Professional Documents
Culture Documents
liberties.
on his left cheek.
habitual offender.
5. This new law will infringe on our freedom of speech.
10 f. supporter
......
is it damaged or undamaged?
3. Does a surrogate mother carry her own or another
5 i. restrict
......
2 j. the person believed to be guilty of a crime
......
a decrease or increase?
7. If a baby is born with a genetic defect, is the problem
1. specimens / specifications
specimens
b. Forensic scientists collect .................................
of
skin or hair at a crime scene.
2. database / template
the DNA
double
helix
a. You will find all the information you need in the new
database
.................................
.
template
b. A .................................
is something that is used as a
pattern or example for something else.
29
Unit 3
READING
deep-freeze
container
for DNA
DNA PROFILING
Forensic science plays a major role in criminal
30
of hair? As examples of
a. forms that body fluid and tissue can take.
b. samples taken from suspects by the police.
c. two distinctive kinds of DNA patterns.
d. typical sources of genetic material.
3. Why was DNA profiling first developed?
Frozen Ark?
a. Only a small proportion of them are from species
facing extinction.
b. The variety of cells being stored should be as broad
as possible.
c. They are proving useful in finding cures for certain
animal diseases.
d. They may eventually be used to artificially reproduce
an extinct species.
5. What conclusion does the author reach about the
31
Unit 3
D Word-building: Adjective suffixes (-ive, -al, -ic, -able, -ary) and prefixes (in-, un-)
VOCABULARY
1. Complete each sentence with an adjective formed from the word in color and the correct suffix.
defective
1. If someone has a genetic defect, one or more of their genes is ....................................
.
acidic
2. Citrus fruit like the lemon, which contains a lot of acid, tastes ....................................
.
controversial
3. Theres a great deal of controversy surrounding this proposal; its a ....................................
issue.
2 c. stored
......
6 d. is currently in progress
......
dimensional
6. There are three dimensions to this image; its three- ....................................
.
negotiable
7. Im expected to negotiate the pay Ill receive; the salary is ....................................
.
evolutionary
4. These findings can be explained by evolution by what is known as ....................................
theory.
disposable
5. You can dispose of these plates once theyve been used; theyre ....................................
.
6. is underway (line 7)
3 f. be very similar to
......
1 g. is an important part of
......
supplementary income.
8. She supplements her salary by giving piano lessons; she earns a ....................................
specific
9. He didnt specify exactly what I should do; his instructions werent very ....................................
.
structural
10. The structure of the house was affected by the earthquake; there was ....................................
damage.
minimal
11. Expenses will be kept to a minimum; any costs involved will be ....................................
.
B Replace the words in bold in the text below with the words that have a similar meaning.
2. Complete each sentence with an adjective formed from the word in color and one of the suffixes above. Add a prefix to make
the meaning negative.
ineffective
1. The drugs had no effect on her headache; they were totally ....................................
.
unethical
2. Some have questioned the ethics of gene therapy; they fear it is ....................................
.
unresponsive
3. The patient has not responded to treatment; he has been ....................................
.
unattainable
4. It was a goal impossible to attain; it was an ....................................
goal.
inconclusive
5. Nothing could be concluded from the study; the research was ....................................
.
inconceivable
6. The size of the universe is hard to conceive; its almost ....................................
.
E Time-related expressions Circle the correct words.
1. The most extensive climate study to / this / in date has measured
3. The situation is unlikely to change in the foreseeable / foreseeing the / foreseen future.
4. Plants of this kind, more / quite / very often than not, survive the winter months.
5. The sophisticated culture of the ancient Cretans was out / ahead / beyond of its time.
6. The landscape had changed dramatically with the passage / variation / changing of time.
7. Temperatures tend to be warm in this region every / most / all year round.
8. Students were tested several times over the average / course / part of a semester.
9. Scientists believe its only a matter of time before / the matter of time then /
Mary
Pearcey
F Collocations
1. Cross out the noun in each group that does NOT form a
1. genetic variation / make-up / disorder / decoration /
2. The leaning tower of Pisa has been declared safe for centuries
TIP
One of the most famous unsolved murder cases involved Jack the Ripper,
the London serial killer who brutally murdered several women in 1888.
According to forensic scientist Dr. Ian Findlay, the Ripper may not have been
a Jack at all, but a Jill.
obtain
Dr. Findlay managed to (1) get evidence from the Ripper case, which
retained
had been (2) kept by the police at Scotland Yard. It had been very carefully
maintained
(3) preserved for over a century. This evidence consisted of letters possibly
bloodstains
written by the Ripper to the police, and some (4) spots of blood which may
crime scenes
be connected to the (5) locations of the crimes. Conventional DNA-profiling
material
techniques require around 200 cells of genetic (6) matter in order to identify
perpetrator
a (7) person guilty of a crime. However, Dr. Findlay has developed a new
procedure
profiling (8) method that can extract DNA from just a few cells or even
strands
(9) individual pieces of hair up to 160 years old.
Having focused on the saliva on the stamps and the glue on the envelopes, Dr.
Findlay managed to produce a partial profile. Although the identity of the Ripper
confirmed
cannot be (10) firmly established, the results suggest the Ripper could have been
tracked down
a woman. In 1888, police (11) searched for and found several male suspects,
released
all of whom were subsequently (12) set free without being charged. But later
investigations pointed to Mary Pearcey, who was convicted and hanged for two
brutal murders in 1890. Could Jack the Ripper actually have been Jill the Ripper?
predisposition / diversity
2. blood relation / vessel / spring / transfusion / pressure /
supply
3. criminal investigation / accomplishment / charges /
influence
vessel
2. A blood clot can block a blood ......................
like an artery
supply
to the lungs, causing
and cut off the blood ......................
difficulty in breathing.
3. If someone is arrested for committing a criminal
32
33
Unit 3
EXAM QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR
CLOZE
Read the passage about commercial DNA testing. Then select the word or phrase that fills the blank in both meaning and grammar.
What form of the verb can follow ought to? What time is
referred to?
no
passive
bare infinitive
past
A Passive Complete the text with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.
I will do it.
2. Peter ought not to / should not / couldnt have gone
helpful.
I...................................................................................
might have known.
2. Letting kids use the Internet freely is crazy, in my
opinion.
I couldnt agree more.
...................................................................................
3. When is the next train due?
expenses.
I...................................................................................
should hope so!
5. I suppose your children help with the housework.
Thatll
be the day!
...................................................................................
6. I brought you a small gift for your birthday.
1. a. had
b. were
2. a. Nevertheless
b. Although
3. a. funding
b. donation
4. a. proceedings
b. reconstruction
5. a. depleting
b. declining
6. a. underway
b. proposed
7. a. likelihood
b. potential
8. a. make-up
b. essence
9. a. strand
b. stain
10. a. does
b. is
11. a. peak
b. major
12. a. immunized
b. maintained
13. a. defects
b. specimens
14. a. its
b. many
15. a. before
b. ahead
16. a. should
b. able to
17. a. unethical
b. inconclusive
18. a. attain
b. maintain
19. a. course
b. matter
20. a. available
b. imminent
c. being
d. only
c. Therefore
d. Because
c. contribution
d. collaboration
c. proliferation
d. investigation
c. reducing
d. eliminating
c. constructed
d. emerging
c. possibility
d. predisposition
c. material
d. molecules
c. sample
d. tissue
c. may
d. to
c. massive
d. maximum
c. screened
d. matched
c. template
d. profile
c. those
d. the
c. beyond
d. advance
c. could
d. has to
c. defective
d. controversial
c. obtain
d. preserve
c. degree
d. passing
c. contemporary
d. familiar
34
35
Unit 3
EXAM QUESTIONS
LISTENING
c
......
b
......
= increase
= decrease
= male
= female
= aim
soc = social
= cause prob = problem
2.
implications
2.
spiders inherited?
A The task
a
......
TIP
option? no
3. Did the candidates discuss each option carefully and
C Reaching a consensus
You are not expected to persuade your partner that your
option is the better one. You are supposed to reach an
agreement.
1. In pairs, practice Stage 3. Use the information sheets in
Exercise A. Come to a consensus and decide on the best
option. The Useful Language box can help you.
2.
Now listen to the end of the candidates discussion.
Was their final choice the same as yours?
USEFUL LANGUAGE
PRESENTING COUNTERARGUMENTS
You may be right, but lets not forget that
One problem with that option is
I agree thats the downside, but
REACHING A CONSENSUS
36
37
Unit 3
WRITING
A Analyzing the task Read the task and underline what you have to discuss and what kind of examples you should give.
personal examples
Some child psychologists believe that the environment in which a child grows up plays a determining role in the
development of their talents and abilities. Do you think talents and abilities are learned? Which of your talents and
abilities do you believe are a product of the environment in which you were raised? Discuss, mentioning personal
examples.
C Opening paragraphs
In your introduction you should indicate that the issue you will be exploring is complex.
Complete the expressions in the sentences below with the following words.
B Analyzing a model Read the model essay and answer the questions in the plan below.
Childhood is often referred to as our formative years,
suggesting that who we become is determined by our early
experiences. Many parents enroll their children in music,
sports or foreign language lessons from an early age in the
belief that they will later excel in these areas. However, it is
difficult to say how much these abilities can be learned and
how much they depend on innate talent.
In my case, my aptitude for sport may be a result of taking part in various
sports from a young age. My parents took me to swimming lessons when I
was just four years old and I soon became a confident swimmer, winning medals
in competitions. I now play water polo for a local team, but without this early
training I doubt I would have reached such a high standard. If a child has innate
talent, it will not become evident without the proper encouragement and training,
except perhaps in the case of a child prodigy. Even highly talented people have to
work hard and learn skills in order to achieve anything.
Another activity that I was encouraged to pursue was music. Classical music was
often played at home and I took piano lessons for nearly two years. Despite the best
efforts of my teacher and perseverance on my part, I never really mastered the
instrument or managed to make sense of musical theory. My teacher eventually
concluded that I did not have a musical ear and I happily gave up lessons. This experience
leads me to conclude that abilities cannot be taught if you do not have the potential, no
matter how much effort is put into developing them.
All in all, I believe that success in most activities is a product of both the environment a child
grows up in and his or her innate talents. Only when young children are given the opportunity to
explore and develop their abilities can they develop their talents to their full potential.
1. Find six examples of the passive in the model essay on page 38.
2. Rewrite the following sentences using the passive.
1. These experiences have affected me greatly.
can be overcome.
Shyness ................................................................................................................................................................................
5. I must have inherited my self-confidence from my mother.
E Analyzing your task Read the task and say what you have to discuss and what examples you should give.
Some scientists believe that genes determine character traits such as shyness or generosity. Do you think this is true?
Which elements of your personality do you believe you have inherited? Discuss, mentioning specific examples.
F Brainstorming ideas Complete the chart. Then compare notes with your partner.
Paragraph 1 (Introduction) Restate the topic in your own words, offering general comments. Indicate that it is a complex issue
with no clear-cut answer.
1. How does the writer introduce the topic? Childhood is often referred to as our formative years, suggesting
2. How does the writer indicate that there is no clear-cut answer? it is difficult to say
3. What two aspects of the issue is he going to discuss? how much abilities can be learned / how much depends on innate talent
Paragraph 2 Give your first personal example and use it to discuss one aspect of the topic (aptitude for sport).
4. Does the writer believe that his aptitude for sports was learned or not? learned - without this early training, I doubt I would
have reached
5. How does the writer broaden the discussion to explain why his experience is relevant? talented people have to work hard
Paragraph 3 Give your second personal example and use it to discuss another aspect of the topic (musical ability).
6. What details does the writer give about his experience of being taught music? worked hard but not successful
7. Does the writer believe his musical ability was learned or not? no, he says he had no innate ability, so he couldnt learn
Paragraph 4 (Conclusion) State your opinion, acknowledging that it is a complex issue.
8. What answer does the writer give to the question posed? success is a product of environment and innate talent
38
39
G Getting more ideas Read the following texts and answer the questions with your partner.
Then add any new ideas to your notes in Exercise F.
A
for it later.
4. Dont let your children belittle each other. Theyll grow into
TIP
40
USEFUL LANGUAGE
INDICATING COMPLEXITY
It is difficult to say whether
There is no simple explanation for
There is no clear-cut answer to the question of
is a difficult question to answer.
The question of is open to debate.
The issue of is a complex one.