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Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

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Electric Power Systems Research


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Saturation model for squirrel-cage induction motors


J. Pedra a, , I. Candela b , A. Barrera c
a

Department of Electrical Engineering, ETSEIB-UPC, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Department of Electrical Engineering, ETSEIT-UPC, Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
c
Asea Brown Boveri, S.A. Fabrica de Motores, Poligono Industrial S.O., 08192 Sant Quirze del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 27 March 2008
Received in revised form 14 October 2008
Accepted 7 January 2009
Available online 10 February 2009
Keywords:
Induction motor modeling
Parameter estimation
Saturation

a b s t r a c t
An induction motor model which includes stator leakage reactance saturation, rotor leakage reactance
saturation and magnetizing reactance saturation is presented. This improved model is based on experimental data from 96 motors. The power range of the motors is between 11 and 90 kW. The effects on
the torquespeed and currentspeed curves of each kind of saturation have been studied. In addition,
the parameters of magnetizing reactance saturation and stator leakage reactance saturation have been
studied for each motor, and an average value and its dispersion for each parameter are given. This model
is considerably more accurate than other models. In particular, it explains the signicant differences
between theoretical and experimental torquespeed curves in the braking regime (s > 1).
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The incorporation of magnetic saturation into induction
machine models is a complex topic that has received considerable
attention in the past few years. For simulation study, different nonlinear models for saturated induction motors have been elaborated
based on the equivalent circuit approach [114]. Ref. [1] presents
a comparative table with the main features of different models in
the bibliography. Most of the papers in the bibliography present a
dynamic dq axis model with saturation. In this paper a steady-state
model with saturation has been chosen because all the experimental data have been obtained in steady-state test. Refs. [2,3] also
present dynamic double-cage saturated models, but the former
has saturation in the magnetizing reactance only whereas the latter includes the mutual rotor reactance saturation. In the authors
opinion, the tting of the model parameters to experimental data
becomes more complicated if dynamical models are used.
This paper experimentally justies the need for a model with
three different saturations: magnetizing reactance saturation, stator leakage reactance saturation and rotor leakage reactance
saturation. The new saturation model for the induction motor has
been developed from the experimental data of the locked-rotor
test, the no-load test and the torquespeed curve. As is pointed
out in Ref. [2], representation of the rotor with two rotor windings
rather than with a single winding is known to lead to signicant
improvement in the accuracy of simulation results for both deep-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 934016728; fax: +34 934017433.


E-mail addresses: pedra@ee.upc.es (J. Pedra), candela@ee.upc.es (I. Candela),
amalia.barrera@es.abb.com (A. Barrera).
0378-7796/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2009.01.004

bar and double-cage induction machines. Ref. [4] gives a detailed


justication of the use of a double-cage model. The inuence of saturation on the skin effect has been represented by the saturation
of a ctitious outer-cage. This saturation explains the big difference between theory and test in the braking regime (s > 1), noted
in Ref. [5]. In the paper a study of the parameters inuence on the
torquespeed curve has been made to justify the proposed model.

2. Induction motor model discussion


The aim of the paper is to propose a new model of induction
motor saturation and to check that a set of parameters in good
agreement with experimental data can be found.
Fig. 1 shows signicant differences between the theoretical and
experimental torquespeed curves described in Ref. [5]. This book
points out that the industry has accumulated large amounts of data
on the torquespeed curves of induction motors of all power ranges
and that, in general, it has been noticed that there are signicant differences between theory and test, especially in the braking regime
(s > 1), where a substantial rise of torque at the braking regime is
observed. A torquespeed curve similar to that in Fig. 1, where
the maximum torque has a value of 2 (relative value), the starting torque has a value of 1 and the torque in s = 2 is 3.5, is shown in
this book.
Fig. 2 shows the torquespeed measured values of an induction motor of 18.5 kW, where an anomalous torque increase near
zero speed can be observed. The torquespeed curves of 96 motors,
whose powers range between 90 and 11 kW, have been studied to
nd out how many motors exhibit this special effect. The result is
that the torquespeed curve of about 40% of the motors have this

J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

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To reproduce the special behavior of the torquespeed curve


near zero speed (present in 40% of the studied motors), a new saturation is introduced in the model. This behavior is characterized
by:

Fig. 1. Torquespeed curve similar to that plotted in Ref. [8], showing the anomalous
torque in the braking regime (s > 1).

Fig. 2. Torquespeed measured points where the anomalous increase in torque near
zero speed can be clearly observed.

shape. This effect can only be justied by outer-cage rotor leakage


reactance saturation. Four motors of 18.5, 30, 45 and 75 kW, which
clearly show this effect, have been chosen for detailed study. The
motors of 75 and 45 kW have two pole pairs and the motors of 30
and 18.5 kW have three pole pairs.
Fig. 3 shows the proposed non-linear model, where a new saturation in the ctitious outer-cage of the rotor (saturation of X2d in
Fig. 3) is proposed. In the authors opinion, this saturation is necessary to represent the anomalous torque values near zero speed.
If the induction motor model is tested with only magnetizing and
stator leakage reactance saturation, the following can be stated:
- Magnetizing reactance saturation has little inuence on
torquespeed and currentspeed curves for nominal voltages.
- Stator leakage reactance saturation has a great inuence on the
starting torque and current, and on the maximum torque.
- The torquespeed curve in the braking regime is always at; thus,
this model (with only two saturations) cannot explain the change
in the curvature of the torquespeed curve near zero speed.
- Inner-cage rotor leakage saturation has little inuence on the
torquespeed curve near zero speed, because the torque produced
by this cage is low at this speed. This is the main reason why all the
leakage saturation is concentrated in the stator reactance. Moreover, if this saturation is considered in two reactances, the authors
do not know any experimental test to measure their value. The
locked-rotor test only allows the saturation of one element to be
determined.

- Outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation changes very


abruptly with the outer-cage rotor current. This is essential to
obtain the correct curvature of the torquespeed curve near zero
speed.
- Outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation works at greater
currents than stator leakage reactance saturation.
- Outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation has a great inuence on the torquespeed curve, but its inuence on the
currentspeed curve is very small. This behavior is conrmed by
the manufacturers experience.
Mutual leakage inductance saturation affects both the outercage and inner-cage leakage inductances. Moreover, this saturation
cannot be separated from the stator leakage inductance saturation.
Therefore, it has been considered that the saturation effects of the
mutual leakage inductance are included in the stator leakage inductance saturation. Finally, for simplicity, the mutual rotor inductance
has not been considered in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 3, since, in
the case of a linear model, the behavior of the motor model with or
without mutual rotor inductance can be equivalent, as justied in
Ref. [15].
3. Magnetic saturation function
In this paper the function used to represent non-linear reactance
behavior is
Xk (ik ) =

Xak Xbk
p

(1 + (|ik |/i0k ) k )

qk /pk

+ Xbk ,

(1)

where for Xak , Xbk , pk , qk and i0k , k = m corresponds to the magnetizing reactance saturation, k = s to the stator leakage reactance
saturation and k = r to the rotor leakage reactance saturation. These
ve parameters have a clear physical interpretation:
-

Xak reactance value in the linear zone


Xbk reactance value in the saturated zone
pk , qk inuence the shape of the curve.
i0k is the current where saturation begins.

Fig. 4 shows the inuence of the saturation parameters on the


shape of the non-linear reactance X(i). This function is similar to
that used in Ref. [16]. The difference is the inclusion of parameter
q, which is necessary to obtain an abrupt variation of X(i), as can be
observed in Fig. 4. Fig. 12 shows the inuence of different parameter
q values on the torquespeed curves of four motors.
The current on the axis has been normalized by the nominal
current IN . The nominal values will be indicated by subscript N, the
values of the locked-rotor test by subscript LR and the values of the
no-load test by subscript NL.
4. Experimental data
All the experimental data used in this paper have been measured in the ABB laboratory, equipped with ve test beds for testing
motors of 190 kW. The test bed used for testing the induction
motor consisted of the following main parts:

Fig. 3. Steady-state equivalent circuit for the double-cage model of the three-phase
induction motor.

- loading machine and speed controller (DC machine and DC


adjustable speed drive),

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J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

Fig. 4. Relation of impedancecurrent, X(i), of the proposed saturation curve.

- torque transducer mounted on the motor axis and speed and current sensors,
- variable three-phase sinusoidal voltage source.
The experimental data on the non-linear behavior of the
squirrel-cage induction motor have been obtained from:
- Locked-rotor test.
- No-load test.
- Torquespeed curve.
The locked-rotor test plays a major role in stator leakage reactance saturation. The no-load test determines the magnetizing
reactance saturation. The shape of the torquespeed curve near zero
speed is greatly inuenced by the rotor leakage reactance saturation.

4.2. No-load test: magnetizing reactance saturation

4.1. Linear parameters


Induction motors are usually Delta or isolated Wye connected. The parameters in the steady-state equivalent circuit
have been calculated considering that the motor is Wye
connected.
Table 1 shows the linear parameters of the four induction motors
expressed in p.u. The real values of the motor parameters are
Rs = rs Zb ; R1 = r1 Zb ; R2 = r2 Zb ; Xm = xm Zb
Xsd = xsd Zb ; X1d = x1d Zb ; X2d = x2d Zb ,

(2)

where the impedance base is


Zb =

Fig. 5. Relation of impedancecurrent in the no-load test.

U2
,
P

(3)

where U is the rated line voltage and P the rated mechanical


power.

Table 1
Linear parameters of double-cage model.
P (kW)

rs

xsd

xm

r1

x1d

r2

x2d

75
45
30
18.5

0.0039
0.0045
0.0076
0.0075

0.1106
0.0641
0.1124
0.1270

3.4424
3.0145
3.7235
3.2218

0.0176
0.0181
0.0355
0.0208

0.1261
0.1644
0.1588
0.1472

0.1358
0.1416
0.1466
0.0662

0.0829
0.1479
0.1111
0.0397

In the no-load test (s = 0), the stator leakage inductance has been
considered linear because its inuence is negligible in this test. The
no-load test has been made at voltages: 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.75, 0.95,
1, 1.0375, 1.05, 1.1 and 1.25. The impedance that is measured in this
case is
ZNL (im ) = |Rs + jXsd + jXm |  Xm (im ), Xsd  Xm .

(4)

The dots in Fig. 5 represent the experimental measurements of


the impedance in the no-load test for four motors of 18.5, 30, 45 and
75 kW, respectively. The saturation parameters of xm (im ) for the four
motors, xam , xbm , pm , qm and i0m , are detailed in Table 2, with the
value k = m. Fig. 5 shows a good agreement between the experimental data and the values predicted by the non-linear model, which
are represented by a continuous line. In this type of saturation, the
non-linear parameter qm always has value 1, the reason being that
the rate of change with current in this type of saturation is slow.
Magnetizing reactance saturation has been studied in 96 induction motors. The range of power of the motors varies from 11 to
90 kW at a line voltage of 400 V. The non-linear parameters, xam ,
xbm , pm , qm and i0m , have been calculated for each motor using
a least-square algorithm to t test data to the curve (1). Table 3
shows the average value and its dispersion (standard deviation) for
the saturation parameters of the 96 induction motors studied. The
parameters which best characterize non-linear behavior are pm , u0
and xbm /xam . The saturation voltage u0 is a better parameter than

J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

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Table 2
Saturation parameters of double-cage model.
P (kW)

pk

qk

i0k

xbk /xak

75

m
s
r

4.49
10.0
10.0

1.0
2.0
3.0

0.3468
0.90
1.716

0.03
0.65
0.2

45

m
s
r

4.74
10.0
10.0

1.0
1.5
4.5

0.357
0.90
2.05

0.03
0.50
0.38

30

m
s
r

4.3
10.0
9.0

1.0
2.0
7.0

0.27
0.90
1.80

0.035
0.70
0.1

18.5

m
s
r

4.9
10.0
10.0

1.0
1.8
10.0

0.32
0.9
2.98

0.04
0.75
0.1

Table 3
Manufacturer data of no-load test (s = 0).
pm = 4.096 1.204
i0m = 0.363 0.118

xam = 3.396 0.718


xam i0m = u0 = 1.164 0.128

xbm = 0.245 0.137


xbm /xam = 0.0705 0.0352

Table 4
Manufacturer data of locked-rotor test (s = 1).
i = I/IN

u = U/UN

z(i) = Z/ZN

zR (i) = z(i)/z(1)

(zR )

0.75
1
1.25
iST 7

0.1447
0.1822
0.2166
1

0.1929
0.1822
0.1733
0.1428

1.059

0.043

0.951
0.784

0.034
0.070

the saturation current i0 because it has a lower dispersion. With


the help of Table 3, and given the magnetizing reactance xam = xm ,
a typical set of non-linear parameters can be determined as
pm = 4.096;

i0m =

1.164
;
xam

xbm = 0.0705xam .

(5)
Fig. 6. Relation of impedancecurrent in the locked-rotor test.

4.3. Locked-rotor test: stator leakage reactance saturation


It should be noted that the locked-rotor test only allows the variation of the sum of the stator and rotor reactances to be determined.
Thus, it is impossible to determine the degree of saturation affecting each reactance. This is the main reason why, in this paper, it has
been assumed that saturation in the locked-rotor test is entirely
assigned to the stator leakage reactance. For simplicity the mutual
rotor reactance has not been considered in Fig. 3.
Three measurements of the locked-rotor current and voltage at
0.75IN , IN and 1.25IN have been made by the usual testing procedure
in the ABB factory. These measurements, together with that of the
starting current (measured at nominal voltage, u = 1), allow statorleakage inductance saturation to be estimated. The expression of
the starting impedance is
Z ST = Rs + jXsd +

1
,
(1/jXm ) + 1/(R1 + jX1d ) + 1/(R2 + jX2d )

ZST (is ) = |Rs + jXsd (is ) + Z p |.

(6)
(7)

The dots in Fig. 6 represent the experimental measurements of


the impedance in the locked-rotor test for four motors of 18.5, 30,
45 and 75 kW, respectively.
The saturation parameters of xs (is ) for the four motors, xas , xbs ,
ps , qs and i0s , are detailed with the value k = s in Table 2. Fig. 6
shows a good agreement between the experimental data and the
values predicted by the non-linear model, which are represented
by a continuous line.
Stator leakage reactance saturation has been studied in 96
motors. The relative impedance zR , dened in Table 4, has been cal-

culated for each motor with the three measurements of impedance


at 0.75IN , IN , 1.25IN and the starting impedance at IST . The average
value and dispersion (standard deviation) of zR (0.75IN ), zR (1.25IN )
and zR (IST ) are shown in Table 4.
Assuming that the inuence of magnetizing reactance saturation and rotor leakage reactance saturation is negligible in the
locked-rotor test, the average values of the impedances in Table 4
indicate that
|Rs + jXsd (0.75) + Z p |
ZST (0.75)
=
= 1.059 0.043,
ZST (1)
|Rs + jXsd (1) + Z p |

(8)

|Rs + jXsd (1.25) + Z- p |


ZST (1.25)
=
0.951 0.034,
ZST (1)
|Rs + jXsd (1) + Z- p |

(9)

|Rs + jXsd (7) + Z p |


ZST (7)
= 0.784 0.070.
=
ZST (1)
|Rs + jXsd (1) + Z p |

(10)

The above values indicate that there is a signicant change in


the motor impedance in the locked-rotor test when the current has
a value near the nominal value (i 1).
4.4. Torquespeed curve: rotor leakage reactance saturation
The dots in Fig. 7 represent the torquespeed measurements
of four induction motors. The measurements have been made at

reduced voltage (u = 1/ 3 = 0.577) to avoid overheating of the motor


during the test. The solid line in Fig. 7 represents the torquespeed
curve calculated with the linear parameters of Table 1 and the

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J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

Fig. 7. Torquespeed and currentspeed curves and measured torque and current data of four squirrel-cage induction motors at three different voltages.

non-linear parameters of Table 2 at reduced voltage (u = 0.577). A


good agreement between the experimental data and the values predicted by the non-linear model can be observed. In the same gure
a dashed line represents the torquespeed curve calculated with
the nominal voltage, u = 1, and a dotted line represents the curve
calculated at reduced voltage (u = 1/3 = 0.333).
All the curves have been normalized with their own nominal
torque and nominal current to make different torquespeed and
currentspeed curves comparable. The relation between the different nominal torque and current is
TN(u=1) = 3TN(u=0.577) = 9TN(u=0.333)
IN(u=1) = 1.732IN(u=0.577) = 3IN(u=0.333)

(11)

The particular behavior of the torquespeed curve, where the


torque increases near zero speed can be noted. The four motors
in Fig. 7 show this effect. This behavior is perfectly explained by
the model proposed in Fig. 3, as can be veried in Fig. 7. In the
authors opinion, this effect can only be justied by the outer-cage
rotor leakage reactance saturation. The effects of outer-cage saturation agree with the signicant differences between theoretical and
experimental torquespeed curves explained in Ref. [5].
The saturation parameters of the inner-cage rotor leakage reactance, X2d (i2 ), for the four motors, xar , xbr , pr , qr and i0r , are detailed
with the value k = r in Table 2. A more detailed justication of the
shape of the torquespeed curve is provided in the Section 5.3.

the measured data in the locked-rotor test. This saturation substantially affects the torquespeed curve and some iterations (by
means of which, rst the torquespeed measurements and then
the locked-rotor test measurements are adjusted) must be made
to obtain good parameters. Next, the non-linear parameters of the
magnetizing reactance are calculated by trial and error to obtain
good agreement with the measured data in the no-load test. This
saturation does not signicantly affect the torquespeed curve and
affects only slightly the currentspeed curve near zero slip. Finally,
the non-linear parameters of the rotor leakage reactance are calculated by trial and error to obtain good agreement with the measured
data in the torquespeed curve and currentspeed curve near zero
speed. The inuence of this saturation on the currentspeed curve
near zero speed is very little. This fact agrees with the manufacturer
experience.
As an example, the parameters of the 75 kW motor in
Tables 1 and 2 are
rs = 0.0039; r1 = 0.0176; r2 = 0.1358; xm = xm (im )
xsd = xsd (is ); x1d = 0.1261; x2d = x2d (i2 ),
where
xm (im ) =

xs (is ) =
4.5. Parameter determination
The process to obtain linear and non-linear parameters is mainly
a trial and error method. In the rst step, a set of linear parameters
is obtained from the manufacturer data using the algorithm of Ref.
[17]. The manufacturer data are conveniently modied to obtain
good agreement with the torquespeed and currentspeed measured points (the starting torque must normally be undervalued).
Then, the non-linear parameters of the stator leakage reactance
are calculated by trial and error to obtain good agreement with

(12)

x2 (i2 ) =

3.4424 0.03 3.4424


4.49 1/4.49

(1 + ((|im |/0.3468))

0.1106 0.65 0.1106


10 2/10

+ 0.03 3.4424

+ 0.65 0.1106

(1 + (|is |/0.9) )

0.0829 0.2 0.0829


10 3/10

(13)

+ 0.2 0.0829,

(1 + (|i2 |/1.716) )

5. Study of the saturation model effects


In this section, the effects of each type of saturation on the
torquespeed curve are studied. In each case, the linear model
(parameters of Table 1) is compared to the saturated model with

J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

1059

Fig. 8. Inuence of magnetizing reactance saturation on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves.

only one type of saturation, i.e., the other two saturations have been
eliminated.
5.1. Magnetizing reactance saturation
Fig. 8 shows the inuence of magnetizing reactance saturation, xm (im ), on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves for
two motors. The range of speed is between s = 0.5 and s = 0,
since the inuence of saturation for higher slips is negligible. The
torquespeed and currentspeed curves for three different voltages, u = 1.732, 1 and 0.577, are also plotted in Fig. 8.
The change in current with voltage at s = 0 shown in Fig. 8 is in
agreement with the experimental data of the no-load test in Fig. 5.

When the voltage is lower than u = 1, the inuence on the torque and
current is negligible, and when the voltage is higher, then the current increases but the torque decreases. It must be remembered that
the current values are normalized with different values of nominal
current for each voltage (11).
5.2. Stator leakage reactance saturation
Fig. 9 shows the inuence of stator leakage reactance saturation,
xsd , on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves for two motors.
The torquespeed and currentspeed curves for two different voltages, u = 1 and 0.333, and the case when the motor is linear are also
represented.

Fig. 9. Inuence of stator leakage reactance saturation on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves.

Fig. 10. Inuence of rotor leakage reactance saturation on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves.

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J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

Fig. 11. Inuence of the outer- and inner-cage on torquespeed and currentspeed curves. Variation of the outer-cage impedance with the slip.

The usual value of i0s for stator leakage reactance saturation is


near the nominal current, i0s 1. Therefore, the inuence of saturation is very important for slip values greater than the nominal slip,
where the current is high.
The change in current with voltage at s = 1 shown in Fig. 9 is in
agreement with the experimental data of the locked-rotor test in
Fig. 6. There is a great distance between the linear curve, which
represents the case without saturation, and the curve with voltage
u = 0.333. The main change caused by saturation is produced near
u 1/7 = 0.14, which corresponds to a current close to the nominal
current. It must be remembered that the current values are normalized with different values of nominal current for each voltage
(11).
5.3. Outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation
Fig. 10 shows the inuence of outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation on the torquespeed and currentspeed curves for
two different motors and three different voltages. The other saturations, magnetizing and stator leakage, have been eliminated. It
can be observed that outer-cage rotor leakage reactance saturation
may explain the signicant differences between the theoretical and
experimental torquespeed curves mentioned in Ref. [5].
Fig. 11 shows the torquespeed and currentspeed curves of the
outer-cage, the inner-cage and their sum (the modulus of their fasorial sum), for two motors at voltage u = 0.577. In this case, the three
saturations are active.
The upper plots of Fig. 11 show the great inuence of the outercage on the braking regime (s > 1) and the low inuence of the innercage. The middle plots of Fig. 11 show the currents of the outerand inner-cage. The outer-cage current has a clear dependence of
the slip, which is quasi linear and enables the saturation model
to be developed. The lower plots of Fig. 11 show the variation of
the outer-cage rotor leakage reactance with the slip. The plot of the
impedance variation with the slip for the 18.5 kW motor shows how
the rotor leakage reactance change suddenly and this justies the
change in the torquespeed curve near s = 1, as observed in Fig. 11.

Fig. 12. Inuence of parameter qr of the rotor leakage reactance saturation on the
torquespeed and currentspeed curves.

J. Pedra et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 10541061

Fig. 12 shows the inuence of parameter qr on the shape of


the torquespeed curve for the four studied motors at the voltage
u = 0.577. In this case the three saturations are active. The importance of parameter qr to achieve the shape of the torquespeed
curve which matches the experimental data of Fig. 7 can also be
observed.
6. Conclusions
This paper contributes to a better understanding of induction motor saturation with experimental data from 96 motors of
1190 kW.
A new saturation model of the induction motor correctly
explaining the experimental data is proposed. The model has three
different saturation effects, which have been characterized in four
motors in great detail. The paper calculates typical data on stator
leakage reactance saturation and magnetizing reactance saturation
and gives the average value and the dispersion for the main saturation parameters. The most important conclusion of this study is
that outer-cage rotor leakage saturation can satisfactorily explain
the high values of the torquespeed curve in the braking regime
(s > 1).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the nancial support of the Comisin
Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologa (CICYT) under the project
(DPI2004-00544). The authors would like to thank Francesc Quintana from Asea Brown Boveri, S.A., Fabrica de Motores for providing
the experimental data.
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Joaqun Pedra was born in Barcelona (Spain) in 1957. He received his B.S. degree
in Industrial Engineering and his Ph.D. degree in Engineering from the Universitat
Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1979 and 1986, respectively. Since 1985
he has been professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the Universitat
Politcnica de Catalunya. His research interest lies in the areas of power system
quality and electrical machines.
J. Ignacio Candela was born in Bilbao (Spain) in 1962. He received his B.S. degree
in Industrial Engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona,
Spain, in 2000. Since 1991 he has been professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. His main eld of research is power
system quality and electrical machines.
Amalia Barrera was born in Barcelona (Spain) in 1967. She received her B.S. degree in
Industrial Engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Tarrasa, Spain,
in 1994. Since 1994 she is with the Asea Brown Boveri S.A. Motors Factory technical
department and since 2000 she is the Electrical Design Engineer responsible for I + D
and applications.

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