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APPENDIX C
C
C.1
Differential Equations
Differential Equations
Find general solutions of differential equations. Find particular solutions of differential equations.
Differential equation
is a differential equation. A function y f x is a solution of a differential equation if the equation is satisfied when y and its derivatives are replaced by f x and
its derivatives. For instance,
y e2x
is a solution of the differential equation shown above. To see this, substitute for y
and y 2e2x in the original equation.
y 2y 2e2x 2e2x 0
In the same way, you can show that y 2e2x, y 3e2x, and y 12e2x are
also solutions of the differential equation. In fact, each function given by
y Ce2x
General solution
EXAMPLE 1
Checking Solutions
Show that (a) y Ce x and (b) y Cex are solutions of the differential equation
y y 0.
Solution
(a) Because y Ce x and y Ce x, it follows that
y y Ce x Ce x 0.
So, y Ce x is a solution.
(b) Because y Cex and y Cex, it follows that
y y Cex Cex 0.
So, y Cex is also a solution.
APPENDIX C
A21
Differential Equations
when
x 1.
x
3
EXAMPLE 2
Verify that
y Cx3
General solution
when
x 3.
Initial condition
Solution The derivative of y Cx3 is y 3Cx 2. Substituting into the differential equation produces
xy 3y x3Cx 2 3Cx3
0.
Thus, y Cx3 is a solution for any value of C. To find the particular solution,
substitute x 3 and y 2 into the general solution to obtain
2 C33
or
C
2
.
27
2 3
x.
27
Particular solution
*Some differential equations have solutions other than those given by their general solutions. These
are called singular solutions. In this brief discussion of differential equations, singular solutions will
not be discussed.
Substituting these values into the general solution produces 3 C12, which
implies that C 3. So, the particular solution is
Particular solution
Cx 2
Initial condition
y 3x 2.
y
)1, 3)
General solution
FIGURE A.7
A22
APPENDIX C
Differential Equations
EXAMPLE 3
the difference
between
10 and x.
is proportional to
Rate of
change
of x
0 x 10.
General solution
where t is the time in years. After 1 year, 250,000 units have been sold. Sketch
the graph of the sales function over a 10-year period.
Solution Because the product is new, you can assume that x 0 when t 0. So,
you have two initial conditions.
x0
t0
when
x 0.25
when
t1
Substituting the first initial condition into the general solution produces
0 10 Cek(0)
which implies that C 10. Substituting the second initial condition into the
general solution produces
Sales Projection
x
x = 10 10e 0.0253t
0.25 10 10ek(1)
x 10 10e0.0253t.
Particular solution
The table shows the annual sales during the first 10 years, and the graph of the
solution is shown in Figure A.8.
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (in years)
FIGURE A.8
10
0.25
0.49
0.73
0.96
1.19
1.41
1.62
1.83
2.04
2.24
In the first three examples in this section, each solution was given in
explicit form, such as y f x. Sometimes you will encounter solutions for
which it is more convenient to write the solution in implicit form, as illustrated
in Example 4.
APPENDIX C
EXAMPLE 4
Verify that
2y 2 x 2 C
General solution
Solution To verify the given solution, differentiate each side with respect to x.
2y 2 x 2 C
4yy 2x 0
2yy x 0
Because the third equation is the given differential equation, you can conclude
that
2y 2 x 2 C
is a solution. The particular solutions represented by C 0, C 1, and
C 4 are shown in Figure A.9.
y
x
2
FIGURE A.9
x
2
Differential Equations
A23
A24
APPENDIX C
Differential Equations
The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections.
You will use these skills in the exercise set for this section.
WA R M - U P C . 1
In Exercises 14, find the first and second derivatives of the function.
1. y 3x 2 2x 1
2. y 2x3 8x 4
3. y 3e2x
4. y 3e x
5. x 2 y 2 2x
6. 2x y 3 4y
7. xy 2 3
8. 3xy x 2y 2 10
In Exercises 9 and 10, solve for k.
9. 0.5 9 9ek
10. 14.75 25 25e2k
EXERCISES C.1
In Exercises 110, verify that the function is a solution of the
differential equation.
Solution
Differential Equation
1. y x3 5
y 3x 2
2. y 2x3 x 1
y 6x 2 1
3. y
y 2y 0
e2x
4. y 3e x
Solution
Differential Equation
1
11. y C
x
1
dy
2
dx
x
12. y 4 x 2 C
dy
x
dx
4 x 2
13. y Ce 4x
dy
4y
dx
y 2xy 0
3
y0
x
5. y 2x3
y
6. y 4x 2
2
y y 0
x
14. y Ce4x
dy
4y
dx
7. y x 2
x 2y 2y 0
15. y Cet3 7
xy 2y 0
16. y Cet 10
y y 10 0
17. y Cx 3x
xy 3x 2y 0
18. y x ln x 2 2x32 Cx
y
8. y
1
x
9. y 2e 2x
10. y e x
y y 2y 0
y 3x 2y 6xy 0
19. y x 2 2x
20. y C1 C2e x
C
x
dy
y70
dt
y
2 x
x
xy y x3x 4
y y 0
APPENDIX C
Solution
Differential Equation
21. y C1
e x2
2y 3y 2y 0
C2
e2x
y 3y 4y 0
bx 4
Cx a
23. y
4a
ay
bx3
y
x
24. y
x3
x Cx
5
2xy y x3 x
25. y
2
1 Ce x 2
y 2xy xy 2
26. y Ce
y 2x 1y 0
xx 2
27. y x ln x Cx 4
x y 1 y 4 0
28. y xln x C
x y xy 0
Solution
Differential Equation
2xy
x2 y 2
29. x 2 y 2 Cy
y
30. y 2 2xy x 2 C
x yy x y 0
31. x 2 xy C
x 2y 2x y 0
y3y x 2 y 2 0
32.
x2
y2
C
33. y e2x
34. y 5 ln x
35. y
A25
Differential Equations
General Solution
Differential Equation
C-values
xy 2y 0
1, 2, 4
50. 4y 2 x 2 C
4yy x 0
0, 1, 4
51. y Cx 2
x 2y 2y 0
0, 1, 2
52. y
y y 0
0, 1, 2
49. y Cx 2
2
Cex
4
x
36. y 4e2x
53.
dy
3x 2
dx
54.
1
dy
dx 1 x
55.
dy x 3
dx
x
56.
dy x 2
dx
x
57.
dy
1
dx x 2 1
58.
dy
x
dx 1 x2
59.
dy
xx 3
dx
60.
dy
xe x
dx
37. y 29 xe2x
38. y 4e x 29 xe2x
39. y xe x
40. y x ln x
In Exercises 4148, verify that the general solution satisfies the
differential equation. Then find the particular solution that satisfies the initial condition.
A26
APPENDIX C
Differential Equations
In Exercises 6164, you are shown the graphs of some of the solutions of the differential equation. Find the particular solution
whose graph passes through the indicated point.
61. y 2 Cx3
62. 2 x 2 y 2 C
2xy 3y 0
yy 2x 0
y
y
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
(4, 4)
dx
k30,000 x.
dt
(3, 4)
x
3
4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
3 4
64. y 2 2Cx
y y 0
Year, t
2xy y 0
y
y
6
x
3
Cekt.
10
(0, 3)
Units, x
(2, 1)
x 30,000 Cekt
where t is the time in years. During the first year, 2000
units are sold. Complete the table showing the numbers of
units sold in subsequent years.
3
4
63. y Ce x
67. Marketing You are working in the marketing department of a computer software company. Your marketing
team determines that a maximum of 30,000 units of a new
product can be sold in a year. You hypothesize that the rate
of growth of the sales x is proportional to the difference
between the maximum sales and the current sales. That is,
13
h
ln
ln 3 2
1k dydt
where k is a constant.
71. The function y Ce kx is a solution of the differential
equation
dy
0.07y.
dx
Is it possible to determine C or k from the information
given? If so, find its value.