CHAPTER ONE

1.0

INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicine also called botanical medicine or phyto-medicine refers to
using a plants seeds, berries, roots, leaved, barks or flowers for medicinal
purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional, medicine.
It is becoming more main-stream as improvements in analysis and quality control
along with advances in clinical research show that value of herbal medicine in the
treating and preventing disease.
Plants had been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient
Chinese and Egyptians papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as
early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures (such as African and Native American)
used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed traditional medical
systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal
therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world
tended to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes.
In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists
began to extract and modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists
began making their own version of plant compounds and, over time, the use of
drugs is derived from botanicals.
Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide
rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany,
about 600 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some
70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public
dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest
in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal
medicine use.

1.1

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The general objective of the research is to determine the factors affecting the
opinion of Lagos State Residents on the use of herbal drugs. The specific objective
includes:
i.
To determine the effect of:
a. Occupation on the use of herbal drugs.
b. Educational qualification on the use of herbal drugs
c. Age of the use of herbal drugs
ii
To identify problems associated with the use of herbal drugs.

1.2

SCOPE OF STUDY
The research considers the Lagos populace as to see their view on the use of
herbal drugs. Samples were taken from the following local governments:
1.2.1 Alimosho LG
Alimosho is a Local Government Area in Ikeja Division, Lagos State,
Nigeria. It is the largest local government in Lagos with 1,277,714
inhabitants according to the official 2006 Census (however, the Lagos State
Government disputes the official Census figures and claims a population
within the LGA of more than 2 million residents). It has now been
subdivided between several Local Community Development Areas (LCDA).
1.2.2 Ajeromi-Ifelodun LG
Ajeromi-Ifelodun is a Local Government Area in Badagry Division, Lagos
State. It has some 57,276.3 inhabitants/km2, among if not the world densest.
1.2.3 Kosofe LG
Kosofe is a Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Its headquarters
are in the town of Kosofe. It has an area of 81km2 and a population of
665,393 at the 2006 census.
1.2.4 Mushin LG
Mushin is a suburb of Lagos, located in Lagos State, Nigeria, and is one of
Nigerias 774 Local Government Areas. It is located 10km north of the Lagos
city core, adjacent to the main road to Ikeja, and is a largely a congested
residential area with inadequate sanitation and low-quality housing. It had
633,009 inhabitants at the 2006 census.
1.2.5 Oshodi-Isolo LG
Oshodi-Isolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) within Lagos State. It was
formed by the second republic Governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef
Kayode Jakande, also known as Baba Kekere and the first Executive
Chairman of the Local Government was Late Chief Isaac Ademolu Banjoko.
The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. At the 2006
census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45km2.
The research studies education, occupation and age as it affects the usage of
herbal drugs and the significance of probable problems to its usage.

1.3

LITERATURE REVIEW
Tabuti et al (1993) in an article on traditional herbal drugs presented an inventory
of the medicinal plants of Bulamogi country in Uganda, including their medicinal
use, preparation and administration modes. Fieldwork for this study was
conducted between June 2000 and June 2001 using semi-structured interviews,
questionnaires, and participant observation as well as transects walks in wild
herbal plant collection areas. They recorded 229 plant species belonging to 168
genera in 68 families with medicinal properties. A large proportion of these plants
are herbaceous. The medicinal plants are mainly collected from the wild. Some
species, such as Sarcocephalus latifoliys (Smith) Bruce, are believed by the
community to be threatened y unsustainable intensities of use and patterns of
harvesting. Particularly vulnerable are said to be the woody or the slow growing
species. Herbal medicines are prepared as decoctions, infusions, powders, or as
ash, and are administered in a variety of ways. Other concoctions consist of juices
and saps. The purported therapeutic claims await validation. Validation in our
opinion can help to promote confidence among users of traditional medicine, and
also to create opportunities for the marketing of herbal medicines and generate
incomes for the community. The processing packaging and storage of herbal
medicines is substandard and require improvement.
Yang et al (1999) in an article on rapidly progressive fibrosing interstitial
nephritis associated with Chinese herbal drugs noted that rapidly progress
fibrosing interstitial nephritis after a slimming regimen containing aristolochic
acid has been identified as Chinese herbs nephropathy (CHNP). From 1995 to
1998, we observed 12 Chinese people from different areas of Taiwan who
underwent renal biopsy for unexplained renal failure. Medical history gave no clue
to the causes of impaired renal function except for the ingestion of traditional
Chinese herbs. Although these patients ingested herbal drugs from various sources
for different purposes, their renal biopsy samples showed amazingly similar
histological findings, with extensive hypocellular interstitial fibrosis and atrophy
and loss of tubules in all cases. Glomeruli were apparently intact. They also had
similar clinical features, such as normal or mildly elevated blood pressure, early
and severe anemia, low-grade proteinuria, glycosuria, and insignificant urinary
sediments. Renal function deteriorated rapidly in most patients despite
discontinuation of the herbal medicines. Seven patients underwent dialysis, and
the remainder experienced slowly progressive renal failure. Bladder carcinoma
was found in one patient. Morphologically and clinically, the nephropathy in our
patients was similar to CHNP, reported in Belgium. Because of the complexity

and unknown types of herbs used in different clinical situations, unidentified

phytotoxins other than aritolochic acid might be responsible for this unique
disease entity. We conclude that the relation of this nephropathy to the
consumption of Chinese herbs is striking. Using uncontrolled herbal remedies
carries a high risk for developing interstitial renal fibrosing and urothelia
malignancy.
Joshi and Kaul (2001) in a journal on herbal drugs were of the view that among
alternative therapeutic approaches that have shown global popularity during the
past decades, herbal medicine stands out as a major concern in the countries where
allopathic medicine prevails. The sales of herbal products as health care adjuvant
in these countries have increased exponentially. Lack of quality control,
commercial profiteering and exploitation leading to adulterations, lack proper
knowledge about the herbs and their contents that may exhibit drug-drug
interactions and other adverse side-effect, and inappropriate usage of the herbal
products have become a cause for concern in the health care professions,
particularly in the United States. This review provides an incisive description of
the known chemical, pharmacological, clinical and toxicological profiles of four of
the most widely used herbal products.
Choi et al (2002) in a journal on regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in
Korea pointed out that Korea has a great diversity in resources of medicinal plants.
The traditional herbal medicines and their preparations have been widely used in
Korea as well as in China and Japan for thousands of years. One of the
characteristics of Korean herbal medicine preparations is that all the herbal
medicines are incorporated into extractor at the same time and extracted with
boiling water during the decoction process. In this process, a variety of
interactions between the active components of several herbal drugs is more
difficult than that of western herbal drug. In this paper, we would like to present
an overview of the characteristics of regulation and quality control of herbal
medicines in Korea.
Jia et al (2003) in a book on antidiabetic herbal drugs in China stated that over the
centuries, Chinese herbal drugs have served as a major source of medicines for the
prevention of and treatment of disease including diabetes mellitus (known as
Xiao-ke). It is estimated that more than 200 species of plants exhibit
hypoglycaemic properties, including many common plants, such as pumpkin.
Wheat, celery, wax, guard, lotus root and bitter melon. To date, hundreds of herbs
and traditional Chinese medicine formulas have been reported to have been used

for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This paper provides a brief review of the
antidiabetic drugs of plant origin that have been approved by the Chinese health
regulatory agency for commercial use in China. It was believed, through
pharmacological studies, that medicinal herbs were meticulously organized in
these antidiabetic drug formulas such that polysaccharide containing herbs restore
the functions of pancreatic tissues and cause an increase in insulin output by the
functional beta cells, while other ingredients enhance the microcirculation,
increase the availability of insulin and facilitate the metabolism in insulindependent processes. Pharmacological and clinical evaluations indicated that these
drugs had a mild, but significant, blood glucose lowering effect and that the logterm use of these agents may be advantageous over chemical drugs in alleviating
some of the chronic disease and complications caused by diabetes. Additionally,
the use of these natural agents in conjunction with conventional drug treatments,
such as a chemical agent or insulin, permits the use of lower doses of the drug
and/or decrease frequency of administration which decreases the side effects most
commonly observed.
Nordeng (2004) in a book on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy interviewed
400 postpartum women at Ulleval University Hospital in Oslo, Norway about the
use of herbal drugs, within 3 days after giving birth by using a structured
questionnaire in the period from February to June 2001. He found that 36% of the
pregnant women had used herbal drugs during pregnancy with an average of 1.7
products per woman. The proportion of women using herbal drugs increased
throughout the first, second and third pregnancy trimester. The most commonly
used herbs were Echinacea, iron-rich herbs, ginger, chamomile and cranberry.
Among the women having used herbal drugs in pregnancy, 39% had used herbal
drugs that were considered possibly harmful or herbs where information about
safety in pregnancy was missing. Herbal galatagogues had been used by 43% of
the women who had breastfed a prior child during their breast-feeding period. Use
of herbal drugs in pregnancy had most commonly been recommended by family or
friends. He concluded that the widespread use of herbal drugs during pregnancy
indicates an increased need for documentation about the safety of herbal drugs in
pregnancy. To meet the needs of pregnant women, it is necessary for health care
personnel to have knowledge about herbal drugs during pregnancy.
Czech et al (2007) in a book on screening herbal drugs observed that one hundred
and thirty-eight medicinal herbal drugs obtained from different suppliers were
examined for microbial contaminants and for the detectability of pathogenic
microorganism. For this purpose, several microbiological standard parameters

(total aerobic mesophilic count, enterobacteria, coliforms, aerobic sporeformers,

yeasts and moulds, enterococci, lactobacilli, pseudomonades and aeromades) and
selective methods for detection of indicator microorganisms pathogens (E. coli,
enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni,
Psudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria,
coagulase-positive staphylococci, Candida albicans, potentially aflatoxigenic
moulds) were applied. The microbial load of the samples varied considerably.
While none of the samples contained EHEC, Salmonellae, Pseudomonas,
aeruginosa, Listeriae, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans, four samples
were E.coli positive, two samples were presumptively Campylobacter jejuni
positive and none herbal drugs contained a potentially aflatoxigenic mould flora.
Further details regarding different viable count classes as well as preparation
techniques are discussed.
Ernst (2008) in an article on the adverse effect of herbal drugs in dermatology
noted that herbal treatments are becoming increasingly popular, and are often used
for dermatological conditions. Thus dermatologists should know about their
potential to cause adverse events. This review is aimed at addressing this area in a
semisystematic fashion. Some agents, particularly Chinese herbal creams, have
been shown repeatedly to be adulterated with corticosteroids. Virtually all herbal
remedies can cause allergic reactions and several can be responsible for
photosensitization. Some herbal medicines, in particular Ayurvedic remedies,
contain arsenic or mercury that can produce typical skin lesions. Other popular
remedies that can cause dermatological side-effects include St Johns Wort, Kava,
aloe vera, eucalyptus, camphor, henna and yohimbine. Finally, there are some
herbal treatments used specifically for dermatological conditions, e.g. Chinese oral
herbal remedies for atopic eczema, which have the potential to cause systemic
adverse effects. It is concluded that adverse effects of herbal medicines are an
important albeit neglected subject in dermatology, which deserves further
systematic investigation.
Stedman (2012) in an article on herbal hepatoxicity noted that herbal
hepatotoxicity is increasingly recognized as herbal medicines become more
popular in industrialized societies. Some herbal products may potentially benefit
people with liver disease; however, these benefits remain generally unproved in
humans, and a greater awareness of potential adverse effects is required. Herbal
use is often not disclosed, and this may result in a diagnostic delay and
perpetuation or exacerbation of liver injury. Female gender may predispose to

hepatotoxicity, and concomitant agents that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes

may also increase individual susceptibility. The range of liver injury includes
minor transaminase elevations, acute and chronic hepatitis, steatosis, zonal or
diffuse hepatic necrosis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis,veno-occlusive disease, and
acute liver failure requiring transplantation. In addition to potential for
hepatotoxicity, drug-drug interactions between herbal medicines and conventional
agents may affect the efficacy and safety of concurrent medical therapy. This
review focuses on emerging hepatotoxin and patterns of liver injury, potential risk
factors for herbal hepatotoxicity, and herb-drug interactions. Appropriate reporting
and regulatory systems to monitor herbal toxicity are required, in conjunction with
ongoing scientific evaluation of the potential benefits of phytotherapy.

CHAPTER TWO
DATA COLLECTION
2.1

RESEARCH DESIGN
Survey design was used in the study. The data collected was primarily through the
use of a well defined questionnaire. The sampling technique where the entire
population is divided into groups, or clusters and a random sample of these
clusters are selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the
sample.
This method was used as the researcher cannot get a complete list of the
population of the state but can get a complete list of groups or clusters or local
government of the state.
This sampling technique was used as it is more practical and/or economical than
simple random sampling or stratified sampling.

2.2

SAMPLE SIZE
A sample size of 100 people was taken from five (5) randomly selected clusters
(local government) in Lagos State. Hence, the population considered in the
research is 500 people.

2.3

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The type of data to be used as said earlier is primary data, and this would be
collected through the use of questionnaire (Appendix 1).

2.4

PROBLEMS OF DATA COLLECTION

Although the main tool to any research work, the process of getting statistical data
for analysis is always challenging and pains-taking. Quite a number of problems
arose but the core ones are:
i.

ii.

Although the data was collected during weekends when most of the target
respondents will be available, convincing the respondent to respond to the
questionnaire was really cumbersome.
Also, the choice of sample area (Local Government) was not easily made as
detailed information on each LGs in the State was collected and sampling
criteria considered.

iii.

2.5

Finally, the cost of transportation and printing out the questionnaire was
also a problem.

ANALYTICAL METHOD

The methods considered in the research include:

Chi-Square: It is used to test frequency. The respondents has different options of opinion
to the question which will be presented as frequencies. Hence, the test was used.
Kruskal-walis: The questionnaire captured major likely problem affecting the great use of
herbal drug in Lagos. The kruskal-walis test compares samples from the same population
to see if theres a significant difference.
Wilcoxon Signed- Rank: This test is employed when the null hypothesis in the kruskalwalis which always supports uniformity of the samples is rejected. It is used to identify
the sample(s) that have different performance.

CHAPTER THREE
DATA ANALYSIS
It is claiming that individual of different occupation and educations are rapidly embracing
the idea of the use of herbal drugs as it offers cure for a wide range of diseases. The claim
also covers that more and more people are going into the production and sales of herbal
drugs as it is economical and easily-found.
3.1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
3.1.1 Hypothesis One
Ho:

Use of herbal drugs is independent on occupation

Hi:

Use of herbal drugs is dependent on occupation

Decision Rule: Accept H0 if -value < 0.05, otherwise reject.

Table 3.1.1: Test Statistics
Occupation
Chi-Square
209.631
df
5
symp.Sig.
.000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected
Frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell
frequency is 81.8.

cal = 209.631 and = 0.00

Conclusion: Occupation in Lagos state influence the use of herbal drugs.

3.1.2 Hypothesis Two

Ho:

Use of herbal drugs is independent on education

Hi:

Use of herbal drugs is dependent on education

Decision Rule: Accept H0 if -value < 0.05, otherwise reject.

Table 3.1.2: Test Statistics
Education
Chi-Square
303.11
df
5
symp.Sig.
.000
b. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected
frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell
frequency is 81.8.

cal = 303.11 and = 0.000

Conclusion: Education in Lagos state influence the use of herbal drugs.

3.1.3 Hypothesis Three

Ho:

Use of herbal drugs is independent on age of usage

Hi:

Use of herbal drugs is dependent on age of usage

Decision Rule: Accept H0 if -value < 0.05, otherwise reject.

Table 3.1.3b: Test Statistics
age
Chi-Square
46.109a
df
1
symp.Sig.
.000
c. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected
Frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell
frequency is 250.0

cal = 46.109 and = 0.000

Conclusion: Age of usage in Lagos state influence the use of herbal drugs.

3.2

TEST ON PROBLEMS WITH HERBAL DRUGS

RS = Repulsive Smell, BT = Bitter Taste, LoD = Lack of Dosage, PQC = Poor
Quality Control and PAP = Poor Appearance Package

1
n

X =

i = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n

SD =

n-1

Table 3.2a: Descriptive Statistics

N
RS
BT
LoD
PQC
PAP

Mean
5
5
5
5
5

96.0000
89.0000
91.4000
92.0000
94.2000

Std. Deviation
122.57039
120.39103
81.08206
60.86050
50.42519

Minimum Maximum
2.00
3.00
13.00
5.00
26.00

262.00
258.00
225.00
166.00
165.00

Ho: Pvi ~ N(0,1)

Hi: Piv

N(0,1)

Decision Rule: Accept H0 if -value < 0.05, otherwise reject.

Table 3.2b: One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

RS
N
Mean
Normal Parameters a,b
Std. Deviation
Absolute
Most Extreme Differences Positive
Negative
Kolmogorov-Smirnov-z
Asymp.Sig. (2-tailed)

5
96.0000

BT

LoD

PQC

PAP

5
89.0000

5
91.4000

5
92.0000

5
94.2000

122.57039 120.39103
.348
.360
.348
.360
-.222
-.238
.779
.805
.579
.536

81.08206
.248
.248
-.167
.555
.918

60.86050
.159
.124
-.159
.355
1.000

50.42519
.231
.231
-.161
.516
.953

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculate from data.

Conclusion: Reject H0 that the associated problems (RS, BT, LoD, PQC and PAP) do not
follow the normal distribution (Asymp. Sig. 0.597, 0.536, 0.918, 1 and 0.953 > 0.05).
Hence the non-parametric analysis.

3.2.1 Kruskal-Wallis Test

H0: RS = BT = LoD =PQC = PAP = 0

vs
H1: Tis 0 (for at least an i)
k
n

12

KN =

2
1

- 3(N + 1) ~ KN

i=1

N (N+1)
Decision Rule: Accept H0 if -value < 0.05, otherwise reject.
3.2.1a: Test Statistics
RS
Chi-Square
df
symp.Sig.
a.
b.

4.000
4
.406

BT

LoD

4.000
4
.406

4.000
4
.406

PQC
4.000
4
.406

PAP
4.000
4
.406

Kruskal Wallis Test

Grouping Variable Response

Conclusion: Theres a statistically significant difference between the associated problems

2
of using herbal drugs ( cal = 4.000, = 0.406)

3.2.2 Wilcoxon Signed- Rank Post-Hoc Test

H 0 : T1 = T K = 0

vs

H1: Tis Tk 0 (for at least an i and k)

Table 3.2.2a: Test Statistics

BTRS

LoD
- RS

PQC - PAP
RS
- RS

LoD
- BT

-1.753 -.135
-.405 -.405
z
.080
.893
.686
.686
Asymp.Sig.
(2-tailed)
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
b. Based on positive ranks
c. Based on negative ranks

-.135
.893

PQC - PAP
BT
- BT
-.405
.686

PQC - PAP PAP LoD

PQC
LoD
-.135
-.674 -.368 -.405
.893
.500
.713
.686

Table 3.2.2b: Table of Significance

Pair
RS-BT
RS-LoD
RS-PQC
RS-PAP
BT-LoD
BT-PQC
BT-PAP
LoD-PQC
LoD-PAP
PQC-PAP

Z-value
-1.735
-0.135
-0.405
-0,405
-0.135
-0.405
-0.135
-0.674
-0.368
-0.405

Asymp. Sig. (2tailed)

0.08
0.893
0.686
0.686
0.893
0.686
0.893
0.5
0.713
0.686

Conclusion
Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference
No Significant difference

CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY, CONCULISON AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1

SUMMARY
The research was carried-out to determine rate of herbal drugs usage in Lagos
State using a well-defined questionnaire. The state was divided into clusters (Local
Governments) and a random sample of 100peoples each was taken from five (5)
randomly selected clusters. The response was analyzed using SPSS V21.

4.2

CONCLUSION
Analysis led to the following conclusions:

i.

The education, occupation and age of Lagosians positively affect the use of herbal
drugs in that order.

ii.

The associated problems considered (Repulsive smell, Bitter taste, Lack of

Dosage, Poor Quality Control and Poor Appearance Packaging) significantly
contributes to the poor use of herbal drugs in the state.

iii.

The taste and smell of these drugs contributed more than other identified problem
to the poor use of herbal drugs.

4.3

RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of the analysis carried out to improve the spread and appreciation of the
use of herbal drugs i.e her best use, the following suggestions are strongly
recommended.

i.

Other factors responsible for the use of herbal drugs should be sought out like that
is the status of respondents.

ii.

The taste and smell of herbal drugs should be considered

iii.

A further research is advisable as cases of different sickness springs-out on daily

basis.

APPENDIX 1
General Response
Response

Strongly agreed
Agreed
Disagreed
Strongly
disagreed
Undecided

Response
Civil servant
Self
employed
Politician
student

Total

Repulsive
smell

Bitter taste

193
262
9
14

176
258
4
3

102
225
62
55

166
123
65
101

Poor
Appearance of
Packaging
102
165
75
103

13

26

Occupation
193
262

Lack of dosage

Response

Educational
qualification
FSLC
181
O LEVEL
97

9 Diploma/ON/NCE
14
BSc/BEd
2
Masters

480

Poor Quality
Control

PHD
Total

102
54
39
18
491

Response

Age

Single
married

303
197

Total

500

APPENDIX 2
N-Par Tables
Chi-Square table on Occupation
Observed N Expected N Residual
1.00
103
120.3
-17.3
2.00
175
120.3
54.8
3.00
69
120.3
-51.3
4.00
134
120.3
13.8
Total
481
Chi-Square table on Education
Observed N Expected N
1.00
181
81.8
2.00
97
81.8
3.00
102
81.8
4.00
54
81.8
5.00
39
81.8
6.00
18
81.8
Total
491

Residual
-99.2
15.2
20.2
-27.8
-42.8
-63.8

Chi-Square table on Age

Observed N Expected N Residual
1.00
303
250.0
53.0
2.00
197
250.0
-53.0
Total
500

APPENDIX 3
Kruskal wallis Test Table

Ranks
Response N
1.00
2.00
3.00
RS
4.00
5.00
Total
1.00
2.00
3.00
BT
4.00
5.00
Total
1.00
2.00
3.00
LoD 4.00
5.00
Total
1.00
2.00
3.00
PQC 4.00
5.00
Total
1.00
2.00
3.00
PAP 4.00
5.00
Total

1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
5

Mean
Rank
4.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
4.00
5.00
2.50
1.00
2.50
4.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
2.00
4.00
1.00

APPENDIX 4
Descriptive Statistics
N
25th
RS
BT
LoD
PQC
PAP

5
5
5
5
5

5.5000
3.5000
34.0000
53.0000
50.0000

Percentiles
50th (Median)

75th

14.0000
4.0000
62.0000
123.0000
102.0000

227.5000
217.0000
163.5000
165.5000
134.0000

Ranks
N
BT RS

LoD RS

PQC RS
PAP RS

LoD BT

PQC- BT
PAP- BT

PQC LoD

PAP LoD

Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total

Mean Rank
4a
1b
0c
5
2d
3e
0f
5
2g
3h
0i
5
2j
3k
0i
5
2m
3n
0o
5
2p
3q
0r
5
2s
3t
0u
5
2v
3w
0x
5
1y
3z
1aa
5

3.50
1.00

Sum. of Ranks
14.00
1.00

3.50
2.67

7.00
8.00

3.00
3.00

6.00
9.00

4.50
2.00

9.00
6.00

3.50
2.67

7.00
8.00

3.00
3.00

6.00
9.00

3.50
2.67

7.00
8.00

2.50
3.33

5.00
10.00

4.00
2.00

4.00
6.00

PAP - PQC

Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Tiles
Total

2ab
3ac
0ad
5

4.50
2.00

9.00
6.00

STUDENT RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

Please, I am a final year student of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. I really need your
assistance in carrying out a research on A Statistical Analysis of Opinion of Lagos State
Residents on the use of herbal drugs. Please be assured that the information given will
be treated with high confidentially.

Age:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Educational Level:------------------------------------------------------------------------------Occupation:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Age:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Place of Work:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tick the following according to your opinion on the statement.

USAGE OF HERBAL DRUGS
We use herbal drugs in my family

SA

SD

SA

SD

Herbal drugs are effective

Herbal drugs are expensive
Herbal drugs are common
Herbal drugs should be taken by people above 18yrs

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF

HERBAL DRUGS
Herbal drugs have a repulsive smell
Herbal drugs have a bitter taste
Herbal drugs do not have proper dosage
Herbal drugs do not have quality control
Herbal drugs are not properly package