l-3 c-163 1344837023407

CHEMISTRY
CLASS XI
UNIT - 11
s-Block
CBSE-i
STUDENTS' MANUAL
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092 INDIA
Students Manual
on
s-Block Elements
Class XI
Unit 11
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATIO

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
Central Board of Secondary Education

Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
he CBSE-International is grateful for permission

to reproduce and/or translate copyright material
used in this publication. The acknowledgements have
been included wherever appropriate and sources from
where the material may be taken are duly mentioned.
In case any thing has been missed out, the Board will
be pleased to rectify the error at the earliest possible
opportunity.
All Rights of these documents are reserved. No part
of this publication may be reproduced, printed or
transmitted in any form without the prior permission
of the CBSE-i. This material is meant for the use of
schools who are a part of the CBSE-International
only.
Students Manual
Preface.......................................................................................vi
Acknowledgement......................................................................viii
Syllabus Coverage....................................................................ix
Learning Outcomes..................................................................x
Cross-Curricular Links.............................................................xi
Pre-Requisites.........................................................................xii
MindMap.............................................................................xiii
Content...............................................................................153
Summary.................................................................................54
Student Worksheets.................................................................56
Flow Chart.............................................................................61
Crossword Puzzle....................................................................62
Mnemonics & Interesting Facts..............................................64
Additional Resource Links......................................................65
Preface
ducation plays the most important role in acquiring professional and social
skills and a positive attitude to face the challenges of life.Curriculum is a
comprehensive plan of any educational programme. It is also one of the means of
bringing about qualitative improvement in an educational system. The Curriculum
initiated by Central Board of Secondary Education -International (CBSE-i) is a
progressive step in making the educational content responsive to global needs. It
signifies the emergence of a fresh thought process in imparting a curriculum which
would restore the independence of the learner to pursue the learning process in
harmony with the existing personal, social and cultural ethos.
The CBSE introduced the CBSE-i curriculum as a pilot project in few schools
situated outside India in 2010 in classes I and IX and extended the programme to
classes II, VI and X in the session 2011-12. It is going to be introduced in classes
III, VII and for Senior Secondary classes with class XI in the session 2012-13.
The Senior Secondary stage of education decides the course of life of any student. At
this stage it becomes extremely important for students to develop the right attitude,
a willingness to learn and an understanding of the world around them to be able
to take right decisions for their future. The senior secondary curriculum is expected
to provide necessary base for the growth of knowledge and skills and thereby
enhance a students potential to face the challenges of global competitiveness. The
CBSE-i Senior Secondary Curriculum aims at developing desired professional,
managerial and communication skills as per the requirement of the world of work.
CBSE-i is for the current session offering curriculum in ten subjects i.e. Physics
Chemistry, Biology, Accountancy, Business-Studies, Economics, Geography, ICT,
English, Mathematics I and Mathematics II. Mathematics at two levels caters to
the differing needs of students of pure sciences or commerce.
The Curriculum has been designed to nurture multiple intelligences like linguistic
or verbal intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, sports
vi
Unit 11: s-Block Elements
intelligence, musical intelligence, inter-personal intelligence and intra-personal

intelligence.
The Core skills are the most significant aspects of a learner's holistic growth and
learning curve. The objective of this part of the core of curriculum is to scaffold
the learning experiences and to relate tacit knowledge with formal knowledge.
This involves trans-disciplinary linkages that would form the core of the learning
process. Perspectives, SEWA (Social Empowerment through Work and Action), Life
Skills and Research would be the constituents of this 'Core'.
The CBSE-i Curriculum evolves by building on learning experiences inside
the classroom over a period of time. The Board while addressing the issues of
empowerment with the help of the schools' administering this system strongly
recommends that practicing teachers become skilful and lifelong learners and also
transfer their learning experiences to their peers through the interactive platforms
provided by the Board.
The success of this curriculum depends upon its effective implementation and it
is expected that the teachers will make efforts to create better facilities, develop
linkages with the world of work and foster conducive environment as per
recommendations made in the curriculum document.
I appreciate the effort of Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE, Dr.
Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE and their teams involved in the development
of this document.
The CBSE-i website enables all stakeholders to participate in this initiative through
the discussion forums. Any further suggestions on improving the portal are always
welcome.
Vineet Joshi
Chairman, CBSE
vii
Acknowledgements
Advisory
Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director
(Training), CBSE
Conceptual Framework
Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE
Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, Noida
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE
Ideators: Classes XI and XII

Prof. A K Bakshi
Ms. P Rajeshwari
Dr. Niti Nandini Chatnani
Ms. Neeta Rastogi
Dr. N K Sehgal
Ms Gayatri Khanna
Dr. Anil K Bali
Dr. Anshu
Prof. Kapil Kapoor
Mrs. Anita Makkar
Dr. Preeti Tewari
Dr Rajesh Hassija
Ms. Renu Anand
Prof. Biswajit Nag
Dr. Deeksha Bajpai
Mr. Mukesh Kumar
Dr. Barkatullah Khan
Dr. Jacqueline Symss
Mr. S K Agarwala
Dr. Om Vikas
Ms. Avnita Bir
Ms. Usha Sharma
Material Production Groups: Classes XI and XII

English:
Ms Gayatri Khanna
Ms Renu Anand
Ms. P Rajeshwary
Ms. Sandhya Awasthi
Ms. Manna Barua
Ms. Veena Bhasin
Ms. Urmil Guliani
Ms. Sudha Ravi
Mr. Anil Kumar
Ms. Vijaylaxmi Raman
Ms. Neerada Suresh
Ms. Himaal Handoo
Chemistry:
Dr. G S Sodhi
Dr. Vimal Rarh
Dr. Shalini Baxi
Dr. Vinita Arora
Dr. Vandana Soni
Ms. Charu Maini
Ms. Rashmi Sharma
Ms. Kavita Kapoor
Biology:
Dr. Ranjana Saxena
Dr. Neeraja Sood
Dr. P Chitralekha
Ms. Mridula Arora
Ms. Lucy Jad
Ms. Priyanka Choudhury
Ms. Prerna Gosain
Ms. Malini Sridhar
Physics:
Dr. B. Biswal
Ms. Namrata Alwadhi
Mr. Dhirender Sharma
Ms. Vandana Banga
Mr. Vivek
Mathematics:
Dr. Sushil Kumar
Mrs. Monica Talwar
Mrs. Charu Dureja
Mrs. Seema Juneja
Dr. H L Bhatia
Mrs Neeru Aggarwal
Dr. Saroj Khanna
Dr Sushma Bansal
Geography:
Ms. K Jaya
Dr. Preeti Tewari
Ms. Rupa Das
Ms. S Fazal Daoud
Firdausi
Ms. Neena Phogat
Ms. Sujata Sharma
Ms. Deepa Kapoor
Ms. Bharti Malhotra
Ms. Isha Kaushik
Mr. Riyaz Khan
Economics:
Mr. S K Agarwala
Ms. Ambika Gulati
Ms. Nidhi Singh
Ms. Malti Modi
Ms. Sapna Das
Ms. Ingur Agarwal
Ms. Shankar Kulkarni
Mr Sandeep Sethi
Accountancy:
Mr. S S Sehrawat
Dr. K Mohna
Dr. Balbir Singh
Mr. Bhupendra
Kriplani
Dr. Shipra Vaidya
Mr. Sandeep Sethi
Business Studies:
Dr. S K Bhatia
Ms. Meenu Ranjan
Arora
Mrs. Shegorika
Mr. Sandeep Sethi
Ms. Usha Sharma
Ms. Komal Bhatia
Ms. Ravisha Aggarwal
ICT:
Mr. Mukesh Kumar
Ms. Nancy Sehgal
Ms. Purvi Srivastava
Ms. Gurpreet Kaur
Chief Co-ordinator: Dr. Srijata Das, EO

Co-ordinators
viii
Ms. Sugandh Sharma,

EO
Dr Rashmi Sethi, EO
Ms. S. Radha
Mahalakshmi, EO
Ms. Madhuchhanda,
RO (Inn)
Mr. Navin Maini, RO

(Tech)
Ms. Neelima Sharma,

Consultant (English)
Shri R. P. Sharma,
Consultant (Science)
Shri Al Hilal Ahmed,

AEO
Shri R.P Singh, AEO
Ms. Anjali Chhabra,

AEO
Ms Reema Arora,
Consultant (Chemistry)
Mr. Sanjay Sachdeva,

SO
Syllabus Coverage
11.1 General Introduction
11.2 Group 1 elements

Electronic configuration
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Diagonal relationship
Biological importance
Compounds
11.3 Group 2 elements
ix
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Diagonal relationship
Biological importance
Compounds
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, students would be able to:
the physical properties, including variation in melting &
boiling points, flame coloration and electrical conductivity of alkali and
alkaline earth metals.
u Understand
the chemical properties, including reactivity with air and

water of Group 1 elements, and reactions with air, water, acids and
alkalies of Group 2 elements.
u Comprehend
u Describe
the anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium.
the significance of sodium-potassium pump, as well as

biological importance of calcium and magnesium.
u Appraise
the industrial importance of sodium hydroxide, sodium

carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, lime, limestone and gypsum.
u Understand
Cross Curricular Links

u
Biology
: To examine the importance of alkali and

alkaline earth metals
Mathematics
: To plot graphs for making a comparison
between the physical parameters, such as

atomic and/or ionic size of the elements of
Group 1 and 2. To calculate the lattice energy
of the compounds of s-block elements.
Environment
: To highlight the environmental hazards

associated with the preparation of alkali and
alkaline earth compounds, with emphasis on
chlor-alkali industrial operation.
Physics
: To explain why cesium is used in photovoltaic

cells.
Computers
: To construct and compare the wave model of

elements and their respective ions.
xi
Geology
: To study abundance of alkali and alkaline
earth metals under the earth crust and in the

ocean.
Pre-Requisites
Recall the following concepts already learnt in previous classes.
(i) Classification of elements in periodic table.
(ii) Periodic trends.
(iii) Formation of ionic bond.
(iv) Characteristic of ionic compounds.
(v) Variation of ionic character on the basis of Fajans rule.
(vi) Diagonal relationship.
xii
Mind-Map
Group 1
Group 2
Lithium and Magnesium
Beryllium and Magnesium
s-Block Elements
Group 1
Electronic
Physical
configuration properties
Group 2
Chemical
properties
Biological
importance
Compounds
Electronic
Physical
configuration properties
xiii
Photoelectric effect
Reaction
with oxygen
Flame colouration
Electro Conductivity
Reaction
with water
Boiling & melting points
Oxidation states
Reducing
character
Metallic character
Chemical
reactivity
Electro positivity
ns2
Electro negativity
ns1
Chemical
properties
Biological
importance
Compounds
s-Block Elements
11.1 General Introduction

You are already familiar with the periodic table and know that the Long form of
periodic table consists of elements divided into four blocks i.e. s, p, d and f blocks,
depending on the filling of electrons in a particular shell. Elements belonging to
group 1 and 2, which have one or two electrons in outermost s-orbital preceded by
noble gas configuration, are known as s-block elements. The inner orbitals are
completely filled in all these elements. The general outer electronic configuration
of s-block elements is ns1-2. In this unit we shall study how the elements in same
group show marked similarities in the properties in context to Group 1 and Group
2 elements, We shall also study the regular gradation in physical and chemical
properties as we move across in a period from group 1 to group 2.
Elements of group 1 have outer electronic configuration ns1, where n varies
from 2 to 7. They are commonly known as alkali metals. Elements of group
2 have outer electronic configuration ns2, where n varies from 2 to 7. They
are commonly known as alkaline earth metals.
A regular trend in physical and chemical properties is observed in both of
these groups with increasing atomic numbers, but the first elements of both
these groups i.e. Lithium in Group 1 and beryllium in group 2 shows some
properties different from other members of the group referred to as anomalous
properties. In these anomalous properties, they resemble the second element
of the following group. So lithium shows similarities to magnesium while
beryllium resembles aluminium in most of its properties. This diagonal
similarity is known as diagonal relationship in periodic table which we shall
study in detail later in the unit.
11.2 Group 1 Elements

The elements, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium
(Cs) and francium (Fr) constitute group 1 of periodic table. These are called alkali
metals because their hydroxides are very strong alkalis. Let us study some of their
physical and chemical properties along with the trend in the group.
Sodium and potassium are most abundant among alkali metals while others
have lower abundances.
Electronic Configuration of Group 1 Elements
They contain only ones-electron outside the noble gas core. Their general
electronic configuration is ns1 where n = 2 to 7
Group I
(Elements)
Picture
Symbol
Atomic
number
Electronic
configuration
Li
[He]2s1
Sodium
Na
11
[Ne]3s1
Potassium
19
[Ar]4s1
Lithium
(Lithium is shown floating

in oil here)
Rubidium
Rb
37
[Kr]5s1
Caesium
Cs
55
[Xe]6s1
Francium
Fr
87
[Rn]7s1
Source of images: Wikipedia
Physical Properties of Group 1 elements

1. Unipositive ions
Fact
They form unipositive ions.
Explanation
The Group 1 elements are all metals with
one electron in their outermost orbital
Thus, M e
M+ (Alkali metal)
2. Atomic Radii
The atomic radii of alkali metals are the largest in their respective periods.
Fact
Explanation
The increase is due to the addition of a higher
valence shell (which lies farther away from the
nucleus), as we descend the group.
Trend in Period:
There is a decrease in atomic size
from Group 1 to 2
Trend in Group:
This is due to increase in the nuclear charge
The atomic radii of alkali metals increase leading to a stronger attraction between the
as we descend down the group.
nucleus and the outer electrons.
H
0.37
Li
Be
1.52
1.12
Na
Mg
1.86
1.60
Ca
2.27
1.97
Rb
Sr
2.48
2.15
Cs
Ba
2.65
2.22
Figure 11.1: Trend in atomic radii of Group 1 and 2 elements
3. Ionic Radii
Fact
Explanation
The ionic radii of the

cations formed are
smaller in size than the
corresponding atom
This is observed because when the valence s electron is

lost from the alkali metal atom, the monovalent cation
formed has one shell less than the corresponding metal
atom. Further, with the loss of one electron, the effective
nuclear charge increases and thus, the remaining electrons
are pulled closer, thereby decreasing the radii. Hence,
due to the increased nuclear charge and lesser number
of energy shells, the radii of the cations are much smaller
than the corresponding atoms.
Trend in Group:
This is due to the addition of a new energy shell with

each succeeding element.
The ionic radii increases

on descending the group
Li+
Be2+
0.90
0.59
Na+
Mg2+
1.16
0.85
K+
Ca2+
1.52
1.14
Rb+
Sr2+
1.66
1.32
Cs+
Ba2+
1.81
1.49
Figure 11.2: Trend in ionic radii of Group 1 and Group 2 Elements
4. Electronegativity
The electronegativity values for alkali metals are very small. When the alkali
metals react with other elements to form compounds, a large electronegativity
difference between the two atoms exists, leading to the formation of ionic
bonds.
5. Ionization Enthalpy (Ionizationenergy)
The energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an
isolated gaseous atom is known as ionizationenthalpy.
Fact
Explanation
The ionization enthalpies of the alkali

metals are the lowest as compared to
the corresponding elements in the other
groups.
This is due to the fact that the noble gas core

shields the lone s electron in the valence shell
from the positive charge in the nucleus. As a
result, the valence s electron is loosely held
by the nucleus and can be easily knocked off
by supplying a small amount of energy.
Trend in Group:
The decrease in ionization energy is seen

due to the increase in the distance of the s
electron (to be removed) from the nucleus.
The increase in distance is due to the addition
of shells in each subsequent element.
The ionization enthalpy decreases on

descending the group
Trend in Period:
The ionization enthalpy increases on
moving from Group 1 to Group 2.
This increase is due to the increase in

nuclear charge as we go from Group 1 to
Group 2.
550
IE/kJ mol1
500
450
400
350
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
Figure 11.3: Ionisation energy of alkali metals
6. Electropositive Character
The alkali metals exhibit an oxidation state of +1 in their compounds and
have strongly electropositive character.
Fact
Trend in Group:
The electropositive character
increases on descending the
group.
Explanation
Alkali metals have a strong tendency to lose the s
electron to form unipositive ions ( they exihibit an
oxidation state of +1 and are strongly electropositive).
As we go down the group, the atomic size increases
and the ionization energy decreases because the
tendency of elements to lose electrons increases. Thus,
the electropositive character increases.
7. Metallic Character
The tendency of an element to lose its valence electrons to form positive ions
determines the metallic character.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The metallic character increases on
descending the group.
The ionization energy decreases down the

group and thus, the metallic character increases
on descending the group.
8. Melting and Boiling Points

The melting and boiling points of alkali metals are very low.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The melting point decreases on
Alkali metals contribute only one electron

per atom towards metallic bonding. Thus, in
solids, the atoms are held with low values of
cohesive forces.
As we descend the group, the atomic size
increases and the intermetallic bond between
them weakens. Thus, the melting and boiling
points decrease as we descend the group.
450
T/K
400
350
300
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
Figure 11.4: Melting points of alkali metals
9. Density
The density of alkali metals is quite low as compared to other metals. Lithium,
sodium and potassium are even lighter than water. The low density of alkali
metals is attributed to the large atomic radii.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Gr oup:
The density increases on descending
down the group.
As we descend the group, both the atomic

size and atomic mass increase. The increase
Exception: The density of potassium in atomic mass more than compensates for the
increase in atomic size and thus, the densities
is less than that of sodium.
increase on descending the group.
2.0
p g cm3
1.75
1.25
0.75
0.25
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
Figure 11.5: Densities of Alkali Metals
10. Conducting Ability of Alkali Metal Ions

Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The order of the conducting ability
of alkali metal ions is as follows:
Li+< Na+< K+<Rb+< Cs+
On descending the group,
conductivity increases.
This order is opposite to the expected order

which is based on the size of the ions. Lithium
ion has the maximum charge density and is thus,
heavily hydrated, making its radius maximum
in solution. Thus, its conductivity is minimum.
As we descend the group, size increases,
charge density decreases and thus, hydration
decreases. Therefore, the radius of the hydrated
ion decreases and thus, conductivity increases.
11. A
ll the Group 1 elements adopt a body-centred cubic type of lattice with
a coordination number of 8 at normal temperature.
In the body-centred cubic lattice, each atom is surrounded by eight nearest
neighbouring atoms.
Body-centered cubic
Figure 11.6: Body centred cubic type lattice cell
10
12. Flame Colouration

The electrons impart characteristic colours to the flame and can be detected
by a flame test or by flame photometry. On heating the alkali metals, the
electrons are excited to a higher energy level. When the electron drops back
to its original energy level, it emits the absorbed energy as radiation. The
wavelength of this radiation lies in the visible region (400 nm to 750 nm).
Element
11
Colour
Picture
Wavelength l/nm
Li
Crimson
670.8
Na
Yellow
589.2
Lilac
766.5
Rb
Red-violet
780.0
Cs
Blue
455.5
13. Photoelectric Effect

It is the phenomenon of the ejection or emission of electrons from metal
surfaces when electromagnetic radiations strike them. Alkali metals, due to
their low ionization energies, show photoelectric effect when irradiated by
light. The electrons are called photoelectrons. Due to this property, potassium
and caesium are used in photoelectric cells.
14. Nature of Bonds
All alkali metals form ionic compounds.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The ionic character increases on
12
Due to low ionization energies of the alkali

metals, they form ionic bonds. Further,
as the ionization energies decrease on
descending the group, the ionic character
of the compounds increases.
15. Solubility in Liquid Ammonia

Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia and form a deep blue solution
when dilute.
The solution is conducting and acts as a strong reducing agent. The reducing
property is due to the presence of solvated (or ammoniated) cations and
solvated electrons.
Metals can be recovered by evaporating ammonia.
M+ + (x + y) NH3
M+ (NH3)x + e- (NH3)y
The blue colour is due to the solvated electrons but it changes to bronze with
increasing concentrations.
Figure 11.7: Sodium in ammonia (a) deep blue in dilute solution

(b) Bronze in concentrated solution
Source: http://www.chem.wisc.edu/
Let us now be familiar with the magnitude of some of these physical properties that
we have discussed in a tabular format as given below.
Property
13
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
Fr
[He]2s1 [Ne]3s1 [Ar]4s1
[Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1 [Rn]7s1
Atomic number
37
11
19
55
87
Relative atomic mass
6.941
22.990
39.098
85.468
132.905 223
Abundance in earths crust

(ppm)
18
22,700
18,400
78
2.6
Atomic radius, r/pm
152
186
227
248
265
Ionic radius, r/pm
76
102
138
152
167
Melting point, T/K
453.5
370.8
336.2
312.0
301.5
Boiling Point, T/K
1620.0
1154.4
1038.5
961.0
978.0
Density at 293 K r/g cm-3
0.54
0.97
0.86
1.53
1.90
Ionization enthalpy I/kJ mol-1 520
496
419
403
376
375
Electronegativity
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
1.0
Table 11.1: General Physical Properties of Alkali Metals
Let us now discuss some of the chemical properties of Group 1 elements.

Chemical Properties
1. R
educing property: Alkali metals are strong reducing agents due to
their low ionization energies. Alkali metals have a great tendency to lose
electrons and thus, behave as good reducing agents.
Lithium is the strongest while sodium is weakest reducing agent. Their E
values depend on three parameters which are sublimation, ionization and
hydrogen enthalpies.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The reducing character increases on
14
As we descend the group, the ionization

enthalpy decreases and thus, the reducing
character increases.
2. Reaction with oxygen or air:

Type of oxide
Element(s)
Formation of
monoxide
Li
Formation of
peroxide
Na
Formation of
superoxide
K, Rb, Cs
Reaction
4Li + O2
2Li2O
Lithium monoxide
2Na + O2
Na2O2
Sodium peroxide
M + O2

MO2
Metal superoxide
(where M = K, Rb,Cs)
The stability of an ionic compound depends on the relative sizes of its ions.
The structure of an ionic compound which has ions of similar sizes has a
high value of the coordination number. This imparts a high lattice energy
and hence, stability to the ionic compound. The peroxides and superoxide
have large ionic sizes and thus, the stability of their compounds with metals
increases with increase in the size of alkali metal ions i.e. their stability
increases as we descend the group.
Lithium is too small to form stable structures with peroxides and
superoxides.
3. Reaction with water
An alkali metal reacts with water, liberating hydrogen and forming hydroxides.
2M + 2H2O
2MOH + H2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The reaction becomes violent on
The melting point goes on decreasing as

we descend the group and thus, the metals
Lithium reacts gently, sodium melts on the melt and the reaction takes place with
surface of water, due to the heat released explosion.
in the reaction, it reacts violently and
catches fire.
15
Lithium
Lithium reacts
quietly
Sodium
Sodium reacts
so vigorously
that the heat
released melts
the unreacted
metal and it
catches fire.
Potassium
Rubidium
Potassium reacts even more Potassium

vigorously, producing so reacts
much heat that the hydrogen explosively
produced in the reaction is
ignited immediately
Periodic variations are also observed in the properties of many compounds within a
group of the periodic table. Let us study some of them now.
1. Halides
The alkali metal halides have a high melting point because of their ionic
nature.
Fact
Explanation
Trends:
Trend in Group: The melting points of This is because for the same alkali metal ion,
respective halides decrease down the
the lattice energies decrease as the size of
group.
the halide ion increases.
For the same alkali metal, the melting
points of halides of alkali metals
decrease in the order F->Cl-> Br-> I-
As lattice energies decrease, the energy

required to break the lattice decreases and
hence, the melting points of halides decrease
and so, NaF<NaCl <NaBr <NaI. For the
same halide ion, the melting points of
lithium halides are lower than those of the
corresponding sodium halides. Thereafter,
they decrease as we move down the group
from Na to Cs.
Note that the covalent nature of CsCl is the
reason behind its low melting point.
16
2. Carbonates
a. Solubility in water
The carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali metals are generally soluble in
water.
Fact
Explanation
The solubilities of these salts normally

increase as we go down the group,
from Li to Cs
This is due to decrease in the lattice energies.
Trend in Group:
b. Stability towards heat:

Except Li2CO3, the carbonates of other alkali metals are stable towards heat
and do not decompose. The stability increases as we go down in a group.
3. Hydroxides
The hydroxides of alkali metals are strongly basic in nature and water
soluble.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in Group:
The hydroxides of alkali metals are
strongly basic in nature and the basic
strength increases down the group
This is due to low ionization enthalpy.
Because of lower ionization enthalpy, the

LiOH < NaOH KOH < RbOH < CsOH M-O bond is cleaved more easily and
OH- ions are liberated.
4. Sulphates
The sulphates of alkali metals are soluble in water and are stable towards
heat.
The properties of the first element of a group in the periodic table generally differ
from those of its congeners. Let us study how lithium is different from other members
of the group 1.
17
Anomalous properties of lithium

The anamolous behavior of lithium is attributed to its small size, high
ionization enthalpy and relatively large electronegativity as compared to the
other alkali metals. Moreover, lithium ion, Li+ has a high polarizing power
and therefore its compounds show appreciable covalent character.
The following are some of the anomalous properties of lithium.

1. The melting point and boiling point of lithium are significantly higher
than those of other alkali metals.
2. Lithium is quite hard as compared to its congeners.
3. Lithium is least reactive of all alkali metals. Its reaction with water is
mild, and with oxygen is slow.
4. Lithium reacts directly to form lithium nitride. The remaining Group 1

elements do not form nitrides.
5. On heating in air, lithium forms the normal oxide. Sodium forms

peroxide under similar conditions, while the remaining members of
the group yield superoxides.
6. Lithium carbonate, on heating, decomposes into lithium oxide and

carbon dioxide. The remaining alkali metal carbonates are thermally
stable and do not decompose on heating.
7. Lithium nitrate decomposes into lithium oxide on heating. The remaining

alkali metal nitrates decompose into nitrites on heating.
4LiNO3
2NaNO3

Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
2NaNO2 + O2
8. Lithium ion is more heavily hydrated than the other alkali metal
ions.
Let us now study how lithium has some similarities with magnesium, diagonally
related element in the periodic table to lithium.
Diagonal Relationship between Lithium And Magnesium
The similarity between the first member of a Group and the second element
in the next Group is called the diagonal relationship.
18
Li
Na
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
In other words, Diagonal relationship refers to the similarity between the first
member of a group and the second member of the succeeding group.
This topic has been discussed in Unit III. The closeness of the diagonal
elements arises due to their comparable polarizing power.
Due to their diagonal relationship, lithium and magnesium show similarities
in a number of physical and chemical properties.

(i) Both have nearly equal atomic radii, ionic radii, electronegativities
and polarising powers.
(ii) Both the elements are quite hard.
(iii) Both have fairly high melting and boiling points.
(iv) Both form ionic nitride when heated in an atmosphere of nitrogen.
6Li + N2
2Li3N
3Mg + N2

Mg3N2
(v) The hydroxides and carbonates of both decompose on heating.
2LiOH
Li2O + H2O
Mg(OH)2

MgO + H2O
Li2CO3
Mg CO3
Li2O + CO2
MgO + CO2
(vi) Lithium and magnesium nitrates decompose on heating, producing

nitrogen dioxide.
4LiNO3
2Mg(NO3)2
2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
(vii) The hydroxides, carbonates and fluorides of both lithium and

magnesium are sparingly soluble in water.
(viii) Lithium hydroxide, like magnesium hydroxide is a weak base while
hydroxides of the other alkali metals are strong bases.
19
(ix) Halides of lithium (LiCl) and magnesium (MgCl2) are appreciably

soluble in organic solvents.
(x) Oxyacid salts of both the elements are sparingly soluble in water.
Some compounds of group 1 elements

Let us now be familiar with some of the very common compounds that sodium and
potassium form alongwith their chemical and common names and chemical formula
as given below.
Chemical Formula
Common Name
Chemical Name
NaOH
Caustic Soda
Sodium hydroxide
Na2CO3.10H2O
Washing Soda
Sodium carbonate
NaHCO3
Baking Soda
Sodium bicarbonate
Na2S2O3.5H2O
Hypo
Sodium thiosulphate
Na(NH4).HPO4
Microcosmic Salt
Sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate
NaCl
Common salt
Sodium chloride
Na2SO4.10H2O
Glaubers salt
Sodium sulphate
KOH
Caustic Potash
Potassium hydroxide
K2CO3
Potash or pearl ash Potassium carbonate
Not all the compounds exist in nature. Let us now learn about the methods of
preparation, properties and uses of some of the compounds of sodium. Sodium forms
many industrially important compounds. Sodium compounds are important largely
because they are inexpensive and soluble in water.
1. Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda, NaOH
Caustic soda is the most important alkali used in industry and is used for a
wide variety of purposes.
Manufacture: Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of an
aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) in a Castner-Kellner cell.
20
+
Cl2
Cl2
H2
Na
OH
Na
Hg
Figure 11.8: Castner-Kellner cell
T
he cell consists of a large rectangular iron tank divided into three
compartments by slate partitions. The slates do not touch the bottom
of the tank but rests in mercury.
Cathode
Anode
Intermediate electrode
Iron rods dipping in dilute

sodium hydroxide solution
placed in the central
compartment
Graphite rods fixed in

the outer compartments
containing brine
The mercury at the bottom

of the cell serves as cathode
in outer compartment and
as an anode in the central
compartment.
The cell is given a rocking motion.

On passing current, the following reactions take place:
(a) in the outer compartment:

NaCl
Na+ + ClAt cathode
Na+ + e-
Na + Hg

21
Na
Na/Hg
Sodium
amalgam
At anode
ClCl + Cl
Cl + eCl2
(b) In the central compartment:

NaOH
Na+ + OHAt cathode
H+ (from water) + e-
At anode
H;
Na
H + H = H2
Na+ + e-
(from Na/Hg)
Na+ + OH- (from water)
NaOH
Most modern production uses a diaphragm cell. The diaphragm cell is so

named because it consists of compartments containing steel and titanium
electrodes which are separated by porous asbestos diaphragms to isolate the
products. The partitioning is necessary since otherwise the hydrogen liberated
at cathode will explosively combine with chlorine liberated at anode.
Brine
Chlorine
Titanium
anode
Hydrogen
Steel cathode
Cell liquor
Diaphragm
Figure 11.9: A diaphragm cell for the electrolytic production of sodium

hydroxide from brine (aqueous sodium chloride solution)
22
The diaphragm prevents the chlorine from mixing with hydrogen and sodium
hydroxide. The liquid is drawn off and the water is partially evaporated. The
unconverted sodium chloride crystallises, leaving the sodium hydroxide in
solution.
But now adays, natural brine is electrolysed in a cell in which anolyte and
catholyte are separated by NAFION membrane.
NAFION
is
a
copolymer
of
tetrafluoromethylene
and
pentafluorosulphonylethoxyether. This copolymer is supported by teflon
mesh.
b. Properties

(i) It is a soft, waxy, white and corrosive solid.
(ii) It is a deliquescent solid. Those substances are said to be deliquescent

in nature which absorb moisture from air and become liquid.
(iii) It is readily soluble in water to give alkaline solution. It neutralises

acids.
NaOH + HCl
2NaOH + H2SO4

Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(iv) On prolonged exposure to air, it absorbs carbon dioxide and results

in the formation of a crust of sodium carbonate.
2NaOH + CO2
23
NaCl + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2O
(v) Its aqueous solution is soapy to touch and has a strong corrosive
action on skin.
(vi) Hydroxides of aluminium, zinc, lead, etc. dissolve in excess of sodium

hydroxide solution. e.g.
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH

Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Sodium zincate
Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH

Na3[Al(OH)6]
Sodium Aluminate
c. Uses

1. Sodium hydroxide is used as an alkali in qualitative and quantitative

analysis.
2. It is used as an important laboratory reagent
3. It is also used in saponification of oils and fats for the manufacture of

soap, paper, artificial silk and a number of chemicals.
4. In purification of bauxite
5. As a cleansing agent for machines and metal sheets
6. In petroleum refining
2. Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3

Sodium carbonate is prepared commercially by Solvay process or ammoniasoda process.
Principle
When carbon dioxide gas is passed through a brine solution (about 28%
sodium chloride), saturated with ammonia, formation of sodium bicarbonate
takes place.

NH3 + CO2 + H2O
(NH4)HCO3 + NaCl

(NH4)HCO3
NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
(ppt)
On filtering the precipitate of sodium bicarbonate, it is dried, which on

ignition gives sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
The various steps involved are as follows:

24
(i) Saturation of brine with ammonia: This is done in ammonia absorber

tower. About 30% brine solution is pumped into ammonia absorber. A
mixture of ammonia and a small amount of carbon dioxide is bubbled
through the brine solution so that it gets saturated with ammonia.
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3
CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3

CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl
(precipitate)
MgCl2 + (NH4)2CO3

MgCO3 + 2NH4Cl
(precipitate)
Filtration separates the precipitate.

(ii) Carbonation: This is done in the carbonation tower. Here, carbon

dioxide is introduced from the base of the tower, which rises up
through small perforations. The brine solution slowly trickles down
and meets the up-going vapours of carbon dioxide to form insoluble
sodium bicarbonate.
CO2 + H2O + NH3
(NH4)HCO3
NaCl + NH4 HCO3

NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
(precipitate)
(iii) Filtration: This is done by rotary vacuum pump to separate the

precipitate of sodium bicarbonate. The filtrate containing ammonium
chloride and small amount of ammonium bicarbonate is pumped to
the top of ammonia recovery tower.
(iv) Calcination: Sodium bicarbonate recovered from the carbonation tower

is heated strongly (calcined) in a kiln to form sodium carbonate.
D
2NaHCO3

Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(v) Recovery of ammonia: This is done in the ammonia recovery tower.

The filtrate of step (iii) is mixed with calcium hydroxide and heated
with steam.
NH4HCO3
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
This ammonia is pumped to brine saturation tower. The carbon dioxide

required in the carbonation tower is prepared by heating limestone to about
1300 K in a lime kiln . Lime formed is dissolved in water to get calcium
hydroxide which is transferred to the ammonia recovery tower.
25
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
NH3 + CO3 (traces)
CO2
CaO
+
H 2O
Amonia recovery
tower
CO2
Slaked lime
Lime
kiln
Cooling pipes
Saturating tank
Brine
Ammoniacal bridge
Carbonating tower
Steam
Filter
Filter
NH4Cl + a little NH4HCO3
Figure 11.10: Solvay-Ammonia Process for the manufacture of Na2CO3.
Advantages of Solvay Process:

1. It is a very economical process.
2. NaCl and CaCO3, used as a raw material are cheap and easily available.
3. Carbon dioxide produced is also reused in ammoniation tower.
Properties

(i) It is a white crystalline solid, which exists as a decahydrate
(Na2CO3.10H2O). This is known as washing soda.
26
(ii) It is readily soluble in water.
(iii) Action of heat: On heating, the decahydrate loses the water of

crystallisation to form monohydrate (Na2CO3.H2O). Above 373K, the
monohydrate becomes completely anhydrous and changes to a white
powder called light soda ash.
373K
Na2CO3.10H2O

Na2CO3.H2O

Na2CO3.H2O + 9H2O
(heavy ash)
above 373K
Na2CO3 + H2O
(iv) On hydrolysis, it forms an alkaline solution.
CO32- + H2O
HCO3- + OH-
Uses

(i) For softening of hard water
(ii) For washing purposes in laundry
(iii) In textile industry
(iv) In perfume industry
(v) As a laboratory reagent
(vi) In the manufacture of soap, glass, paper, borax, etc.
(vii) As a fusion mixture with potassium carbonate

3. Sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda, NaHCO3
It is commonly known as bicarbonate of soda.
Preparation

(i) It is obtained as an intermediate product in Solvay process for the

manufacture of sodium carbonate.
(ii) It is also prepared by passing carbon dioxide through a saturated

solution of sodium carbonate. Sodium bicarbonate being less soluble
separates out as white crystals.
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2NaHCO3
Properties

(i) It is a white crystalline solid.
(ii) It is only sparingly soluble in water.
(iii) On heating, it decomposes to form sodium carbonate.

2NaHCO3
27
373K
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
(iv) Its aqueous solution is alkaline in nature.

NaHCO3 + H2O
NaOH + H2O + CO2
(v) Do you know why the bakery products like cake, bread or dough of
bhatoora rises?
The rising action of baking soda in these depends upon the reaction of a
weak acid HA, with hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate ions).
NaHCO3(aq) + HA (aq)
Na+ (aq) + A- (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2(g)
The release of gases causes the dough to rise. The weak acids are provided by
the recipe, generally in the form of lactic acid from sour milk or buttermilk,
citric acid from lemons or the acetic acid in vinegar.
Do you know what is baking powder?
Baking powder contains a weak acid as well as the sodium hydrogen
carbonate, and carbon dioxide is released when water is added.
Uses

(i) As a component of baking powder
(ii) In fire extinguishers
(iii) In medicines as a mild antiseptic for skin diseases and to neutralise

the acidity of stomach
(iv) As an important laboratory reagent
Biological Role of Sodium and Potassium

Sodium and potassium are the most common cations found in biological
fluids. Despite having a close similarity in their chemical properties, their
biological functions are very different. It is interesting to know that many
cells tend to accumulate potassium ions at the expense of sodium ions.
Some of the details are given below.
These ions are present in the red blood cells of mammals such as human
beings, rabbits, rats and horses. The ratio of K+ to Na+ ions is 7 : 1.
This ratio is, however, 1 : 15 in cats and dogs.
28
To maintain the concentration gradient in the cells, work has to be done.

Biologists have proposed different mechanisms such as sodium pump
and potassium pump to explain these concentration gradients.
Sodium pump:Na+ and K+ cations accumulate in cells and create a
concentration gradient and potential in the membrane. The expulsion
of Na+ ions from the cells and the active intake of K+ ions by the cell
is the ion transport system that occurs in biological systems. This is
known as the sodium pump.
The transport of ions requires energy which is obtained by the hydrolysis
of ATP.
The different concentrations (ratio) of Na+ and K+ ions inside and
outside the cell create an electrical potential in the membrane which is
essential for the proper functioning of nerve and muscle cells. Electric
pulses in the nerve cell are generated when a chemical (acetylcholine)
is released during activation to discharge the membrane potential.
Glucose enters into the cells along with Na+ ions whereas amino acids
enter into the cells along with K+ ions. Therefore, Na+ and K+ ions are
essential for the metabolism of glucose and the synthesis of proteins.
Many enzyme reactions are catalysed by Na+ and K+ ions.
Na+ ions form compounds like NaHCO3 (baking soda) which acts as
an antacid for neutralising acidity.
Student Activity 1
To elucidate the melting point of francium by extrapolation and predict
its physical state under atmospheric conditions.
Step 1: Take the values of melting points of the alkali metals from
Table 11.1.
Step 2: Plot the values of melting points (y-axis) against the atomic
numbers (x-axis) of the respective elements.
Step 3: Extrapolate the curve and predict the melting point of
francium.
29
Why this activity? All of franciums isotopes are radioactive. Its most
stable isotope, Fr-223, has a half life of 23 minutes (half life is the time it
takes for one-half of the atoms of a radioactive species to disintegrate).
This short half life means that it is very difficult to study the properties
of francium. Hence not much is known about the physical and chemical
behavior of francium.
Inference. Of all the known elements, 11 are gases and only two are
liquids. Rest all are solids under natural conditions. The two liquid
elements are mercury and bromine. If the melting point of francium
comes out to be less than 298 K, then it possibly would be the third
liquid element.
11.3 Group 2 Elements

After studying the group 1 elements let us study about the Group 2 elements, their
properties and their compounds
Group 2 of the periodic table is composed of the alkaline earth metals such
as, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium
(Ba) and radium (Ra).
Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals, because they are alkaline
in nature and exist in earth.
Electronic Configuration
The alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their outermost shell. The
electronic configurations of alkaline earth metals are as follows:
Element
Beryllium
30
Symbol
Be
Picture
Atomic
number
Electronic
configuration
[He] 2s2
Magnesium
Mg
12
[Ne] 3s2
Calcium
Ca
20
[Ar] 4s2
Strontium
Sr
38
[Kr] 5s2
Barium
Ba
56
[Xe] 6s2
Radium
Ra
88
[Rn] 7s2
Source of images: www.Wikipedia.org
31
Physical Properties Of Group 2 Elements

1. Hardness
Fact
Explanation
The elements of Group 2 are soft, but compared Group 2 elements are harder than
to the elements of Group 1 elements, they are Group 1 elements, because Group 2
harder and have higher cohesive energy.
elements contribute two electrons.
2. Atomic radii and ionic radii:

Fact
Explanation
The atomic and ionic radii are large, but are This is due to the fact, that a Group 2
smaller than the corresponding values of
element has higher nuclear charge, as
Group 1 elements.
compared to the corresponding Group
1 element and thus, it attracts orbital
electrons more strongly. This results in
a smaller size.
Trend in the group:
The atomic and ionic radii increase, as we
descend the group.
This is due to the addition of an extra

shell of electrons with each succeeding
element.
3. Ionization enthalpy:
Fact
Explanation
The alkaline earth metals have low ionization Generally, the low value of ionization
energies, though they are greater than those enthalpy of Group 2 elements arises
of the corresponding elements of Group 1. from the fact that Group 2 elements have
a strong tendency to lose electrons.
The ionization enthalpy of Group 2 elements This is because of higher nuclear
is higher than those of the corresponding charge.
elements of Group 1.
After the removal of one electron,
the ratio of charges on the nucleus to
the orbital electrons is increased and
thus, the remaining electrons are more
tightly held. Due to this, the successive
ionization enthalpy, i.e. the second
ionization enthalpy is almost double
the first ionization enthalpy.
32
Trend in the group:

The ionization energies decrease on
As we descend the group, a new shell is

added and thus, the distance between
the nucleus and the valence electrons
increases. Therefore, the valence
electrons in subsequent elements are
less tightly held. Thus, the ionization
enthalpy decreases on descending the
group.
4. O
xidation state: The alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their
valence shell and thus, they form bivalent ions. The chemistry of the
alkaline earth metals is dominated by the di-positive oxidation state, just
as uni-positive oxidation state is the predominant oxidation state of Group
1 elements. The alkaline earth metals always form divalent ions.
5. E
lectropositive
electropositive.
character:
The
Fact
alkaline
earth
metals
are
highly
Explanation
Trend in the group:

The electropositive character increases, As we move down the group, the atomic
as we descend the group.
radii increase and ionization energies
decrease. Thus, the electropositive character
increases.
6. Melting point and boiling point:

Fact
Explanation
The alkaline earth metals have

This is due to the fact that alkaline earth
higher melting and boiling points as
metals are smaller in size and hence, have
compared to those of the alkali metals. a more closely packed crystal lattice as
compared to the alkali metals.
Trends in the group:
The melting points do not vary regularly. This is due to the different structures adopted
by the elements.
33
1600
1400
T/K
1200
1000
800
Be
Mg Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
Figure 11.11: Melting points of Alkaline Earth Metals
7. Nature of bonds formed: The alkaline earth metals, predominantly form

ionic compounds. They are however less ionic than the corresponding
alkali metal compounds.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

The tendency to form ionic bonds increases,
as we descend the group. Beryllium (Be)
forms covalent bonds, magnesium (Mg)
compounds also show some covalency.
All the other elements of the group form
ionic compounds.
Alkaline earth metals form ionic bonds,

because they have low ionization energies.
The tendency to form ionic bonds increases
on descending the group, as the ionization
enthalpy decreases.
In comparison to Group 1:
The alkaline earth metals are less ionic
than corresponding alkali metals.
Their compounds are less ionic, as their

ionization energies are higher as compared
to the alkali metals.
8. Density
Trend in the group: The densities of alkaline earth metals do not show any
regular trend with increasing atomic number.
34
Fact
Explanation
In comparison to Group 1:
The alkaline earth metals are denser than
the corresponding alkali metals.
Due to their small atomic radii, the

alkali elements are more dense.
9. F
lame colouration: Alkaline earth metals impart a characteristic colour to
the flame. In the flame, the electrons are excited to a higher energy level.
When the electron drops back to its original energy level, it emits the
absorbed radiation. The electrons in Be and Mg are strongly bounced to
the nucleus. So these electrons are not able to attain a higher energy level.
Thus, these two doesnt impart any colour to their flame.
Element
35
Colour
Ca
Brick red
Sr
Crimson red
Ba
Green
10. Solution in ammonia

The alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia, giving a bright blue
colour due to the solvated electrons.
The metals cannot be recovered on evaporating ammonia. Instead, the
hexammoniates of metals are obtained, which decompose to amides.
The concentrated solutions of metals in ammonia are bronze coloured, due
to the formation of metal clusters.
M + 6NH3
M(NH3)6
evaporation
M(NH2)2 + 4NH3 + H2
11. Water of Crystallisation

The crystalline compounds of Group 2, contain more water of crystallization
than the corresponding Group 1 elements. For example, NaCl and KCl are
anhydrous, but MgCl2.6H2O and CaCl2.6H2O have water of crystallisation.
In the table given below, magnitudes of some of the physical properties are listed.
Element
Melting point (K)
Boiling point (K)
Density (g mL-1)
Beryllium
1560
2773
1.85
Magnesium
922
1378
1.74
Calcium
1112
1767
1.55
Strontium
1041
1654
2.63
Barium
1000
2123
3.62
Table 11.2: Physical parameters of Group 2 elements
Chemical Properties of Group 2 Elements

Alkaline earth metals are divalent and generally form colourless compounds.
1. Chemical reactivity
As their ionization enthalpy is low, they show fairly high chemical reactivity.
36
Fact
Explanation
Trend: Chemical reactivity of alkaline earth

metals increases as we descend the group.
This increase in reactivity is observed

as there is a decrease in ionization
enthalpy on descending the group.
In comparison to Group1: The alkaline earth metals are less reactive as

compared to alkali metals.
2. Reducing character
The alkaline earth metals (except Be), have a strong tendency to lose two
electrons to form di-positive ions because of the large size and low ionization
enthalpy. Therefore, they act as reducing agents.
Fact
Explanation
Trend: Chemical reactivity of alkaline This increase in reactivity is observed as there is

earth metals increases as we descend a decrease in ionization enthalpy on descending
the group.
the group.
Trend in the group: The reducing
character increases as we descend
the group
As we move down the group the ionization

enthalpy decreases, thus, the tendency to lose
electrons increases. Therefore, the reducing
character increases as we descend the group.
In comparison to group1: The

This is due to the fact that the alkaline earth
alkaline earth metals are weaker
metals have higher ionization enthalpy than the
reducing agents than alkali metals. alkali metals. Thus, they are weaker reducing
agents.
3. Burning in Oxygen
Be and Mg are chemically inert to oxygen due to information of a film of
oxide on the surface but their powdered form burns to give BeO, Be3N2,
MgO, Mg3N2 in air.
Type of oxide
37
Element(s)
Reaction
Formation of monoxide
Be, Mg and Ca M + O2
Formation of peroxide
Sr, Ba and Ra
M + O2
2MO, where M = {Be, Mg, Ca}

MO2, where M = {Sr, Ba, Ra}
The oxides are basic in nature.

The oxides are less basic than those of the Group 1 metals.
When the alkaline earth metals burn in air, they produce a mixture of
oxide and nitride.
Mg + air
MgO + Mg3N2
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

As we descend the group, the reactivity
towards oxygen increases.
This is due to increasing electropositive

character
Calcium, barium and strontium are stored under paraffin, whereas beryllium
and magnesium are not, as there is a protective layer of oxide on their
surface.
4. Reaction with Water
Beryllium (Be) does not react with water.
Magnesium (Mg) reacts with boiling water, to form oxide and
hydrogen.
Mg + H2O
MgO + H2
The other alkaline earth metals react vigorously with cold water, to
form hydroxides and hydrogen.
M + 2H2O
M (OH)2 + H2
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

The reactivity of the alkaline earth metal The reaction of the alkaline earth metals
increases, as we descend the group
with water is less vigorous as compared
to the alkali metals.
5. Reaction with Nitrogen
38
The alkaline earth metals burn in nitrogen and form ionic nitrides.
3M + N2
M3N2
The formation of the nitride ion (N3-), from N2 requires a lot of energy
as N2 is a very stable molecule.
The energy is compensated by the very high value of lattice energy
M3N2 due to the high charges on the ions, M2+ and N3-.

of
All nitrides of the alkaline earth metals decompose on heating.
The nitrides of the alkaline earth metals react with water and liberate
ammonia.

M3N2 + 6H2O
3M(OH)2 + 2NH3
After studying about the physical and chemical properties let us know some properties
of some of the compounds of Group 2 elements
Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals
1. Oxides
All alkaline earth metals burn in oxygen to form metallic oxides. The alkaline
earth metals are less electropositive than the alkali metals and thus their
oxides are less basic than those of the alkali metals.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

As we descend the group, the basicity of
oxides increases.
Ease of formation of peroxides
Be does not form peroxide.
The ease of formation of peroxides increases
as the size of metal ions becomes larger.
Their stability also increases, as the size of
the metal ions increases.
Oxides are very stable.
39
Enthalpies of formation of these oxides

are quite high.
2. Hydroxides
a. Basicity of hydroxides
All hydroxides are basic, with the exception of Be(OH)2.
The base strength increases as we descend the group.
Be(OH)2 - amphoteric oxide
Mg(OH)2 - weak base
Ca(OH)2 - moderately strong base
Sr(OH)2 - moderately strong base
Ba(OH)2 - strong base
The solution of Ca(OH)2 is known as lime water. The solution of
Ba(OH)2 is known as baryta solution.
Lime water and baryta solutions are used to detect carbon dioxide.
When CO2 is passed through lime water, it turns milky. When excess
of CO2 is passed into this milky solution, the milkiness disappears.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2

Milky
CaCO3 + H2O
Excess
CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
Milkiness disappears
b. Solubility of Hydroxides
Fact
Trend in the group
Explanation
As we descend the group, the lattice energy

As we descend the group, the solubility decreases as the size of the cation increases
from Be2+ to Ba2+.
of hydroxides increases
The decrease in lattice energy is more
pronounced, as compared to the decrease
in hydration energy.
40
40
38
Solubilities
35
30
Solubility/gL1
25
20
15
8
10
5
0
0.03
1.3
Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
Figure 11.12: Solubilities of alkaline earth metals hydroxides at 298 K
Solubility of an ionic salt depends on

(a) Lattice energy Higher the lattice energy:
more tightly are the ions held
lesser is the tendency to split into ions
lesser is the solubility
(b) Hydration energy
H
igher the hydration energy, more is the heat released and thus,
higher is the solubility.
To summarise the two factors

Higher the lattice energy, lesser is the solubility.
Higher the hydration energy, more is the solubility.
Be(OH)2 reacts with alkalies as well as with acids:
Be(OH)2 + 2OH41
[Be(OH)4]2- (berrylate ion)
3. Sulphates
The sulphates of all alkaline earth metals are white solids. Sulphates of
Be, Mg, Ca exists as hydrated sulphates i.e. BeSO4.4H2O, MgSO4.7H2O,
CaSO4.2H2O.
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

The solubility of sulphates decreases,
as we descend the group,
i.e. BeSO4 - soluble

MgSO4- soluble
CaSO4 - sparingly soluble
SrSO4, BaSO4, RaSO4 - insoluble
The size of anion is large, i.e. SO42- ion is

large.
T
he size of the cation increases as we
descend the group.
T
he increase in the size of the cation
from Be2+ to Ba2+ does not make much
difference to lattice energy.
H
owever, there is a prominent decrease
in the hydration energy as we descend
the group.
To conclude, as we descend the group, the
hydration energy decreases, whereas no
appreciable decrease in lattice energy is noted.
Lesser the hydration energy, lesser is the
solubility.
Stability towards heat:

The alkaline earth metal sulphates decompose on heating.
MSO4 heat MO + SO3
Fact
Explanation
The temperature, at which the sulphates

decompose, increases on descending the
group i.e. the thermal stability increases on
As the size of the cation increases on

descending the group, its polarisation
effect on the sulphate ion decreases
and thus, the stability of alkaline earth
metal sulphate increases on descending
the group.
Trend in the group:
42
BeSO4
MgSO4
CaSO4
SrSO4
- 500oC
- 895oC
- 1149oC
- 1374oC
4. Nitrates
Nitrates of the alkaline earth metals can be prepared in solution and can be
crystallised as hydrated salts by reaction of HNO3 with carbonates, oxides
or hydroxides.
Heating of the hydrated solids does not give anhydrous nitrate. On
heating, the solid decomposes to the oxide.
Anhydrous nitrates can be prepared by using liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide
and ethyl acetate except for beryllium.
5. Halides
The alkaline earth metals combine directly with the halogens to form halides
of the type MX2 at the appropriate temperature.
Beryllium halides are covalent and fume in air due to hydrolysis.
BeCl2 + 2H2O
Be(OH)2 + 2HCl
In vapour phase, BeCl2 is present as a chloro-bridged dimer which dissociates

into linear triatomic monomer at a high temperature of the order of 1200 K.
Cl
Cl Be
Be Cl
Cl
dimer
In the solid state, beryllium chloride forms a chain structure. A halogen atom
bonded to one beryllium atom uses a lone pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond with another beryllium atom. Two such halogens are present
in between two beryllium atoms.
The halides of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are electrovalent.

The halides of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba dissolve in water to give neutral
solutions.
43
The halides of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are hygroscopic and form hydrates
like CaCl2.6H2O and MgCl2.6H2O.
Anhydrous CaCl2 is a well known drying agent.
Anhydrous MgCl2 is used in the electrolytic extraction of magnesium.
6. Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Fact
Explanation
The alkali earth metals form solid

carbonates.
This is because of the less basic

character of alkaline earth metals.
Bicarbonates are known only in solution.

Trend in the group:
The temperatures at which carbonates
decompose increases as we descend the
group.
As the size of the cation increases on

descending the group, its polarisation
power on CO32- decreases. This makes
CO32- more stable. Thus, the temperature
at which the carbonates decompose
increase as we descend the group.
Solubility of Carbonates
Fact
Explanation
Trend in the group:

The solubility of carbonates
The size of the anion, i.e. CO32- ion is large.
decreases, as we descend the group As we descend the group, the size of the cation
increases from Be2+ to Ba2+.
As we descend the group, there is no appreciable
difference in lattice energy.
However, as we descend the group, there is a
marked decrease in hydration energy.
Lower the hydration energy, lower is the
solubility.
Thus, as we descend the group, the hydration
energy decreases, with not much change in
lattice energy. Therefore, the solubility of
carbonates decreases as we go from Be to Ba.
44
7. Complexes
The alkaline earth metals have a stronger tendency to form complexes,
than the alkali metals.
Fact
Explanation
The alkaline earth metals, have a stronger

This is because they have a small size
tendency for complex formation than Group and high charge.
1 elements.
Trend in the group: As we descend the
group, the tendency for complex formation
decreases.
Most important complex formed by Mg is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is vital

for photosynthesis in plants.
Just like lithium, here also the first member beryllium shows anamolous behaviour.
Let us be familiar with the anamolous behaviour of beryllium
Anomalous behaviour of Beryllium

1. Be is harder than other members of its group.
2. It has a higher melting and boiling point than other members.
3. Be does not react with water, even at high temperatures, while other
metals react with water.
Mg + H2O
(boiling)
4. Be does not react with acids to liberate hydrogen, unlike other elements
of the group.
5. Be forms covalent compounds due to high charge density and hence, it

has greater polarising power. Other members form ionic compounds.
6. BeO is amphoteric, whereas the oxides of the other alkaline earth metals
are basic.
BeO + 2HCl
BeCl2 + H2O
BeO + 2NaOH

45
MgO + H2
Na2BeO2 + H2O
(Sodium beryllate)
7. Beryllium carbide reacts with water to produce methane gas, whereas

carbides of the other alkaline earth metals are basic.
Be2C + 4H2O
2Be(OH)2 + CH4
CaC2 + 2H2O
Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
8. Be forms a large number of complexes with co-ordination number four.

The tendency for other metals to form complexes is comparatively
low.
Let us now study how the beryllium shows diagonal relationship with aluminium
Diagonal relationship between beryllium and aluminium
Beryllium shows resemblance to aluminium, which is diagonally placed. This
is due to the following:

1. Similar values of charge/radius ratio
2. Similar electronegativity
Some points of resemblance are:

1. Due to the formation of an inert layer of oxide on the surface of Be

and Al, both become passive with concentrated HNO3.
2. Both Be and Al react with alkalis to form beryllate, [Be(OH)4]2- and

aluminate [Al (OH)6]3-.
3. The hydroxides of both Be and Al are amphoteric i.e. Be(OH)2, Al(OH)3

are amphoteric.
4. Be and Al form polymeric halides

Cl
Cl Be
Be Cl
Cl
Cl
AlN + 3H2O
Al
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
5. Be and Al form nitrides, which liberate ammonia when treated with

water.
Be3N2 + 6H2O
46
Cl
3Be(OH)2 + 2NH3
Al(OH)3 + NH3
6. Be and Al carbides give methane on hydrolysis.
Be2C + 4H2O
2Be(OH)2 + CH4
Al4C3 + 12H2O

4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
7. Both Be and Al form complexes.
Be forms [BeF4]2- and [ Be(C2O4)2]2 Al forms [ AlF6]3- and [Al(C2O4)3]3
8. Be and Al have a tendency to form covalent compounds.
9. Both Be and Al chlorides are strong Lewis acids and are soluble in
organic solvents.
Compounds of Group 2 elements

Let us now study the methods of preparation, properties and uses of some
Group 2 elements.
Like magnesium, calcium also forms di-positive ions. It forms compounds
with many metals. The compounds are generally ionic. Unlike salts of alkali
metals, calcium salts are not always readily soluble in water.
1. Calcium Oxide, Quick lime, CaO
It is a primary material of great importance in the building industry. It is the
cheapest form of alkali.
Preparation
By heating limestone in a rotatory kiln at 1070-1270 K
CaCO3
1070 1270 K
CaO + CO2, DH = +179.7 kJ
Conditions
CO2 obtained is to be removed immediately.
Temperature should not exceed 1270 K, otherwise silica present as impurity
in lime will combine with calcium oxide to form fusible calcium silicate,
CaSiO3.

47
CaO + SiO2 above 1270 K CaSiO3

(Calcium silicate)
Properties

(i) It is a white amorphous solid.
(ii) Melting point is 2273 K.
(iii) On exposure to atmosphere, it absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide.

CaO + H2O
CaO + CO2
Ca(OH)2
(Slaked line)
CaCO3
(Calcium carbonate)
(iv) Action of acids

CaO + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
(v) Disintegration of the lump of lime on addition of limited amount of

water is called slaking of lime and the product obtained is slaked
lime.
(vi) At high temperatures, it combines with solid acidic oxides.

CaO + SiO2
6CaO + P4O10
CaSiO3
2Ca3(PO4)2
(vii) It emits brilliant light (lime) when heated in oxyhydrogen flame.

(viii) Its reaction with water is highly exothermic
CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
DH = -64.5 kJ/mol
Uses
48
1. Lime (also called quicklime) is used in steel manufacture for removing

silicates as slag.
2. It is an ingredient, along with silica and alumina, in the manufacture

of cement.
3. Its hydrolysis product, slaked lime is used to reduce the acid content
of natural aquatic systems like lakes and streams.
4. Lime is also a raw material in manufacture of glass.
5. In manufacture of dyestuff
6. As a drying agent:
2. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

This is commonly known as slaked lime.
Preparation

(i) On adding water to quick lime, it produces a hissing sound and

large amount of heat is evolved which converts water into steam.
This process is called slaking of lime and the fine powder obtained
is called slaked lime.
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
(ii) From calcium chloride

CaCl2 + 2NaOH
Ca(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Properties

(i) It is a white amorphous powder.
(ii) It is sparingly soluble in water. The solubility decreases with the rise
in temperature.
(iii) Reaction with chlorine: It reacts with chlorine to form bleaching

powder.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
CaOCl2 + H2O
(Bleaching powder)
(iv) Reaction with acids: It being a strong base reacts with acids to give
the corresponding salts:
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
(v) Slaked lime loses water only at temperatures > 700 K
(vi) Lime water turns milky on passing CO2 through it.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
(ppt)
But the precipitate dissolves on passing excess CO2 due to formation of

calcium hydrogen carbonate.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
49
Ca(HCO3)2 soluble
Uses

(i) It is used as a building material, mortar.
(ii) In white washing
(iii) For softening of hard water
(iv) For manufacturing bleaching powder
(v) In laboratory, it is used as lime water
(vi) As a disinfectant
(vii) For purification of sugar.

(viii) For absorbing acid gases.

(ix) For preparing ammonia from ammonium chloride.
3. Calcium carbonate, CaCO3

Calcium carbonate occurs as vast deposits of rocks in several geological
sites. There are three broad classifications of rocks igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic and calcium carbonate,
in form of calcite is a constituent of all
three types. Calcite constitutes about 4%
by mass of earth crust and exists in several
crystalline forms. In igneous rocks, it exists
as carbonatite; in sedimentary rocks, it occurs
as limestone; and in metamorphic rocks, it is
found as marble.
Yet another variety of calcite is Iceland spar. It
is found in Iceland and exists as a colorless,
transparent mineral. Animals like oysters,
clams and corals secrete another form of
calcium carbonate, called aragonite. A very
hard variety of calcium carbonate, called
travertine, occurs in hot springs.
Calcium carbonate is used in the manufacture
of glass and cement. It is an ore of calcium.
Moreover, it serves as a raw material for
preparing other compounds of calcium.
50
Figure 11.13: Marble is

a dense form of calcium
carbonate. It is often
coloured by impurities,
such as iron ions
Preparation

(i) From slaked lime: By passing carbon dioxide through calcium

hydroxide, slaked lime
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
(ii) From calcium chloride: By adding aqueous solution of sodium

carbonate to calcium chloride
Na2CO3 + CaCl2
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
Properties

(i) It is white fluffy powder.
(ii) It is almost insoluble in water.
(iii) On heating to 1270 K, it decomposes to form quick lime.

CaCO3 1270K CaO + CO2
(iv) With dilute acids, it gives CO2 gas.
CaCO3 + 2HCl
CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
Uses

(i) As a building material in the form of marble
(ii) In the manufacture of quick lime
(iii) In pure and finely powdered form, it is used in toothpaste and

cosmetics.
(iv) As raw material for Solvay process
(v) In agriculture, for neutralising the acidity of soil
(vi) Along with magnesium carbonate, it is used in the extraction of metals

such as iron.
4. Calcium sulphate (CaSO4. 2H2O)

In nature, it occurs as the anhydrite CaSO4 and in the hydrated state as
calcium sulphate dihydrate, CaSO4.2H2O called gypsum. Rajasthan and
Punjab in India have large deposits of gypsum.
51
Preparation

(i) By the action of dilute H2SO4 on lime or calcium carbonate
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4
CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaSO4 + 2H2O
CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(ii) By adding sodium sulphate to a soluble calcium salt solution

CaCl2 + Na2SO4
CaSO4 + 2NaCl
Properties

(i) CaSO4.2H2O is sparingly soluble in water. On heating, its solubility

decreases.
(ii) Heating shows interesting change
2CaSO4 2H2O 390K
2CaSO4 1 H2O + 3H2O (Water is lost partially)
hemihydrate
2CaSO4 1 H2O 473K

2
2CaSO4 + H2O
dead burnt plaster
Uses

(i) In the manufacture of plaster of Paris and cement Plaster of Paris is

used for plastering walls and to make casts and moulds. It is also
used to hospitals to encase limbs so as to heal broken bones.
(ii) In the preparation of black board chalks
(iii) Anhydrous calcium sulphate (anhydrite) is used as a drying agent
Biological role of Calcium And Magnesium

Like Na+ and K+ ions, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions also play an important role in
biology. Some of the details are given below.
Mg2+ ions are present in chlorophyll, a green coloured pigment in
plants, which absorbs light and is essential for photosynthesis.
Calcium is present in bones and teeth as phosphate and plays an
important role in the bone structure with ageing. Calcium ions play an
important role in muscle contraction for the regulation of heart beat.
52
Malnutrition in children is mainly due to the deficiency of Ca2+ ions.

Both Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions catalyse a number of enzymatic reactions.
In biological systems, energy is stored in the form of pyrophosphate
linkages. The formation of these linkages i.e. storage of energy is
catalysed by Mg2+ or Ca2+ ions. Conversely, pyrophosphate undergoes
hydrolysis with the release of energy. This process is catalysed by Ca2+
ions.
Mg2+ ions are concentrated in the animal cell and Ca2+ ions are
concentrated outside the cell.
Mg2+ ions are essential for the transmission of impulses along nerve
fibres. Mg2+ form complexes with ATP and carry out reactions in which
energy is released.
Student Activity 2
To compare the solubility of sodium chloride and magnesium
chloride.
Step 1: Prepare a saturated solution of sodium chloride in 100 mL
water in a 400 mL beaker.
Step 2: Place a glass rod in the solution.
Step 3: Heat the solution gently so that water slowly evaporates.
Step 4: Collect the residue from the beaker and the glass rod and dry it.
Step 5: Weigh the residue and report the solubility in grams per liter.
Step 6: Repeat the sequence by taking magnesium chloride instead of
sodium chloride.
Why this activity? Every salt dissolves in water to a different extent.
Even though sodium chloride and magnesium chloride are ionic
compounds, their solubility in water varies.
Inference. Solubility depends on two factors: Degree of ionic character
and lattice energy. Greater the ionic character and smaller the lattice
energy of the ionic compound, greater is the solubility. Explain the
results in light of these two parameters.
53
Summary
Group 1
Physical Property

1. Electronic configuration: ns1
2.
3. BCC type of lattice
4. Atomic radii
increases
5. Ionic radii
increases
6. Ionization energy
decreases
7. Electropositive character
increases
8. Metallic character
increases
9. Melting and boiling points
increase
+
M (unipositive ion)
10. Density
increases
11. Electronegativity
decreases
12. Conducting ability
increases
13. Flame colouration
imparts characteristic colours
14. Photoelectric effect
is shown
15. Nature of bonds
ionic
Chemical Property
54
Trend in the Group
Trend in the Group
1. Reducing property
increases
2. Reaction with oxygen
4Li + O2
2Li2O

Lithium monoxide
2Na + O2
Na2O2

Sodium peroxide
M + O2
MO2
Metal superoxide

(M = K, Rb, Cs)
Becomes violent on descending
4. Reaction with nitrogen
6Li + N2
2Li3N
5. L
ithium exhibits diagonal relationship
with magnesium
Li
Mg
6. Lithium exhibits anomalous behaviour
Group 2
Physical Property
Trend in the Group (on descending)
1. Electronic configuration: ns2

2. Hard/soft
soft
3. Atomic and ionic radii
increases
4. Ionization energy
decreases
5. Oxidation state
divalent
6. Electropositive character
increases
7. Melting point and boiling point
do not vary regularly
8. Nature of bonds
covalent bond tendency decreases
9. Density
does not vary regularly
10. Flame colouration
imparts characteristic colour
11. Standard reduction potential becomes more negative

Chemical Property
1. Reactivity
increases
2. Reducing character
increases
3. Burning in oxygen
Reactivity increases
Reactivity increases
5. Reaction with nitrogen
3M + N2
6. Beryllium exhibits anamolous

behavior
7. Beryllium exhibits diagonal
relationship with aluminium
8. They form complexes
55
Trend in the Group
M3N2
Student Worksheet 1

1. The salts of which of the following metals give a yellow flame?

(a) Lithium
(b) Sodium
(c) Potassium
(d) Rubidium
2. Which of the following is the most soft metal?

(a) Sodium
(b) Potassium
(c) Rubidium
(d) Cesium
3. Which of the following metals has least density?

(a) Lithium
(b) Sodium
(c) Potassium
(d) Rubidium
4. Which of the following hydroxides has the most basic character?

(a) Lithium hydroxide
(b) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Potassium hydroxide
(d) Rubidium hydroxide
5. Which alkali metal forms the most stable hydride?

(a) Lithium
(b) Sodium
(c) Rubidium
(d) Cesium
6. The oxyacid salts of which alkali metal are least soluble in water?
(a) Lithium
(b) Sodium
(c) Potassium
(d) Cesium
7. Describe the products that are obtained when an aqueous solution of

sodium chloride is subjected to electrolysis.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

8. Discuss the method of large-scale preparation of sodium carbonate and

sodium hydrogencarbonate starting from sodium chloride.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
56
9. What products are formed when each of Group 1 metal is burnt in

air?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10. Outline the significance of sodium-potassium pump in biological
systems.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. List three anomalous properties of lithium.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Outline two uses each of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
57
Student Worksheet 2

1. Which of the following carbonate decomposes at the lowest temperature?

(a) Beryllium carbonate
(b) Magnesium carbonate
(c) Calcium carbonate
(d) Strontium carbonate
2. A common ant-acid is:

(a) Beryllium hydroxide
(c) Calcium hydroxide
3. The metal whose salts are most heavily hydrated is:

(a) Magnesium (b) Calcium
(c) Strontium
(d) Barium
4. Which of the following does NOT impart color to the flame?

(a) Barium chloride
(b) Strontium chloride
(c) Calcium chloride
(d) Beryllium chloride
5. Which of the following is an amphoteric oxide?

(a) Beryllium oxide
(b) Magnesium oxide
(c) Calcium oxide
(d) Strontium oxide
6. Which of the following compounds is ingested before taking the X-ray

of an internal organ?
(a) Magnesium sulphate
(b) Calcium sulphate
(c) Strontium sulphate
(d) Barium sulphate
(b) Magnesium hydroxide

(d) Barium hydroxide
7. Write the equations for the reaction of beryllium metal with (i) dilute
hydrochloric acid and (ii) sodium hydroxide.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8. Complete the following reaction sequence

423 K
473 K

CaSO4.2H2O
58
1400 K
+ SO3
9. What is the structure of beryllium(II) chloride in the solid state and in

the gaseous state?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10. Write the reaction of magnesium with (i) oxygen; (ii) nitrogen; and (iii)
water.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. Discuss, giving reason, the trend in the solubility of alkaline earth metal
sulphates.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12. Outline three uses of lime.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
59
Student Worksheet 3

1. Explain why magnesium is less ductile than sodium.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why calcium has a greater melting point than potassium.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. On the basis of Fajans rules explain which is expected to have a greater

ionic character: Sodium iodide or magnesium iodide.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. On the basis of diagonal relationship, list three points of similarities

between lithium and magnesium.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. Why do the compounds of beryllium show more covalent character

than the compounds of other s-block elements?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

6. Why do the halides of beryllium polymerize?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
60
Flow Chart
1.
General characteristics of s-block
elements and their position
in the periodic table.
3.
Group 2 elements. Physical and
chemical properties. Biological
significance. Industrially
important compounds.
61
2.
Group 1 elements. Physical
and chemical properties.
Biological significance.
Industrially important
compounds.
4.
Comparison and contrast between
members of Group 1 and 2.
Diagonal relationship.
Crossword Puzzle
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Across

1. The type of oxide formed by heating rubidium in air.
4. Common name of sodium nitrate.
9. Trend of melting point of Group 1 elements on going from cesium to

lithium.
10. The lightest metal.

62
12. An element having resemblance to lithium.

13. Alternate name of calcium sulphate dehydrate.
15. A metal used in solar energy devices.
16. A common ore of calcium.
17. A radioactive alkaline earth metal.
18. The alkaline earth metal whose carbonate is thermally most stable
Down

1. Other than barium, the s-block element whose sulphate is insoluble in

water.
2. Salts of the metal that impart lilac coloration to the flame.
3. The chloride of this s-block metal has a polymeric structure.
5. Commercial name for a formulation containing sodium peroxide that

is used in breathing apparatus.
6. A type of cement based on magnesium salts
7. Trend of malleability on going from alkali to alkaline earth metals.
8. A Group 1 element that burns in air to yield peroxide.
11. An incandescent oxide.

13. The color which the salts of barium impart to the flame.
14. Name of the process for industrial preparation of sodium carbonate
and sodium bicarbonate.
63
Mnemonics
Little Nasty Kids Rub Cats Fur
(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly
(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
Interesting Facts
Sodium is derived from word soda which itself is derived from an
Arabic word which means to split apart, since it was first used
as a remedy for splitting headache.
The word potassium is derived from word potash which means
of plants, since ashes of plants are particularly rich in potassium
carbonate.
Rubidium was named after the beautiful ruby colour of its special
lines. Caesium means sky blue after the bright blue lines in its
spectrum.
Francium, a radioactive metal was discovered by M.M.Persey at
Lusie Institute and named after her native land.
Francium is radioactive among them and
is its longest lived isotope.
64
223Fr
(t1/2 = 21 minutes)
Additional Resources Links
65
Additional Resource Links
www.chemtopics.com/elements/alkali/alkali.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal
www.chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal
www.chemicalelements.com/groups/alkaline.html
Central Board of Secondary Education

66
Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Centre, Preet Vihar

Delhi-110092

l-3 c-163 1344837023407

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

l-3 c-163 1344837023407

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMISTRY

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATIO

Central Board of Secondary Education

he CBSE-International is grateful for permission

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

intelligence, musical intelligence, inter-personal intelligence and intra-personal

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

Ideators: Classes XI and XII

Dr. Niti Nandini Chatnani

Ms. Neeta Rastogi

Dr. Anil K Bali

Prof. Kapil Kapoor

Mrs. Anita Makkar

Dr. Preeti Tewari

Ms. Renu Anand

Prof. Biswajit Nag

Dr. Deeksha Bajpai

Mr. Mukesh Kumar

Dr. Barkatullah Khan

Dr. Jacqueline Symss

Ms. Avnita Bir

Ms. Usha Sharma

Material Production Groups: Classes XI and XII

Chief Co-ordinator: Dr. Srijata Das, EO

Ms. Sugandh Sharma,

Mr. Navin Maini, RO

Ms. Neelima Sharma,

Shri Al Hilal Ahmed,

Shri R.P Singh, AEO

Ms. Anjali Chhabra,

Mr. Sanjay Sachdeva,

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

11.3 Group 2 elements

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

the chemical properties, including reactivity with air and

the anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium.

the significance of sodium-potassium pump, as well as

the industrial importance of sodium hydroxide, sodium

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

Cross Curricular Links

: To examine the importance of alkali and

: To plot graphs for making a comparison

between the physical parameters, such as

: To highlight the environmental hazards

: To explain why cesium is used in photovoltaic

: To construct and compare the wave model of

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

: To study abundance of alkali and alkaline

earth metals under the earth crust and in the

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

Lithium and Magnesium

Beryllium and Magnesium

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

Boiling & melting points

11.1 General Introduction

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

11.2 Group 1 Elements

(Lithium is shown floating

Unit 11: s-Block Elements

Source of images: Wikipedia

Physical Properties of Group 1 elements

Unit 11: s-Block Elements