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General Function
Form
Original
Function
Horizontal
Stretch
y f ( x)
y f (bx)
Vertical
Stretch
y af ( x)
1
b
Mapped To ( x, y ) ( x, y )
Vertical
Translation
Combined
Transformation
y f ( x h)
y f ( x) k
y af b( x h) k
h 0 Shift Right
k 0 Shift Up
h 0 Shift Left
k 0 Shift Down
( x, y ) ( x h, y )
( x, y ) ( x, y k )
By Factor a
Wider: 0 b 1
No Effect
Effect
Horizontal
Translation
Vertical Stretch
Horizontal Stretch
By Factor
Shorter: 0 a 1
Narrower: b 1
Taller: a 1
Reflect y axis : b 0
Reflect x axis : a 0
( x, y ) x, y
b
( x, y ) ( x, ay )
O rde r o f O pe ra t io ns
1)Ho riz. stretch and reflectio n
2 )Vertical strech and reflectio n
3 )Ho riz. and vertical translatio ns
( x, y ) x h, ay k
b
y x
y bx
ya x
y xh
y x k
y a b( x h) k
y sin
y sin b
y a sin
y sin h
y sin k
y a sin b( h) k
y cos
y cos b
y a cos
y cos h
y cos k
y a cos b( h) k
Exponential
y cx
y c bx
y ac x
y c xh
y cx k
y ac b ( x h ) k
Logarithmic
y log x
y log bx
y a log x
y log x h
y log x k
Radical
Sinusiodal
Polynomial Functions
Form: f ( x) an x n an 1 x n 1 an 2 x n 2 a2 x 2 a1 x1 a0
Even Degree
Odd Degree
At least 1 to maximum of n x intercepts
0 to maximum of n x intercepts
Domain x | x R
Domain x | x R
Range depends on max and min
Range y | y R
y -intercept ao
y -intercept ao
Maximum or Minimum
No max or min
an 0
Qua dra nt II to I
P( x)
R
Q( x)
xa
xa
x 2x 4
x 1 x3 3x 2 2 x 5
of multiplicity n
ex) y ( x 2) 2 x 2 is a zero of
x x
3
2 x2 2 x
2x 2x
an 0
an 0
an 0
y a log b( x h) k
multiplicty 2
Even Multiplicity
Odd Multiplicity
ex) y ( x - 2) 2
ex) y ( x - 2)3
Q( x)
4 x 4
x2 2x 4
Radical Functions
Inverse of Function
Domain of y
Denoted by:
Range of y
f ( x) any value f ( x) 0
f ( x) any value
f ( x) 0
f ( x) 0
f ( x)
f ( x) and
y f ( x) intersect
Undefined
at x 0
Swap x
and y
f ( x) is defined
0 f ( x) 1
y
f ( x) above
y f ( x)
y f 1 ( x)
( x, y ) ( y , x )
y f ( x) x f ( y )
f ( x) 1
y
f ( x) and
f ( x) 1
y
y f ( x) intersect
f ( x) below
y f ( x)
at f ( x) 1
Factor Theorem
1) List Restrictions
If x - a is a factor then P( a) 0
9
x 1
xa
y a bx
a initial quantity
b change factor
x number of changes
Pythagorean Theorem
a 2 b2 c2
Right Angle
Triangles Only
If x - a is a factor of P( x)
Then x a is an integral zero of P( x)
4x 5
Qua dra nt II to IV
Trig Identities
Sum
Double Angle
Function Notation
h( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
1
opposite
csc
sin
hypotenuse
adjacent
1
cos
sec
hypotenuse
cos
opposite
1
tan
cot
adjacent
tan
tan A tan B
tan A B
1 tan A tan B
cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
h( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
cos 2 A 1 2sin A
h( x) ( f g )( x)
Pythagorean Identity
sin 2 cos 2 1
tan A B
sin
1 tan 2 sec 2
Difference
sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
Exponent Rules
1 cot 2 csc 2
a a a
b
bc
b c
h( x) ( f g )( x)
ab
a b c
ac
bc
tan 2 A
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
h( x) f ( x) g ( x) ( f g )( x)
Log Rules
f ( x)
log c MN log c M log c N h( x) g ( x)
M
log c
log c M log c N h( x) f ( x) g ( x) 0
N
g
log c M
log a M
log a C
h( x) f ( g ( x)) ( f g )( x)
y sin
= sin
Properties
Period is 2
y -intercept is 0
intercepts at - ,0, , 2
Domain | R
Range y | 1 y 1, y R
y cos
1
ab
Coterminal Angle
a r
CAST rule
Period
360 n, n N
2 n, n N
Amplitude
11/26/13
3 5
intercepts at - , , ,
2 2 2
Domain | R
Range y | 1 y 1, y R
Binomial Theorem
+'ve x
n!
, n N
(n r )!r !
y -intercept is 1
n objects with
Cr
Period is 2
Angle Direction
n ! n (n 1) (n 2) 3 2 1
n!
, n N
n Pr
(n r )!
2 360
or
b
b
Amplitude is 1
= cos
Properties
a b
Pascal's Triangle
NOTE
0! 1
Combinations
1
1
-'ve x
1
1
2
3
4
5
0C0
1C0
1
3
6
10
2C0
1
4
10
3C0
1
5
4C0
1 5C0
3C1
4C1
5C1
1C1
2C1
2C2
3C2
4C2
5C2
3C3
4C3
5C3
4C4
5C4
5C5
Order MATTERS
Write Expansion in descending order of exponent of first term (In this case x)
Term number is k 1