CJBAS Vol.

(01) - August - Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

Synthesis and Characterization of N(C2H5)4+TiF5, N(CH3)4+TiF4Cl , N(C4H9)4+TiF4Br and

Density functional theory calculations of TiF5,TiF4Cl and TiF4Br anions
Shahriar Ghammamy
a

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Takestan, Iran

Keywords:

Abstract

Titanium (IV)

The reaction of TiF4 with salts (C2H5)4NF, (CH3)4NCl and (C4H9)4NBr, in anhydrous
CH3CN produced complexes [TiF4X]- (X=F-,Cl-,Br-). These were characterized by
elemental analysis, IR, UV/Visible and 81Br NMR spectroscopy. In this paper, the
optimized geometries and frequencies of the stationary point and the minimum-energy
paths are calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory too. Theoretical results
showed that the Ti-X (X= F, Cl, Br) bond length values for the [TiF4X]- in compounds
1-3 are 1.863, 2.453 and 2.610 respectively. On the other hand the Ti-F bond length
values in [TiF4X]- are 1.863, 1.838 and 1.837 , respectively. These results reveal that
the bond order for Ti-X bonds decrease from compounds 1 to 3, while for Ti-F bonds,
the bond orders increase. These results reveal that the bond order for Ti-X bonds
decrease from compounds 1 to 3, while for Ti-F bonds, the bond orders increase. It can
be concluded that the decrease of Ti-X bonds lengths and the increase of Ti-F5 bond
lengths in compounds 1-3 result from the increase of the hyperconjugation from
compounds 1 to 3. Harmonic vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities forTiF5,
TiF4Cl and TiF4Br are studied by means of theoretical and experimental methods.
The calculated frequencies are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values.

fluorides, Synthesis
ab initio calculations
density functional
calculations
Vibrational analysis
B3LYP level

1.Introduction
Properties and applications of technologically important inorganic compounds of titanium are surveyed.
Raw materials and pigment production processes are reviewed. Mixed oxides, e.g., barium titanate, and
halides of titanium are important raw materials for electroceramics. Titanium tetafluoride and its derivatives
have applications in fluorohydrins; addition of carbanions to aldehydes and imines, chemoselective
synthesis and deprotection of geminaldiacetates of aldehydes. Titanium tetrafluoride and Lewis bases L
normally form 1:2 adducts TiF4L2 [1]. TiF4 is stable in water and even in basic

Corresponding author (E-mail: shghamami@yahoo.com , Fax: (+98) 281-3780040).

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS Vol. (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

solution and is not easily hydrolyzed by air moisture,
unlike the chlorides [2]. Titanium fluoride complexes
were found as a very efficient and enantioselective
bifunctional asymmetric catalysts [3-12].

a)

In this work, we report on the synthesis and

characterization of complexes of the type [TiF4X](X=F-,Cl-,Br-), compounds 1-3, obtained directly
from TiF4 and tetra alkyl ammonium salts.

b)

c)

Figure 1. Optimized geometries of (a) [TiF5]-, (b) [TiF4Cl]- and (c) [TiF4Br]at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory.

During this study we report synthesis,

characterization, optimized geometries and
infrared spectral measurements, assignments and
electronic structure calculations for compounds 1-3
(see Figure 1).

The structures of compounds have been optimized

by the density functional theory (DFT) based
method at B3LYP/6-311G levels of theory, using
the Gaussian 98 package of programs [3,4]. The
comparison between theory and experiment is
made (Tables 1-2).

Table 1. Geometrical parameters optimized of compounds1-3 bond length () and angle ()

B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)
-

[TiF5]

[TiF4Cl]-

[TiF4Br]-

1.8265
1.8271
1.8263
1.8637
1.8637

1.8092
1.8072
1.8087
1.8389
2.4536

1.8077
1.8073
1.8085
1.8374
2.6107

F2-Ti1-F3
F2-Ti1-F4
F2-Ti1-F5

119.9
120
90

120.1
119.9
90.78

119.7
120
91

F2-Ti1-X6

90

89.1

89

Bond lengths ()
Ti1-F2
Ti1-F3
Ti1-F4
Ti1-F5
Ti1-X6
Bond angles ()

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

spectrophotometer. The UV/Visible measurements
were made on an Uvicon model 922 spectrometer.
81
Br-NMR was recorded on a Bruker AVANCE
DRX 500 spectrometer at 500 MHz. The percent
composition of elements was obtained from the
Microanalytical Laboratories, Department of
Chemistry, OIRC, Tehran. The density functional
and ab initio calculation have been performed with
the Gaussian 98 program and the basis sets
implemented therein [4,13-15].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General
Acetonitrile (Fluka, P.A.) was distilled several
times from phosphorus pentaoxide before Use,
thereby reducing its water content to <4 ppm. TiF4
(Merck, p.a.) were used without further
purification. Anhydrous Et4N+F- were obtained by
a drying procedure of the tetrahydrate in high
vacuum (d, 130 0C). Infrared spectra were recorded
as KBr disks on a Shimadzu model 420

Table 2. Calculated and experimental frequencies of compounds 1-3 (cm-1)

B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)
[TiF5][TiF4Cl][TiF4Br]-

96, 99, 251, 253, 284, 285, 288,

525, 628, 687, 715, 716

Exptl
571, 649,793

94, 97, 215, 218, 254, 274, 275,

292, 607, 659, 742, 747
86, 91, 179, 201, 206, 271,
273,280,606, 659, 743, 745

566, 625

551, 637

mixture was filtered, washed ether, and dried at

room temperature. Mp 334336C. Anal. Calc. for
C8H20NTiF5: C, 35.19; H, 7.33; N, 5.13. Found: C,
35.27; H, 7.41; N, 5.21%. IR (KBr) (cm-1): 3387,
3277, 3028, 3010, 2995, 2968, 2780, 2655, 2448,
1850, 1492, 1182, 1065, 783, 649, 571. UV-Vis in
CH3CN, /cm-1:45454, 40485, 35335, 26525.
(Figures 2-4, Tables 3,4).

2.2. Synthesis of
Tetraethylammoniumpantafluorotitanate
(IV),[(C2H5)4N][TiF5] (1)
To a solution of TiF4 (0.22 g, 1.77 mmol) in
MeCN, the solid powder tetraethtylammonium
fluoride (0.30 g, 2.01mmol) was added under
stirring at room temperature until a white solid
precipitate was formed. After 2 hours stirring, the

Figure 2. The FT-IR spectrum of (C4H9)4N[TiF4Br] (KBr Disk)

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

filtered, washed ether, and dried at room

temperature. Mp 335-336C. Anal. Calc. for
C4H12NTiF4Cl: C, 20.56; H, 5.14; N, 5.99. Found:
C, 20.64; H, 5.22; N, 6.07%. IR (KBr) (cm-1):3381,
3225, 3017, 2980, 2962, 2780, 2655, 2466, 1850,
1489, 1405, 1293, 952, 625, 566. UVVis in
CH3CN, /cm-1:40650, 35460, 26246. (Figures 56, Tables 5-6).

2.3.
Synthesis
of
Tetrametyl
ammoniumhalotetrafluorotitanate
(IV),
[(CH3)4N][TiF4Cl] (2)
The preparation is like as pervious method: A
solution of TiF4 (0.26 g,2.09 mmol) in MeCN the
solid powder tetrametylammonium chloride (0.25
g, 2.28 mmol) was added under stirring at room
temperature until white off solid precipitate was
formed. After 2 hours stirring, the mixture was
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Figure 4. The 81Br NMR spectrum of

[C4H9)4N[TiF4Br] in the CDCl3

Figure 3. The UV/Vis spectrum of

(C4H9)4N[TiF4Br]

Table 3. FT-IR data obtained for (C4H9)4N[TiF4Br]

( cm )
-1

Vibration
(C4H9)4N

Intensity

( cm-1)

Vibration

Intensity

1473

15,CH2,asym.def

(ms)

3383

CH2+19

(m, br)

1384

16,CH2, sym.str

(s)

3315

CH2+8

(w, br)

1168

rock,CH2,roking 14

(m)

3225

CH2, asym.str

(sh)

1062

18, C4asym.str

(ms)

3010

13,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

463

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2962

14,asym.str

(w,br)

453

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2877

14,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

2765

7+ 16

(w)

637

Ti -F

(vs)

2396

3+ 8+ 16

(w)

551

Ti-F

(vs)

2085

8+ 15

(w,br)

393

Ti- Br

(m)

[TiF4Br]-

ammonium

The preparation is like as pervious method: A

halotetrafluorotitanate (IV), [(CH3)4N][TiF4Cl]

solution of TiF4 (0.26 g,2.09 mmol) in MeCN the

(2)

solid powder tetrametylammonium chloride (0.25

2.3.

Synthesis

of

Tetrametyl

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

g, 2.28 mmol) was added under stirring at room

After 2 hours stirring, the mixture was filtered,

temperature until white off solid precipitate was

washed ether, and dried at room temperature.

formed.

Table 4. The electron transitions data of compound (C4H9)4N[TiF4Br]

1
(,M-1cm-1)

1
(,M-1cm-1)

2
(,M-1cm-1)

279(429)

382(55)

682(18)

Mp 335-336C. Anal. Calc. for C4H12NTiF4Cl:

1850, 1489, 1405, 1293, 952, 625, 566. UV

C, 20.56; H, 5.14; N, 5.99. Found: C, 20.64;

Vis in CH3CN, /cm-1:40650, 35460, 26246.

H, 5.22; N, 6.07%. IR (KBr) (cm-1):3381,

(Figures 5-6, Tables 5-6)

3225, 3017, 2980, 2962, 2780, 2655, 2466,

Figure 5. The FT-IR spectrum of (CH3)4N[TiF4Cl] (KBr Disk)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Figure 6. The UV/Vis spectrum of (CH3)4N[TiF4Cl] (2.510-3 in acetonitrile)

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

Table 5. FT-IR data obtained for (CH3)4N[TiF4Cl]
( cm )
-1

Vibration

Intensity

(CH3)4N+

( cm-1)

Vibration

Intensity

1489

15,CH2,asym.def

(ms)

3381

CH2+19

(m, br)

1405

16,CH2, sym.str

(s)

3225

CH2+8

(w, br)

1293

rock,CH2,roking 14

(m)

3017

CH2, asym.str

(sh)

952

18, C4asym.str

(ms)

2980

13,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

499

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2962

14,asym.str

(w,br)

428

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2780

14,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

2655

7+ 16

(w)

637

Ti -F

(vs)

2466

3+ 8+ 16

(w)

551

Ti-F

(vs)

1850

8+ 15

(w,br)

393

Ti- Br

(m)

[TiF4Cl]

(0.397 g,1.23 mmol) was added under stirring at

room temperature until gold solid precipitate was
formed.

2.4. Synthesis of Tetrabuthyl ammonium

bromotetrafluorotitanate
(IV), [(C4H9)4N][TiF4Br](3)
A solution of TiF4 (0.139 g, 1.12 mmol) in MeCN
the solid powder tetrabuthtylammonium bromide

Table 6.The electron transitions data of (CH3)4N[TiF4Cl]

(,M-1cm-1)
246)237(

(,M-1cm-1)
282)190(

(,M-1cm-1)
381)108(

After 2 hours stirring, the mixture was filtered,

washed ether, and dried at room temperature.Mp.
63.4-65.1C. Anal. Calc. for C16H36NTiF4Br: C,
43.06.; H, 8.07; N, 3.14. Found: C, 43.14; H, 8.15;
N, 3.23 %. IR(KBr) (cm-1): 3383, 3315, 3225,
3010, 2962, 2877, 2765, 2396, 2085, 1473, 1384,
1164, 1062, 887, 803, 637, 551. 81Br NMR
(CDCl3) : 56.71. UVVis in CH3CN, /cm1
:35842, 26178,14662. (Figures 7-8, Tables 7,8).
2.5. Computational methods

structural parameters were used in the vibrational

frequency calculations at the HF and DFT levels to
characterize all stationary points as minima [6].
Harmonic vibrational frequencies () in cm-1 and
infrared intensities (int) in Kilometer per mole of
all compounds were performed at the same level
on the respective fully optimized geometries.
3. Discussion and Conclusions
The complex (C2H5)4N[TiF5] was obtained by the
reaction of (C2H5)4NF with TiF4 in the
acetonitrile solvent (reaction (1)). The reaction of
TiF4 with (CH3)4NCl in acetonitrile solvent gave
(CH3)4N[TiF4Cl] (reaction (2)).also the reaction
of TiF4 with (C4H5)4NBr in acetonitrile solvent
gave (C4H9)4N[TiF4Br] (reaction (3)).

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were

carried out at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) levels of theory
with the Gaussian 98 package of programs [4,5]
which combines the exact Hartree-Fock exchange
with Becke,s and uses the Lee-Yang-Parr
correlation function in order to include the most
important correlation effects. The optimized

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

Table 7. FT-IR data obtained for (C2H5)4N[TiF5]

-1

( cm )

Vibration
(C2H5)4N

Intensity

( cm-1)

Vibration

Intensity

1492

15,CH2,asym.def

(ms)

3387

CH2+19

(m, br)

1449

16,CH2, sym.str

(s)

3277

CH2+8

(w, br)

1182

rock,CH2,roking 14

(m)

3028

CH2, asym.str

(sh)

1065

18, C4asym.str

(ms)

2995

13,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

499

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2968

14,asym.str

(w,br)

428

19, C4,dif.

(w,br)

2780

14,CH2, asym.str

(w,br)

2655

7+ 16

(w)

783

Ti -F

(vs)

2448

3+ 8+ 16

(w)

649

Ti-F

(vs)

1850

8+ 15

(w,br)

571

Ti- Br

(m)

[TiF5]

(C2H5)4NF + TiF4 (C2H5)4N[TiF5] (1)

(CH3)4NCl + TiF4 (CH3)4N[TiF4Cl] (2)
(C4H9)4NF + TiF4 (C4H9)4N[TiF4Br] (3)
Halotfluorotitanates were synthesized through
a one-step reaction. Our procedure for
producing these compounds has some
advantages. For example, there is no side
product in preparing these halotitanate
compounds in our method, the reaction is quite
fast and does not require any severe conditions
such as high pressure or high temperature, and
it is not sensitive to air.
In the present study, all compounds under
consideration are carried out with the Gaussian
98 program [4,7]. Geometry optimization, Fig.

1, show that symmetry for compounds 2 and 3

is C1 while compound 1 has D3h. Selected
bond distances and angles are reported in
Table1.We could not compare the calculation
results given in Table 1with the experimental
data. Because the crystal structure of the title
compound is not available till now. B3LYP/6311G results showed that the Ti-X (X= F, Cl,
Br) bond length values for the [TiF4X]- in
compounds 1-3 are 1.863, 2.453 and 2.610 ,
respectively.

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
200

Figure 7. The FT-IR spectrum of (C2H5)4N[TiF5]

250

300

350

400

450

500

Figure 8. The UV/Vis spectrum of (C2H5)4N[TiF5])

(KBr Disk)

(1.2 10-3 in acetonitrile)

Shahriar Ghammamy CJBAS (01)-August Issue 01 (2013) 1-9

1 (,M-1cm-1)
220 (672)

Table 8. The electron transitions data of (C2H5)4N[TiF5]

2 (,M-1cm-1)
3 (,M-1cm-1)
247)461(

283)327(

Also, the Ti-F5 bond length values in [TiF4X]- are

1.863, 1.838 and 1.837 , respectively. These
results reveal that the bond order for Ti-X bonds
decrease from compounds 1 to 3, while for Ti-F5
bonds, the bond orders increase. It can be
concluded that the decrease of Ti-X bonds lengths
and the increase of Ti-F5 bond lengths in
compounds 1-3 result from the increase of the
hyperconjugation from compounds 1 to 3. Besides,
the F2-Ti1-L6 bond angle values in compounds
1-3 are 90.0, 89.1 and 89.0, respectively (see Table
1). The decrease of F2-Ti1-X6 bond angle values
from compounds 1 to 3, could again, be explained
by the increase of the hyperconjugation from
compounds 1 to 3.
The harmonic vibrational frequencies of all the
stationary points at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level
along with the available experimental data [1, 8,9]
presented in Table 2.
The compounds structure shows the presence of
Ti-F stretching vibrations in the region 800500
cm1 which is the characteristic region for the
ready identification of the TiF stretching
vibrations. Hence, the FT-IR bands at 675-521
cm1 in compounds 1-3 have been designated to
TiF stretching vibration. In general the
compounds TiF vibrations calculated theoretically
are in good agreement with the experimentally
reported values [10,11].Three tetraalkylammonium
salts of TiF4 were synthesized simply. These
compounds were characterized by elemental
analysis, IR, UV/Visible, and 81Br-NMR
techniques. Production of these compounds shows
the ability of tetraalkylammonium salts in halide
addition to transition metal and main group
elements compounds and the optimized geometry
parameters calculated at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)
level. The optimized structures are in good
agreement with the available experimental results.
In the present article, the infrared spectrum of the
Titanium halide complexes was studied using the
theoretical and experimental methods. Our
theoretical infrared spectrum of Compounds 1-3

4 (,M-1cm-1)
377)128(

are in very good agreement compared to our

experimental spectrum.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Gh. Rezaei
Behbahani and Dr. Mahjoub for valuable
discussions.
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