus
blind pouch
Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
(migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal
spasm)
Prostate carcinoma
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
Hemangioma

Tumor in men -- MC
Tumor in women -- MC
Tumor of infancy -- MC
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) -Pheochromocytoma (benign)
MC
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) -Neuroblastoma (malignant)
MC
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic
Type of Hodgkin's -- MC
predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Type of non-Hodgkin's -- MC
Follicular, small cleaved
Type of pituitary adenoma -- MC
Prolactinoma
UTI -- MF cause
E. coli
UTI (young women) -- MF cause
E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to
Vasculitis -- MC
thrombosis of ophthalmic artery)
Viral encephalitis -- MC
HSV
Left supraclavicular node enlargement from
Virchow's node -- CF
metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis,
Virchow's triad -- CF
endothelial damage, hypercoagulation)
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body
Vitamin deciency (U.S.) -- MC
stores only 3- to 4-month supply)
von Recklinghausen's disease -- CF
Neurobromatosis with caf-au-lait spots
von Recklinghausen's disease of bone -Osteitis brosa cystica ("brown tumor")
CF
Wallenberg's syndrome -- CF
PICA thrombosis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome -- Adrenal hemorrhage associated with
CF
meningococcemia
Waxy casts -- CF
Chronic end-stage renal disease
WBC casts in urine -- CF
Acute pyelonephritis
WBCs in urine -- CF
Acute cystitis
Wermer's syndrome -- CF
MEN type I

Whipple's disease -- CF
Wilson's disease -- CF
Xanthochromia (CSF) -- CF
Xerostomia + arthritis +
keratoconjunctivitis sicca -- CF
Zenker's diverticulum -- CF
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome -- CF
Defic of CD55 and CD59, decay
accelerating factor (DAF) and
membrane attack complex inhibiting
factor (MACIF)

Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma

whippelii
Hepatolenticular degeneration
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Sjgren's syndrome
Upper GI diverticulum
Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers
dx of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)