SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN

KEPERAWATAN

oleh:
Kusman Ibrahim, S.Kp., MNS., PhD

FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

INTRODUCTION

The nursing profession has developed throughout

history, seeking a transformation in practice, types of
caregivers, roles, and policy changes, but nursing
remains a profession of caring.
Many notable nurses have worked to revolutionize
this career and have allowed nursing to evolve while
simultaneously providing better care.
The earliest nurses never attended nursing school;
they were often nuns or other women who provided
care for the sick, poor, or homeless without family
support.
Women were frequently called in to work as midwives
to help deliver babies, or as wet nurses to breastfeed.
During the Middle Ages, early hospitals were
operated by nurses who were often affiliated with
religious organizations. Many of these institutions
were places for patients to die, with nurses providing
comfort during the final hours

HISTORY OF NURSING

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the nursing

profession expanded to include care of
soldiers during many prominent wars.
In 1853, Florence Nightingale served as a
nurse during the Crimean War, during
which she not only cared for the injured,
but set standards of cleanliness in the
areas where she worked; her sanitary
reforms reduced the overall incidence of
infection where they were implemented.
Nightingale moved on to author a book
called Notes on Nursing, which was
written as a set of guidelines for other
nurses. She eventually opened one of the
first nursing schools, the Florence
Nightingale School for Nurses in London
in 1860.
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HISTORY OF NURSING

Many nurses worked during the

American Civil War; their stories and
letters paid tribute to their circumstances
and the large volume of casualties.
Later, in 1881, Clara Barton developed a
humanitarian program designed to meet
the needs of those affected by disaster.
Barton had served during the Civil War
and understood the necessity of
volunteer cooperation to meet the needs
for food, clothing, and shelter for those in
trouble. The organization was known as
the Red Cross, and Barton served as its
leader for over 20 years.

HISTORY OF NURSING

At the end of the 19th century, more nurses

began to work toward changing policy in
leadership and education in nursing
schools, recognizing their role as more than
that of a bedside caregiver.
By implementing change, many nurses
went beyond the scope of care to educate
those in leadership about the need for
prevention and to reach some groups of
people that may have fallen through the
cracks.
In 1893, Lillian Wald began promoting the
role of the public health nurse to help those
living outside of the hospital setting; and in
1925, Mary Breckinridge started the
Frontier Nursing Service to help some of
the poor and destitute living in rural parts of
America.

Lillian D. Wald In 1893, Lillian Wald

established a "nurses' settlement, to provide
nursing services to Manhattan's immigrant
poor. Living in the neighborhood they
served, these nurses functioned
independently to provide care to the sick
poor in their homes. Wald is credited with
introducing the concept of school nursing,
and was a founder of the National
Organization for Public Health Nursing and
the Children's Bureau. She traveled widely
and her influence was international, yet Miss
Wald remained a vital part of the
neighborhood served by the Henry St.
Settlement.

HISTORY OF NURSING

During the 20th century, nursing

continued to evolve, with the addition of
new programs and professional
organizations designed to specifically
address some of the challenges of the
nursing profession.
The American Nurses Association
began publishing the American Journal
of Nursing, which continuously provides
new information about research and
trends in current practice.
Nursing programs changed to offer
students new courses to become
licensed practical nurses and to require
certification and testing to become
registered nurses.
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HISTORY OF NURSING

Nursing schools began to evolve from traditional

hospital-based programs to university-level
curricula..
In 1956, Columbia offered the first program for a
masters degree in nursing, and in 1979, Case
Western offered the first doctoral program.
Nursing skills developed during the 20th century as
nurses filled greater roles with more critical
functions.
The rise of intensive care units and specialty areas
saw the expansion of many areas of expertise in
nursing.
Nurses began to work in more specialized care
settings and studied care of patients in their
respective fields. Nursing schools taught skills in
areas such as orthopedics, pediatrics, critical care,
trauma and flight nursing, neonatal nursing, and
psychiatric nursing, etc

HISTORY OF NURSING

Nurses also moved beyond the role of being the

doctors assistant, and the scope of nursing practice
expanded in many specialties. Nurses now perform
many procedures and lifesaving measures that were
once restricted only to the practice of medical doctors.
Nursing diagnoses guide the care of patients
depending on their needs during hospitalization or
supervision.
The role of the nurse practitioner as a type of advanced
specialty nursing brought nurses up to a level in which
they could prescribe medication, perform procedures,
and follow the course of clinical patient care.
Nurses play an essential role in not just the physical or
emotional care of patients, but in the management of
social issues, prevention of disease, and monitoring of
trends. Nursing continues to expand into a distinct
element of the health care team, providing caring and
service to those in need worldwide.

SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN
DI INDONESIA
Perkembangan keperawatan di

Indonesia tidak terlepas dari sejarah

perkembangan pelayanan
kesehatan
Th 1819, Belanda mendirikan
Residen Vpabst di Batavia, Th
1912, RS Stadverband di Glodok, th
1919 berubah menjadi CBZ (Central
Burgerlijke Zieken inrichting) dan
pindah ke Salemba, yang sekarang
menjadi RSCM
Pendidikan Djuru Kesehatan (Basic
Medical Training) SR + 1 th

SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN
DI INDONESIA
1820, Latihan mantri cacar SR+ (6-12) bl
1826/7, Kursus mantri malaria SR + 18 bl
Keperawatan pada masa penjajahan

Belanda lebih merupakan penunjang

pelayanan medis
Berdiri RS-RS Partikelir (swasta) oleh Missi,
Zending, Muhammadiyah, Bala
Keselamatan, dsb
RS Cikini di Batavia, membuka pendidikan
Sekolah Juru Rawat (1906) SR + 4 th

SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN
DI INDONESIA
1926, RS Boromeous Bdg Verpleister
1930, RS St. Elizabeth Jogjakarta Sekolah

Pembantu Perawat
Kursus Perawat Jiwa di RS Cilendek Bogor
(1951), RS Jiwa Malang (1950)
1952, Depkes mendirikan Sekolah Guru
Perawat (SGP) di Bandung Lulusan
Perawat + 1 th
1953, Depkes Sekolah Pengatur Rawat
(SPR) di Medan, Bandung, Surabaya
Lulus SMP + 3 th

SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN
DI INDONESIA
1958, lama pendidikan SGP ditambah 1 th

menjadi 2 th, dari perawat/bidan yang sudah

bekerja min. 3 th
1964, Akper Depkes di Jl Kimia Jakarta
Pendidikan keperawatan beranekaragam (24
kategori) jenjang rendah (juru kesehatan),
menengah (SPR), tinggi (Akper)
Jenis pendidikan keperawatan yang ada saat
itu:
- Sekolah Penjenang Kesehatan (Curative/PKC,
umum/PKU) lulusan juru kes +2 th, SMP+3 th

SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN
DI INDONESIA
- PKC/PKU bisa melanjutkan ke SPRA

(Aplikasi) dengan masa pendidikan 2 th

- D1 perawat mahir bidang tertentu
- Sekolah Pembantu Paramedis/Pekarya
- Akper anak, Akper anestesi
1975, ditetapkan hanya 2 kategori SPK
(Sekolah Perawat Kesehatan) dan Akper
8 Des 1984 kurikulum D III disyahkan oleh
Dirjen Dikti
Beranekaragamnya pendidikan keperawatan
beranekaragam organisasi keperawatan

ORGANISASI KEPERAWATAN SEBELUM

LAHIRNYA PPNI

Perkumpulan Kaum Verpleger fster Indonesia (PKVI)

Persatuan Djuru Kesehatan Indonesia (PDKI)
Persatuan Perawat Indonesia (PPI)
Persatuan Perawat Wanita Indonesia (PPWI)
Persatuan Perawat Katolik Indonesia (PPKI)
Persatuan Guru Perawat Indonesia (PGPI)
Ikatan Perawat Indonesia (IPI)

Melalui Rapat Para Ketua Organisasi dan Tokoh Keperawatan

tanggal 16 dan 17 Maret 1974 di Demonstration Room SPR
Depkes RI Jl. Prof. Eyckman No. 34 Bandung FUSI dan
terbentuklah PPNI sebagai organisasi tunggal Profesi
Keperawatan di Indonesia

PPNI DARI MUNAS KE MUNAS

Kongres I, 15-18 Nop 1976 di Jakarta, hasil:

- Ketum: H. Ojo Radiat, MSc

- Pengelolaan pelayanan dan pendidikan keperawatan
- Peningkatan dan penyempurnaan pendidikan dan
latihan tenaga keperawatan
- Peningkatan & penyempurnaan pelayanan keperawatan
- Perundang-undangan perawatan di Indonesia dan
perlunya PPNI masuk ICN
Kongres II/Munas, 1983, di Semarang, hasil:
- PPNI sebagai organisasi profesional perlu credentialing
system yang diatur dalam UU
- Peningkatan kualitas profesional, perlu UUK
- Ketum: H. Ojo Radiat, MSc

PPNI DARI MUNAS KE MUNAS

Munas III,1989 di Jakarta, hasil:
- Ketum: Stien Wuntu, SKM

Munas IV, 1994, di Jakarta, Mars PPNI, baju PPNI merah

marun, Ketum: Husain, SKM (2 periode)

Munas VI (2000, Bandung), Ketum: Achir Yani, DNSc

Munas VII (2005, Manado), Ketum: Achir Yani, DNSc
Munas VIII (2010, Balikpapan), Ketum: Dewi Irawati, PhD
- Percepatan pengesahan RUU Kep di 2011
- Peningkatan profesionalisme mll pendidikan tinggi
- Peningkatan mutu pelayanan keperawatan
- Pelaksanaan uji kompetensi mll KNUKP

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