Assessment,Evaluationand

controlofphysicalagentsin
MetrolandMediaGroup

OHS314PhysicalAgents

Submittedto:Dr.AbdoliEramaki

Submittedby:

AbdelHameedAdra
AbdurRehmanKhawaja
HarleenPanfer
HarounKhokar
RabioulHassan
SimonLi

Introduction

Physicalagentssuchasnoise,light,heatandcold,andvibrationsarepresentatevery
workplace.Eachoftheseagentscanbemeasuredandobservedbyanexpertinthisfieldand
thedatadisplayedinchartsortablestocompareandensureproperstandardsaremetand
tohelpreduceallphysicalagentsrelatedoccupationalhazards.

ToapplywhatwaslearnedinthecourseweconductedourfinalprojectatMetrolandMedia
Group,locatedat10TempoAve.,Toronto,ON.Ourcontactwasthepressroomsupervisor,
Mr.ScottReis,whoeagerlyguidedusaroundtheworksite.

Scopeofthereport

Ourfocuswasmainlyongettingasoundlevelmeterreadingaroundtheredprintingpress
andinsidethesupervisorsofficeandcreatingasoundmap.Thesoundlevelmapwillshow
theareasofhighandlowsoundpressureswheretheworkersnormallyexecutetheirtasks.
Dosimetrymeasurementsweretakenaroundtheredpressatvariouslocationsandinthe
lunchroomforfiveminuteintervalstodeterminetotalnoiseexposureasingleworkeris
exposedtoinatenhourshift.Thedrybulb,wetbulb,globetemperatureandairvelocity
readingsweretakenaroundtheredpressinordertocalculatetheWorldBulbGlobe
Temperature(WBGT)andtheheatstressthatworkersareexposedto.Aphotometrywas
alsoconductedtodeterminewhetherthereisadequatelightingpresenttoensurethework
canbedoneefficientlyandwithoutstraintotheeye.

MethodsandMaterials

TheSoundLevelMeter,SoundtrackLxTfromLarsonDavis,wasassembledbyattachingthe
microphonetothemainbody,confirmedbyaclickwhenplacedcorrectly.Thecapofthe
microphonewasremovedandtheroundspongewasattachedtoitsendwhicheliminates
windandinflatedreadings.Onceturnedon,theSLMsettingsweresettoAforFrequency
Weighting,SlowforDetector,AforPeakWeighing,andLinearforIntegrationMethod.To
createasuccessfulsoundmaparoundtheonlyworkingmachineatthetimeofvisit,theRed
Press,ageneralfloormapoftheareasurroundingthemachinerywasdrawn.Determining
thattakingthereadingswiththeSLMclosetoearheightoftheoperatoratanarmsdistance
wasadequateforthepurposesoftheproject.Beforestartingtotakethereadings,the
pressroomsupervisor,Mr.Reisprovideduswithfootguardsthatwouldserveasfoot
protectionandapairof3MOPTIME101PeltorearmuffsthathaveaNoisereductionrating
of27dB.Withoutthesetwopersonalprotectiveequipmentoneisforbiddentooperateor
comenearthemachine.Theworkerswerealsowearingoverallsthatcoveredthearmsand
legsfully,woreglovesthatprovidedextragrip,andhaveeyeprotection.Multiplereadings
weretakenaroundtheperimeterofthepressattheclosestdistanceanemployeestands
fromthepress,1meter,2metersandwherepossibleupto5metersaway.Therecordings

wereplottedonexcel,andtheresultsshowninfigure1.Anothersoundmapwascreatedof
theFloorSupervisorsofficeandtheresultsshowninfigure2.

Thenoisedosimeter,fromBrel&Kjr,wasusedtomeasuresoundlevelexposureover
time.ThedosimeteriscalibratedforAweightingandclippedtothecollarofanemployee
whowouldthencontinuetoperformtheirjob.Measurementswererecordedinsixstations.
Station1wastheFoldingstation,station2wastheKeystation,station3wastheRolling
station,station4wastheWebbingStation,Station5wastheConsoleStationandstation6
wasthelunchroom.Eachstationwasrecordedatvaryingdistancesfromthesource,
dependingonthetypeofworkthatneededtobedone.Theemployeewiththedosimeter
attachedwouldstayandperformnormaltasksforfiveminutesateachstationwhilethe
dosimeterwasrecording.After5minutes,theworkerwouldhavethedosimetertakenoffand
theresultswererecorded.Theresultsarethentobecomparedagainsttheestimatedtimea
workerwillspendateachstation,andextrapolatedon,toprovideanaccuraterepresentation
ofthenoisedosereceivedbytheworker.Theworkerswereallwearing3MOptime101Peltor
earmuffswhichhasanoisereductionof27dB.Thedataisshownintable1.

Thedeviceusedtomeasuretheilluminationandluminancewasthephotometer.The
experimentbeganbyattachingthelightsensortothephotometerandtakingthecoveroffof
thelightsensor.Thedevicewasthenturnedonanditwasmadesurethattheunitwassetto
Lux.ThephotometerthatwasusedtoconductthisexperimentwasanOEMSmartSensor
ModelAR823.Webeganbyanalyzingthesecondhalfoftheprintingpressroomwhichwas
notinoperationandthatgaveustheperfectopportunitytomovearoundandmeasureas
effectivelyaspossible.Theoperationoftheprintingpresswasacompleteindooroperation,
andnowindowswerepresentsononaturallightwascomingintotheroom.Afteranalyzing
theroom,theareawasplottedoutonapieceofpaperandwebegantakingmeasurements.
Westartedtakingmeasurementsbyplacingthedigitalluxmeteroverworkstationsandareas
whereworkersmightreadnumbersoffameter.Wemadesurethatthedevicewasplaced
horizontallyandthatwestoodasfarawayfromthedeviceaspossible.Afterplacingthe
devicehorizontally,weturnedthedigitalluxmeteraround180degreestomeasurethe
luminance.Thedigitalluxmeterwasplacedover10printingpressmachines,1conveyer,2
controlpanelswithbuttonsandacomputeronthem,asortingcabinetandapapercutting
machine.Eachprintingpressmachinehad6lightfixturesbuiltintothem,3onthefrontand3
ontheback.Aftermeasuringboththeilluminanceandtheluminanceon21workstations,we
proceededtomeasurethereflectionofthewall.Onesideoftheroomseemedtobemadea
greybrickwall,andtheothersideoftheroomseemedtobecoveredbyacertaintypeof
metal.Theilluminance,luminanceandreflectanceofthesurfacesdataisshownintable4.A
floormapoffixturesandthereadingsofthesurfacesoftheRedPressisshowninfigure3.

MainFindings

CalculationsandDataforDosimetry

Leq = 10log10{(Dose/100) x(8/T)}+ 85 dBA (Note:Noiseexposure= dBA +7 NRR,

NRR=27)

Station1:FoldingStation
Leq=10log10{(15.9/100)x(8/3)}+85dBa
=81.3dBA+727dBA
=61.3dBA
LEX=Leq+1.75
=54.3+1.75
=56.05dBA
Station2:KeyingStation
Leq=10log10{(15.9/100)x(8/3)}+85dBa
=81.3dBA+727dBA
=61.3dBA

LEX=Leq+1.75

=54.3dBA+1.75
=56.05dBA
Station3:RollingStation
Leq=10log10{(10/100)x(8/3)}+85dBa
=79.3dBA+727dBA
=59.3dBA
LEX=Leq+1.75
=52.3dBA+1.75
=54.05dBA
Station4:WebbingStation
Leq=10log10{(7.6/100)x(8/1)}+85dBa
=82.8dBA+727dBA
=62.8dBA
LEX=Leq+1.75
=55.8dBA+1.75
=57.55dBA
Station5:ConsoleStation
Leq=10log10{(15.9/100)x(8/10)}+85dBa
=76.0dBA+727dBA
=56.0dBA
LEX=Leq+1.75
=49.0dBA+1.75

=50.75dBA

Station6:LunchRoom
Leq=10log10{(0.01/100)x(8/1)}+85dBa
=54.0dBA
LEX=Leq+1.75
=54.0+1.75
=55.75dBA(noheadphoneswereusedinthelunchroom)
Table1

Station
1
(Foldin
g
Station)
3

Working
Period in
each
Station
(hours)
Sampling in 5mins
Minutes
Dose(%)in 15.9%
Each
Sampling
Dose (%) 63.6
Extrapolate
dfor12
hours

Station Station
2 (Key 3
Station) (Rolling
Station)
3

Station
4
(Webbin
g
Station)
1

Station
5
(Consol
e
Station)
10

Station
6
(Lunch
Room)

5mins

5mins

5mins

5mins

5mins

Total
Dose:
65.3%

15.9%

10.0%

7.6%

15.9%

0.0%

63.6

40

91.2

19.08

277.48
%

Table1.,displaysthethesixstationswherethedosimeterrecordingswerecollectedaswell
asdose%ineachsamplingwhichwasthenextrapolated

CalculationandDataofWorldBulbGlobeTemperature(WBGT)

Sincemeasurementsweretakeninsidetheworkplaceonly,onlytheWBGT(inside)of
eachworkstationwillbecalculated.Alltheworkerswerewearinglightworkuniforms.

WBGT(inside)Folder
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.1)+(0.3)(24.1)
=11.97+7.23
=19.2

WBGT(inside)Key
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.1)+(0.3)(24.1)
=11.97+7.23
=19.2

WBGT(inside)Roll
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.4)+(0.3)(23.7)
=12.18+7.11
=19.29

WBGT(inside)Web
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.2)+(0.3)(23.4)
=12.04+7.02
=19.06

WBGT(inside)Lunch
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.0)+(0.3)(23.6)
=11.90+7.08
=18.98

WBGT(inside)Console
WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT)
=(0.7)(17.6)+(0.3)(23.8)
=12.32+7.14
=19.46

TimeWeightedAverageWBGT
TWAWBGT=[(WBGT1)(t1)]+[(WBGT2)(t2)]+[(WBGT3)(t3)]+[(WBGT4)(t4)]
+[(WBGT5)(t5)+(WBGT6)(t6)]/(t1+t2+t3+t4+t5+t6)

=[(19.2)(3hr)]+[(19.2)(3hr)]+[(19.29)(3hr)]+[(19.06)(1hr)]+[(18.98)(1hr)]
+[(19.46)(10hr)]/(3hr+3hr+3hr+1hr+1hr+10hr)
=(57.6hr.)+(57.6hr.)+(57.87hr.)+(19.06hr.)+(18.98hr.)+(194.6hr.)/
(21hr)
=(405.71hr.)/(21hr)
=19.32

TimeWeightedAverageMetabolism
TWAM=[(M1)(t1)]+[(M2)(t2)]+[(M3)(t3)]+[(M4)(t4)]+[(M5)(t5)+(M6)(t6)]/(t1+t2+t3+t4
+t5+t6)
=[(300kcal/hr)(3hr)+(300kcal/hr)(3hr)+(300kcal/hr)(3hr)+(300kcal/hr)(1hr)+
(101.25kcal/hr)(1hr)+(56.75kcal/hr)(10hr)]/(3hr+3hr+3hr+1hr+1hr+10hr)
=900kcal/hr.hr+900kcal/hr.hr+900kcal/hr.hr+300kcal/hr.hr+101.25kcal/hr.hr+
567.5kcal/hr.hr/21hr
=174.70kcal/hr

Table2
Work
Station

Dry()

Wet()

Globe()

Air
velocity(m/s
)

Total
Metabolis
Shift(hr) m(kcal/hr)

Folder

22.9

17.1

24.1

0.15

300

Key

22.9

17.1

24.1

0.15

300

Roll

22.7

17.4

23.7

0.04

300

Web

22.3

17.2

23.4

0.02

300

Lunch
Room

22.4

17.0

23.6

0.02

101.25

Console

22.8

17.6

23.8

0.20

10

56.75

Table2.,showsthetemperatureandairvelocitymeasurementstakenwiththeWBGTmeter
andanemometerinandm/s

Table3
WorkStation

WBGT()

Folder

19.2

Key

19.2

Roll

19.29

Web

19.06

LunchRoom

18.98

Console

19.46

Table3.,showsthecalculatedWBGTinforeachworkstation

CalculationandDataforIllumination

Allthecalculationswerebasedonthefollowingequation:
Reflectance(%)=Luminance/Illuminancex100
PrintingPressMachine1:Reflectance=Luminance/Illuminance=70/767x100=9.13%
PrintingPressMachine2:Reflectance=6/138x100=4.35%
PrintingPressMachine3:Reflectance=1/38x100=2.63%
PrintingPressMachine4:Reflectance=32/300x100=10.67%
PrintingPressMachine5:Reflectance=22/120x100=18.33%
PrintingPressMachine6:Reflectance=24/195x100=12.3%
PrintingPressMachine7:Reflectance=4/159x100=2.52%
PrintingPressMachine8:Reflectance=19/210x100=9%
PrintingPressMachine9:Reflectance=28/260x100=10.77%
PrintingPressMachine10:Reflectance=7/192x100=3.65%
Conveyer:Reflectance=70/853x100=8.2%
ControlPanel1p1:Reflectance=8/430x100=1.86%
ControlPanel2p2:9/195x100=4.62%
ControlPanel3p3:19/332x100=5.72%
SortingCabinet:6/137x100=4.38%
ControlPanel2p1:30/670x100=4.48%
ControlPanel2p2:26/263x100=9.89%
ControlPanel2p3:37/196x100=18.88%
PaperCuttingMachinep1:104/315x100=33%
PaperCuttingMachinep2:24/573x100=4.19%

Table4

Area/Machine

Illuminance(lux) Luminance(lux)

Reflectance

PrintingPress1

767

70

9.13%

PrintingPress2

138

4.35%

PrintingPress3

38

2.63%

PrintingPress4

300

32

10.67%

PrintingPress5

120

22

18.33%

PrintingPress6

195

24

12.3%

PrintingPress7

159

2.52%

PrintingPress8

210

19

9%

PrintingPress9

260

28

10.77%

PrintingPress10

192

3.65%

Conveyer

853

70

8.2%

ControlPanel1p1

430

1.86%

ControlPanel1p2

195

4.62%

ControlPanel1p3

332

19

5.72%

SortingCabinet

137

4.38%

ControlPanel2

670

30

4.48%

ControlPanel2p2

263

26

9.89%

ControlPanel2p3

196

37

18.88%

PaperCuttingMachinep1

315

104

33%

PaperCuttingMachinep2

573

24

4.19%

Table4.,showstheilluminance,luminanceandreflectanceofthesurfacesoftheRedPress.

ResultsandComparison

TheSLMwasusedatvariouspointsinordertocreatethefloormapshowninfigure1and
figure2.Thedistancetheemployeesworkvarythroughouttheshift,butmostoftheworkis
donewithinametersdistanceoftheRedPress.Majorityofthereadingsclosesttothepress
weregreaterthan85dBA.Althoughsomeofthepartsofthepresswereoffwhilethereadings
werebeingtaken,itissafetoassumethatevenifthepartswereoperationalthesoundlevel
wouldbe+0.5dB1dBasitwasnotaverysignificantincreaseinthenoiseproduced.This
isduetothelogarithmicpropertiesofsoundmeasurement.Thelowestrecordedvaluewas
82.4dBAwhichwasataboutadistanceof5metersawayandthehighestrecordedvalue
was90.6dBAandrecordedatapointdirectlyadjacenttothemotoroftheRedPress.The
employeesmustalwayswearprotectiveequipmenttosafeguardtheirhearingandbodies.To
significantlydecreasetheimpactontheemployeesears,theyareequippedwith3MOptime
101Peltorearmuffsthathasanoisereductionratingof27dB.Therefore,eventhoughthe
SLMread90.6dBA,anemployeesearwouldonlyhearthenoiseat64dB,whichismuch
belowOntariostandards.

Intable1,theworkingperiodreferstotheamountofhoursaworkerwouldbeworkingovera
periodoftime.Forexample,aworkerwouldbeworkingatstation1forabout3hoursofa12
hourshift.However,insteadofrecording12hoursworthofdata,only5minutesworthofdata
wascollectedfromeachstationtothenbeextrapolated.Tofurtherillustrate,aworkerwould
beatstation2for3hoursoverthecourseofa12hourshift.Anotherpieceofdatafromthe
tableisthesamplinginminutes.Thisreferstotheamountoftimethedatawasrecordedfor
perstation.Next,intable1thedose(%)ineachsamplingwasrecorded.Thisvaluewas
recordedthroughtheuseofadosimeterwhichwasattachedtoaworkerwhothencontinued
workingtheirshift.Finally,thelastpieceofdatafromtable1isthedose(%)thatwas
extrapolatedfor12hours.Thisextrapolatedvalueisthemostaccuratewayofdescribingthe
conditionsthataworkerwillfaceover10hoursofworkexposurewithoutactuallyrecording
for10hoursofactualwork.Inaddition,resultsweretakenfrom5workstationsandthenthe
lunchroomwhichwasclassifiedasstation6inTable1.

InTable2themeasurementsshownaretherecordeddrybulb,wetbulb,globetemperature
andairvelocityreadings.Thesemeasurementsweretakenateachoftheworkstations.After
alltherecordingsweretaken,theWBGTofeachworkplacewascalculated.TheWBGT
(inside)equationwhichis,WBGT(inside)=(0.7)(WB)+(0.3)(GT),indegreecelsiuswasonly
calculatedsincealltheworkareaswereinsidethefacility.TheTimeWeightedAverage
(TWA)WBGTshowstheaverageWBGToftheentireworkplaceinasingleworkday.The
equationtakesintoaccounteveryWBGTforeachworkstationindegreecelsiusandandthe
timespentateachstationinhours.Table3showstheoverallcalculatedWBGTforeachwork
station.TheWBGTvaluesarerelativelyclosetoeachothersincetheworkstationswere
withinrelativelycloseproximityofeachother.Furthermore,theworkplacewaslargeandhad
adequateventilationfortheworkers.Thismeansworkerwerecomfortablesincetheywere
notworkinginhotandcrampedconditions,keepingthelevelofheatstressatlowlevels.

Anotherfactorthatkeptheatstresslevelslowwasthattheworkerswerenotdoinganyoverly
strenuouswork,butratherlight,moderatework.TheTimeWeightedAverageWBGTequates
to19.32.TheminimumstandardWBGTforanenclosedindustrialworkplacesuchas
MetrolandMediainOntariois18basedonACGIHstandards.Thismeansthatthe
workplacemeetstheminimumrequiredWBGTforthisworkplace.Furthermore,forevery
workstation,theminimumWBGTwasmeetwhichareasfollowsFolder(19.2),Key
(19.2),Roll(19.29),Web(19.06),LunchRoom(18.98)Console(19.46).

Theprintingpressmachinesprovedtohavesimilarillumination,luminanceandreflectance
ratiosexceptforthefirstprintingpressmachineandthethirdprintingpressmachineas
shownintable4.Thefirstprintingpressmachinewasrecordedtobe767luxbecauseitwas
theclosestonetothewallandthereflectanceofthewallaffectedthemachine.Thisdoesnot
provetobeaproblemastherewasnoglarebasedonthefactthatlookingatthebuttonwith
thereflectancewasbetterthancoveringthebuttonfromthereflectanceoftheadjacentwall.
Thethirdprintingpressmachinewasrecordedtobe38luxbecausenotenoughlightfixtures
wereworking.Thedeviationinilluminationbetweenonemachineandanotherwasduetothe
numberofworkingfixturesaboveeachprintingpressmachine.Thesamereasoningofbeing
adjacenttothewallgoesfortheconveyerastowhyitishigherthantheothermeasurements.
Thefirstpartsofbothcontrolpanelswerelayoutsforbuttons,andtheybothhadgoodlighting
asitisimportantnottoconfuseonelightwithanother.Thesecondpartsofthecontrolpanels
werecomputers,andtheirlightingwasperfectbecauseitdidntproduceanyglare,andhada
similarcontrastcomparedtotheadjacentoperation.Thethirdpartsofthecontrolpanelswere
justareaswheretheworkersmightwrite.Thepapercuttingmachineshadexcellentlighting
becausethelightwasadequateandsufficientforsuchatask.

ConclusionandRecommendation

SomeoftheconstraintsweremappingtheregionanddeterminingwhereagoodSLMreading
couldbetaken.MaintainingtheSLMatanarmslengthatearlevelisphysicallydemanding
andisrecommendedthattwopeoplealternatetakingreadingsandrecordings.Itwasdifficult
tonotgetinthewayoftheemployeesduringtheprojectandasupervisorhadtoaccompany
theprojectconductorsinordertoensuretheirsafety.Itwasalsoimpossibletogetevenly
spacedoutreadingsthereforemultiplereadingsweretakenatvariousdistancesinorderto
createadetailedsoundfloormap.Themachineisthesourceofsuchhighlevelnoiseanditis
impossibletoisolatetheworkersinordertocontinueproduction.PersonalProtective
Equipmentplaysagreatroleatthisparticularworkplaceasitensuresthattheearsare
protectedwithearmuffsthatsignificantlyreducethenoiseheard.

MeasuringLeqandLEXforeachstationithasbeenshownthatthereisarelationship
betweenbothvaluesandbothvaluesareimportantinordertodetermineexposure.For
example,LEX=Leq.However,LEX=Leqisonlytrueinregardstoan8hourworkshift.
Whenaworkshiftisnotthetypical8hours,LEXdoesnotequalLeq.Inthiscase,LEX=Leq
+timeshiftcorrection.From8hoursto12hours,thereisa1.75correctionthatneedstobe

made.Forexample,forstation1,theLeqcalculatedwas81.3dBA.However,theworkers
wereallwearingPPEwhichreducedthenoiseby27dBwhichledtoanewvalueof54.3dBA
.But,whenthetimeshiftcorrectionisadded,thenewvalue,LEX,is56.05dBA.Becausethe
workersarenotworking8hourshifts,theuseofthetimeshiftcorrectioniscritical.Theuseof
thetimeshiftvaluenowprovidesthemostaccuraterepresentationofthedBAtheworkerwas
exposedtowithouthavingtorecordforthecourseoftheirshift.AccordingtoOSHA,the
permissibleexposurelimitfornoiseexposureis85dBAforan8hourshift.Becausethe
workerswerenotworking8hourshifts,theLEXvaluewillbeusedinstead.Asseeninthe
calculations,allthestationshadanLEXbelowtheOHSAlimit.ThismeansthatMetroland
Mediadoesnotexceedthepermissibleexposurelimit.SetbyOSHA.Itwasalsoconcluded
thatthedosimeterhasanadvantageoveraregularSLMbecauseitprovidesaconstant
readoutforsoundlevelsasopposedtoasinglesoundlevelreading.Italsocanbeattached
totheworkerinthatcaseamorerealisticreadingcanbetakentobettermeasurethesounds
thattheworkerencounters.Also,itisimportanttonotethatasdosepercentageincreasein
magnitude,sodoestheLeqvalue.Forexample,asshownintable1,station1,2and5had
thehighestdosepercentage(15.9%).Likewise,station6hadthelowest.Allinall,the
objectivewascompletedasboththeLeqandLEXwerecalculatedforeachstationaswellas
thedose(%)extrapolatedover12hours.Apotentialsourceoferrorthatshouldbe
consideredisthatoncethedosimeterwasstrappedonanemployeehisnormalmovements
mayhaveruffledthemicandcouldhavepotentiallycausedanincreaseintheoveralldose
thatwouldberecordedandthenextrapolated.

BasedontheWBGTwhencomparedtotheOntarioACGIHstandardforWBGTinan
enclosedindustrialworkplace,MetrolandMediameetstheminimumrequirement.TheWBGT
foreachoftheworkstationsshowedtheheatstressthattheworkerswereplacedin,which
areatsafelevels.Thereasonwhytheworkplacehadsuchexcellentresultsarebecausethe
workareawasverylargeandwellventilated,givingworkersacomfortableworkenvironment
thatwasnthotandcramped.Furthermoretheworkbeingdonewasnotheavybutlightand
moderate.Thisalsohelpedkeeptheworkenvironmentatacomfortabletemperature.Overall,
MetrolandMediameetOntarioACGIHstandardsfortheWBGTlevelsinanenclosed
industrialworkplace.

TheminimalrequirementforilluminationinindustrialareasbasedontheCanadian
OccupationalHealthandSafetyRegulationsis20lux.Novalueofthemeasuredvalueswent
below20lux,sotheworkplacemettheminimalstandards.Basedonthetypeofprinting
pressthisis,thecategoryoftherangeofilluminanceiscategoryD.Mostoftheworkers
wereundertheageof40,speedandaccuracywerenotimportant,andthereflectanceofthe
backgroundtaskwasalmostalwayslessthan30percent.Thisconclusionwascalculatedby
theuseoftheageweightingfactortable.Thisleadsustotheconclusionthatthe
recommendedilluminancefortheprintingpressis200lux.Sincemostofthevalues,witha
fewexceptions,arerelativelycloseto200lux,theworkplacehasprovedtonotonlymeetthe
minimumrecommendedrequirements,butalsotherecommendedrequirements.The

workplaceprovedtoprovideagoodstandardforillumination,theonlyrecommendationwould
beconsistentandperiodicmaintenanceofthelightfixturesoftheprintingpressmachines.

Acknowledgments

WewouldliketothankMr.ScottReisfromMetrolandMediaGroupfortakingtimeoutto
respondtoourquestionsandconcernsandguidingusthroughtheproductionfacility.We
wouldalsoliketothankthesupervisorsthataccompanieduswhileconductingtheprojectand
makingsureweweresafeandoutofharmsway,aswellasinformedaboutpotentialtripping
orotherphysicalhazardspresentatthejob,suchasskids,paperbins,paperrolls,etc.

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