Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted By:
MD Imtiaz Uddoulla
0042MSOT0809
Supervisor:
DR. Nigel Kermode
Submission Date: 17th September 2010
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Abstract
Business intelligence (BI) is an important application for research and
development in Information Systems (IS). We can tell how successful a business
is from observing how successfully strategic business decisions are made.
Business Intelligence (BI) is a set of tools mainly used for business decision
making by managers. It is a business application to analyze business problems
by generating reports that serve to help make strategic decisions. A typical
Business Intelligence architecture involves a Data Warehouse (DW), software for
Extracting Transforming and Loading (ETL) of data, Online Transaction Processing
(OLTP) as well as analytical tools such as Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). It
is a combination of business analysis and artificial intelligence. Business
Intelligence transforms unstructured data into meaningful knowledge based
information can tell why it is needed and when should be proper time to take
action. BI can process large volumes of data which may come from different
sources and integrate them into an all round 360 o view.
This study examines the semantic framework and maturity level of Business
Intelligence for SMEs. Mainly the study trying to find out a best fitted
architecture of Business Intelligence based on the maturity level of BI (Business
Intelligence) of SMEs. Which easily can co-op with existing system, from
gathered data and from in depth interviews and questionnaires which I am
following the CMMI model, by mean of the maturity level analysis of Business
Intelligence of SMEs and factor analysis that can reduce the controversy that BI
can take the ad-hoc and collaborative decision support challenge and can
support a semantic framework of BI for SMEs.
Finally study gets a best fitted framework for business intelligence and that
models factors also have an influence on business intelligence process. The
questionnaires which based on the CMMI capability and maturity process, we
tested the BI process done some statistical analysis and get the maturity level of
BI on SMEs that is quantitative level. At last the study is recommended some
further research and limitation.
Keywords: Business Intelligence, Semantic model of BI, small and mid size
enterprise, capability model, maturity model, business intelligence process and
measurement.
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Acknowledgement
I would like to give gratefulness to all those people help me to complete this
thesis.
I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Dr. Nigel Kermode from School of
Technology and Management. His help, significant suggestion and
encouragement (just do it) helped me all the time to do the research and write
the thesis. I am also thankful to study colleague who always made very useful
comments which helped me find some error in my research and writing and also
thankful to my working place colleague MR. R Levi, Felicia and Rajin also
encourage me on my research.
I specially want to give thanks to my family mainly my cousin brother Mr. Shohel
Rana
My final word goes to almighty God.
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List of abbreviation
BI
Business Intelligence
BIS
Data Mining
DSS
DW
Data Warehouse
ETL
ERP
KPI
Return on Investment
Table of content
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Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgement 3
List of abbreviation 4
Table of content
Table of tables
Table of figures
Chapter 1 Introduction
11
Managerial impasse.......................................................................................... 12
Problem statement........................................................................................... 12
Research questions........................................................................................... 13
Important of study............................................................................................ 14
Customer analysis tools................................................................................ 15
Business productivity analysis.......................................................................16
Sales analysis................................................................................................ 16
Supply chain analysis.................................................................................... 16
Limitation of study............................................................................................ 18
Research approach........................................................................................... 18
Background of research.................................................................................... 19
Research objective........................................................................................... 20
Chapter 2 Literature review
21
Introduction...................................................................................................... 21
What is BI?........................................................................................................ 22
BI History.......................................................................................................... 25
BI Milestones................................................................................................. 26
BI Tools............................................................................................................. 27
BI Applications.................................................................................................. 30
BI for Financial Companies............................................................................... 33
BI Models.......................................................................................................... 34
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55
Introduction...................................................................................................... 55
Research philosophy......................................................................................... 56
Research approach........................................................................................... 56
Qualitative VS Quantitative...........................................................................57
Deductive VS Inductive................................................................................. 57
Strategy of research......................................................................................... 60
Type of Research bias on purpose....................................................................60
Research Design............................................................................................... 61
Variables of Research....................................................................................... 62
Methods and resources of data collection........................................................63
Statistical population of research.....................................................................64
Methods of sampling........................................................................................ 66
Research process.............................................................................................. 67
Chapter 4 Data Analysis
72
Introduction...................................................................................................... 72
Descriptive Statistics........................................................................................ 73
Responders Characteristics..........................................................................73
Operational measures of Variables................................................................77
Designing and developing questionnaires........................................................78
Validity and reliability of Measurement tools....................................................78
Reliability Measurement tool.........................................................................78
Validity Measurement tool.............................................................................79
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Verification of Model......................................................................................... 80
Prediction ability test of the model...................................................................84
Analysis and result........................................................................................... 86
CMMI maturity level....................................................................................... 87
Chapter 5 Conclusion
92
Introduction...................................................................................................... 92
Contribution part of the research.....................................................................93
Suggestion for the theory.................................................................................93
Suggestion for the managers........................................................................... 93
Suggestion for the further research..................................................................93
Limitation......................................................................................................... 93
Discussion and Conclusion............................................................................... 93
List of References 95
Appendix
103
Questionnaires
103
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Table of tables
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Table of figures
Figure 1.1: The Value Chain of Business Intelligence ..........................................18
Figure 2.1:The Most Important Components of Business Intelligences ...............25
Figure 2.2 : Evaluation from Static Report to Business Intelligence....................27
Figure 2.3: Evaluation of financial data warehouse..............................................34
Figure 2.4: The Business Intelligence Reference Model ......................................35
Figure 2.5: BI Process in a row ............................................................................ 35
Figure 2.6: The complete enterprise BI process .................................................36
Figure 2.7: The main components of BI system .................................................37
Figure 2.8: Traditional architecture of BI..............................................................38
Figure 2.9:The BI cycle ........................................................................................ 38
Figure 2.10: The role of BI system in decision making.........................................39
Figure 2.11: The BI value chain ...........................................................................40
Figure 2.12: BI process Cycle ..............................................................................40
Figure 2.13:The Business Intelligence Loop ........................................................41
Figure 2.14: The Levels of Business Intelligence..................................................42
Figure 2.15: The BI Phase ................................................................................... 43
Figure 2.16: Business Intelligence Entity architecture ........................................44
Figure 2.17; Real-Time BI Architecture ...............................................................45
Figure 2.18: The basic process of developing BI in a project...............................46
Figure 2.19: The different way to measure the BI success factor of BI process. . .48
Figure 2.20: The main Components of CMMI ......................................................50
Figure 2.21:The Maturity of BI ............................................................................. 51
Figure 2.22: The TDWIs BI Maturity Model .........................................................52
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Managerial impasse
From the beginning to now managers are working in strategies level, so every
time they have to take effective decision even most of the time that is very
critical. Now 21st century managers need more accurate information, they need
the information in time to make appropriate decision for their organization. But
the existing information not enough as faster and accurate like BI solution. Even
sometime the data are stored in different locations, BI system is the simple
solution for the managers problem. In a survey by the company name Teradata
they found most of the financial directors and professionals they said they
struggle to collect data from multiple sources (Twentyman. 2008)
Every organization making many decisions per day in different section based on
their organization. These decisions based on the facts, business rules, but mostly
from the past experiences. And to take right and effective decision that
experience they need it takes years to gather. So most of the time the decision is
in the danger level which may effect on the companys overall growth and
revenue. So it is essential for a company to take good decision, and a good
decision helps organization to achieve their goal. To take a good decision user
have to consider the past information based on their need and BI allow them to
turn the information into knowledge and knowledge into profit.
Problem statement
In 1990s most investment of IT focus on ERP, SCM, CRM solution which provides
the inventory management, pre production plan, supply chain planning,
customer relation and sales pipeline management. After that they moved to BI to
get better performance measurement, better optimal solution of the problems
etc.
BI system offering to transform the data in information which also driven by the
analytical tools to get knowledge and helps to take critical decision. Most of the
SMEs managers are not introduced with BI and some are using but not happy
with BI solution. Recently in one report Berthold et al (2010) they said Current
Business Intelligence (BI) solutions fail to meet the challenges of ad-hoc and
collaborative decision support, slowing down and hurting organizations. They
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said bias on few facts like in current BI framework user can not access or produce
individual analysis, user have to depend on the standard reporting and fixed
analytical contents. Secondly BI has lack of business context information. Thirdly
not enough support to make collaborative decision which may produce a
negative impact on using BI analytical tools. From another report by Sell et al
(2008) Gartner Group expects the BI market growth rate to be 12.5% in 2008,
and to move beyond $7bn by 2011. However, Gartner Group [6] and Computer
World [5] expected that by 2007, 50% of BI projects had a limited acceptance
from the users or failed. Among the causes cited by those research institutes,
there is a gap between current solutions and the organizations analytical
requirements.
There are no confusion about that BI has some significant benefits. From the
discussion it is clear that BI contains business benefits. If it divided in different
group then it is easy to discuss and could be focus on a particular point. It is an
opinion; in a long run BI can reduce cost in all section of business, helps to
generate more profit, increase customer satisfaction and performance of
operation. Mark Ritacco and Astridn carver (2010) said about the business value of
BI and the benefits using BI which are grouped in three main group increase
revenue, improve customer service and cost lowering.
But if the BI framework is wrong for the organization it is affect both user and
vendor and also a bad impact on global business. This is an analytical level
problem of BI. Therefore to find out the best fitted framework of BI for the level
of organization mainly SMEs and also introduce user the significant benefits of BI
solution.
Research question
The question which focus the aim of this research work is -
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Important of study
Business managers are collecting data for long time. They do not know how to
use of that. They may using it different applications but that not helping them
properly for digging down to root to take actual action. In this way there is not
sufficient help to decision making. It also depends on the analyzing power of the
organization.
This is the main need which turns managers to use BI solution. Because BI allow
them go to root and find out the fundamental problems. In one report of IBM
incorporation said that over 93% of corporate data is not usable in the business
decision-making process today. (Reinschmidt and Francoise, 2000) therefore to
use those data in BI process can get maximum benefits.
BI is like an umbrella, there are many benefits of using it. Every vendor and
publishing their success stories. BI benefits are in different levels of the business;
some common benefits of them like:
Lowering cost
Increase revenue
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Ritacco and Carver (2010) they discuss about the business value of BI and
summarized the benefits using BI which are: Because of the wide applicability of
BI in both enterprise and extranet deployments, the business benefits are
numerous. These benefits can be grouped into three main categories: lowering
costs, increasing revenue, and improving customer satisfaction. And this list is
far from exhaustive, since empowered users continue to find new ways to
implement BI. (ibid)
If study goes in deep of benefits of operation level of business then can find out
few more benefits of using BI segment wise like
Customer analysis tools
Every business has two parts external and internal. Customer relation is one of
the most important parts of the external activities. Many organizations using
CRM (Customer Relationship Management); which mainly use for analyzing the
customers activities. In BI customer analysis tools is expand of CRM and provide
better and realistic solution which expand the customer value and increase the
revenue of the organization. Loshin (2003) said different aspects of customer
analytics that benefits the sales, marketing, and service organization as they
interact with the customers.
A short list of some activity and benefits of customer analysis tools are
presenting as follows:
Individual customer profiling:
From here managers know about each customer thinking, behaviour, spending
power which are help to strategic plan for them.
Target marketing planning:
By having the knowledge of customer choices manager can make a target
marketing plan for the existing product and even introducing product.
Personalization:
In e-business by using this policy manager can improve the content management
for each customer.
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Collaborative filter:
By using this filtering techniques organization always can offer customer the
alternative bias on their need.
Customer satisfaction:
Knowing the customers information it is easy to handle customer and solve their
problems which increasing the customer satisfaction.
Human capital productivity analysis
In this way manager can measure the internal performance of the business. This
can be an effective solution for decreasing the labour cost, production on time
etc.
Business productivity analysis
This is the main part of the BI from here manager can find out while they are
struggling with the production performance or not. If yes how they can improve
the quality. Manager can do the resource planning and optimize solution for the
problems. In financial reporting using OLAP, drill down, drill up, drill through
tools; helps to get the actual report from different data sources. Another
important tool is risk management; using this manager can tell about the early
risk and take the optimal decision how to deal with that.
Sales analysis
In sales analysis manager can predict and make an assumption about the sale by
BI regression analysis. And also they can fix their marketing plan and sales
performance.
Supply chain analysis
This is very important part of the production oriented business because of the
globalization now it is trend to get different raw materials from different places
and also there are different deals of the business. BI provides the supplier and
vendor management, shipping management, inventory control of raw and
finished goods, distribution analysis tools.
Therefore BI use can bring some significant benefits. But still BI is not as popular
as people aspect if could answer why? Then it will find there are lacks of
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In this process the organization may need some change management, when
organization agrees with the framework then fix the KPIs. Most of the
organization fails to meet the conditions and can not use maximum benefits of
the BI even some time it is drive business wrong. Well design KPI should have
some basic features like
The number of KPI also very important more KPI some time decries the
performance analysis. Few (2006) said about the standard number of KPI using in
BI in one report Our research, and modern psychological theory, points to about
7 as being an optimum number, although between 5 and 10 can be used. (ibid)
In common concept BI provides high quality of information which only can
derived from the high quality of data. So those organizations are moving newly
into BI they have to highly concern about ensure the high quality of data from
reliable sources. Even if want to use their own data from existing ERP or CRM
system or Excel Spreadsheet, they have to make sure the data are clean.
Because of the combination of plan and actual information is the key point of
Semantic BI Framework. To consider the value chain of BI then can get a simple
idea about the data chain architecture.
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Figure 1.1: The Value Chain of Business Intelligence taken from Brackett.
(1999)
Here data source is the raw material for up stage information engineering in a
same way till business intelligence is raw material for business strategies.
To implement BI and handle the benefits of it organization need a vast
understanding of data processing, BI factors, need a framework for
organizational and BI according to needs.
Limitation of study
The complete idea of BI is not introduced in the SMEs, many people even do not
know about that. Some of them even have different perspective of view about
the Information Technology which may disagree about the research result.
Research approach
According to purpose of this work which is to find out the best framework of BI
and the maturity level of BI on SMEs, the approach here is a combination of both
deductive and inductive process. The work is started with brief literature review,
hypothesis about the existing work of BI framework and benefits which ware
evaluated by the other professionals. Then some interviews were conducted with
managers to find how they feel with existing system and what difficulties they
are facing even using BI. The framework they have is that the best framework for
them? And how they react with BI and it is benefits?
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The research strategy is also a combination of survey and case study, of various
reports. For collecting data various online sources like Google search engine,
ACM digital library, by e-mail from vendors were used. Also a questionnaire was
maintained while interviewing the managers. A tape recorder and note book
were used as instruments for recording data of interviews. If something is missed
in note book then it can be get from the tape and for data accuracy both sources
can be cross checked.
BI mainly used for deep analysis and for decision support system and managers
are playing this role in an organization. So the managers can be the best sample
to take interview to deal with the problem. Therefore the interviews were taken
with some managers of SMEs and some from vendors.
After the data were analysed which were gathered from interviews, other online
sources and questionnaires, used to developed the maturity level of BI on SMEs
and a semantic framework of BI for them.
Background of research
BI is a combination of data warehouse (DW) and data mining (DM), tools of
analysis the facts like OLAP, user interface, dashboard and scorecard, multi
structure support database etc. many people did and also doing research on the
separate areas of BI even the evaluation of BI on various context, value, uses
etc.
Petrini and Pozzebon (2010) they did a research on the value of BI in the based
on developing countries. They focus on the IT investment in developing countries
how BI can make a good value for that country. According their report this
context explains the emergence of the domain generally known as business
intelligence (BI), seen as an answer to the current needs in terms of information
for decision-making with the intensive utilization of information technology. The
objective of this research project is to examine the meaning and role of BI in a
particular context, one of developing countries.
Middelfart (2007) made a research on the improving speed and quality of BI
according to OODA (Observation, Orientation, Decision, and Action) concept.
OODA is a loop each phase has some particular job. To using this loop in BI
environment can improve the performance, according his report This article
introduces the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) concept as a
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Research objective
BI activities more over common become now in the market. There are many
studies about BI from different point of view; the research focus to expand one of
them and the objective of this study is to find out
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Introduction
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What is BI?
Pareek believes that BI not only a data querying system from a huge amount of
data generate by the business, it is surely more than that. BI system improved
their internal decision making system in other way it is extends this ready
information access to customers, suppliers, and business partners. BI is a set of
concepts, methods, and process to improve business decision using information
from multiple sources and applying experience and assumption to develop an
accurate understanding business dynamics. (Pareek, 2007)
BI also a combined of data and tools to make complex and competitive decision
using BI managers can understand their own capabilities, trends, future
directions and market, customers, competitors etc. mainly BI work like an
umbrella which tide closely others together in a discipline like data mining,
statistical analysis, forecasting and decision support system. (ibid)
BI is an understandable knowledge and information that is derived from data.
Data become intelligence when it is a right way to present to right people. BI
system is a combination of few sub system like 1) Knowledge management
system. 2) Online analytical processing system. 3) Decision support system. 4)
Executive information system; in a combination it provide the best decision,
trend, historical and current information. The net result is a better understanding
of data, information and knowledge to manage a typical organization more
effectively. (Thierauf, 2001)
In definition of BI Liebowitz said BI is an active model-based, and prospective
approach to discover and explain hidden, decision relevant aspects in large
amount of business data to better inform flourish ( Liebowitz, 2006)
BI is a set of concept, methods and process. It is a system of intelligence
exploration, integration and multidimensional analysis of data from different
sources. They believe there are four basic dimensions of BI like 1) Business
dimension which allows the business methods and techniques of measurement.
2) Technology dimension which allows the technical methods tools. 3)
Organizational dimension which allows methodologies of implementation and
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BI also facing some challenge all this time. Some time organizations are refuse to
use BI because of standardization of methodologies, business definitions,
processes, tools, technologies. BI has to focus not only the technology as well as
the human capital, knowledge process and culture. Six challenges in exploiting BI
which are
Data Challenge: Data is the main fact of BI. It is heart of the system. Data
collecting is the most costly, time consuming, and difficult process. So the
organizations that collect data have to maintain the standard process when they
collect data. And have to make sure collected data are accurate, from reliable
sources, readable before storage. Data storage is another obstacle of BI. Data
often store in different format in different location, so provider have to make sure
the data formation by the expert system and easy to format which provide more
business value.
Technology Challenge: Over time organizations have accumulated a complex
set of heterogeneous tools and infrastructure technologies not even well
organize. Sometime because of the Total Cost Own ship (TCO) for maintaining
this kind of system is high. So RIO (Rapid deployment with good return on
Investment) also become SMEs lower than TCO. So organizations are not
interested to invest.
Process Challenge: BI is a process and it is a key of a successful BI and
business. Process can be change by using to understand the BI process and need
to proper understanding of KPI.
Strategy Challenge: It is a very common challenge. Because different
organization has different strategy and successful strategy helps organization to
achieve their goal. Sometime BI can not allow the organization own strategy and
sometime even allow but that strategy might wrong, which derive the business
down turn. It is very sensitive issue.
User Challenge: This is an everyday issue, understanding the different user and
their actual need which is the key of successful BI implementation. So they are
trying to get a right calculation for them what they really need.
Culture Challenge: Every organization has own different culture and the
culture needs to be focus to the fact base decision making BI may be able to
introduce a common culture ass fitted as possible. (Miller et al., 2006)
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Olszak define the most important components of BI which are Data warehouse
and ETL, OLAP and Data Mining, BI and CRM applications. (Olszak and Ziemba,
2006)
BI History
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BI Milestones
Early user friendly language establish a link between the user and
mantra.
The data providing by the data warehouse is not always that we need, but
capturing data from existing system is more desirable. So before we take
any action about the data transformation we have to know about our
new data stores must be automated. These are not one-time procedures.
The time already arrives now people want BI solution. One motivating
force behind these is the need to deliver refined metrics and analyses to
the top management. (Biere,2003)
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Rasmussen et al., (2002) investigate the evaluation of BI from static report and
showing in a graph
Figure 2.3 : Evaluation from Static Report to Business Intelligence taken from
Rasmussen et al.; (2002)
BI Tools
BI in definition is a set of tools. So tools are the main feature of the BI system. In
BI solution there are few tools which are using to controlling data and producing
different reports.
Business intelligence tools enable organizations to understand their internal and
external environments through the systematic acquisition, collation, analysis,
interpretation, and exploitation of information. (Fuld et al., 2003 cited by Chung
et al., 2005)
Selection of BI tools is very important. Now vendors are offering many different
BI tools. But when an organization chooses BI tools they have to understand
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about the tools and pointed out the organizational informational needs. And also
it is necessary to consider functionality, complexity of solution and compatibility
of the tools. (Olszak and Ziemba, 2007)
BI tools are like application software which is using for collecting, analyzing and
presenting data. Different tools are performing different way in different purpose.
Some BI tools are pointing out here like:
MS Excel:
This is very common and old tool in information system of storing and presenting
data. All most every organization is using this tool because it is very easy to
maintain. (Rose India ,n.d)
Reporting tools:
Business operation is a common application for reporting tools, this mainly use
for customize and corporate report making. (ibid)
The main focus of this tool is the right information to the right person at right
time. Reporting tools not only for the creating report also can send the
information to the right person via e-mail or cell phone alerts. (Electrosmart, n.d)
OLAP:
Online analytical Processing tools normally use for perform complex queries and
also when the amount of the data is huge. OLAP allows analyzing data from
different dimension. Hybrid OLAP, Relational OLAP, Multidimensional OLAP is
using to provide quick answer of the complex question. Data slicing and dicing,
drill up, drill down, drill throw is the common function of OLAP. (Rose India, n.d)
Data mining tools are using to interrogation the data for identify trends and
patterns. It can predict a model and can find out the cause and effect between
the two metrics. They are:
Advance analysis
Hypothesis testing
Predictive analysis
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Fraud detection
Target marketing
Risk management
Business analysis and optimization
analysis. MS Excel.
Advanced Visualisation - Scorecards, Dashboards, Portals
Alerting & Proactive Reporting Report subscription and delivery,
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BI Applications
Reinschmidt and Francoise (2000) takes five common business industries and
discuss about the objectives of BI application and how they having benefits of it.
Business Area
Retail industry
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Banking,
finance and
Securities
ations
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Olszak and Ziemba (2006) pointed out the most important effects that can be
achieve to using following analysis of BI
Analysis which supports cross and up selling;
Customer profiling and characterization;
Analysis of parameters value in a chain;
Break even time analysis;
Analysis of customer loyalty and enforce customer switching power to
competition;
Credit scoring;
Fraud detection;
Logistics optimisations;
Forecasting of strategic business in processes development;
Web mining; and
Web-farming.
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BI Models
BI is an integration of tools; not a single application. It is a combination of
different part of the IT system which together work in a process called BI system.
Baumgartner et al said the term BI is a box of methods for collecting, analyzing,
and presenting data to assist decision making process. Also BI can call a process
to provide better insight of an organization. (Baumgartner et al., 2007)
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Figure 2.5: The Business Intelligence Reference Model taken from Baumgartner
et al,( 2007)
In BI application include of decision support system, query and reporting, OLAP
and DM. BI collect data from business internal and external operation turn it into
a meaningful information analyze then distribute over the enterprise or
customers. (Symmetry Corporation, 2005)
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Figure 2.7: The complete enterprise BI process taken from Matteo et al,
(2004)
Vercellis said about the main components of BI which are
Data sources for gathering the data from primary and secondary sources which
is heterogeneous by origin.
Data warehouse and Data mart which for extracting transforming and
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Data exploration for query and reporting system also consist statistical
analysis
Optimization which refer the best solution which is fitted with organization
(Vercellis, 2009)
Figure 2.8: The main components of BI system taken from Vercellis,( 2009)
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Vercellis also gives an idea about a typical architecture and Cycle of BI which is
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Olszak and Ziemba believe that BI systems are assumed to be solutions that are
responsible for transcription of data into information and knowledge and they
also create some environment for effective decision making, strategic thinking
and acting in organisations. (Olszak and Ziemba, 2007
Figure 2.11: The role of BI system in decision making taken from Olszak and
Ziemba,( 2007)
Pareek says the value chain of BI system is support to achieve the business goal
that consists of real-time data warehouse, data mining, automated anomaly, GIS
etc. The data sources support to develop information in turn, support to
knowledge worker to develop knowledge environment, and the knowledge
worker support the business intelligence in intelligence learning enterprise and
finally BI support to develop strategies which helps to achieve business goal.
(Pareek, 2007)
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Figure 2.14: The Business Intelligence Loop taken from Giovinazzo,( 2003)
Waters define BI as a legal and ethical tool to examine strategic changes and
option; so BI became a necessity in forming and holistic picture of business.
(Waters 1996; cited by Pirttimaki, 2007)
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Figure 2.15: The Levels of Business Intelligence taken from McGonagle and
Vella, 1996; Thierauf, 2001; cited by Pirttimaki, (2007)
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Rouibah and Ali explain about BI phase which is normally cyclic. First phase is
targeting that consist the survival boundary of the business. Second phase is
mainly selecting the companys week sign. Third phase is operating routing the
week signs from outside and inside the organization. Fourth phase transforming
the collected data in to actionable stage. If the action is most significant then it
taken by phases five. (Rouibah and ali, 2002)
Figure 2.16: The BI Phase taken from Rouibah and ali,( 2002)
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format and when report maker ask then it throws the format to BI service. For
using BI Entity could have a common format of Customer BI, Sales BI etc which
contains all the measurement and contains. (Yeh et al, 2004)
Figure 2.17: Business Intelligence Entity architecture taken from Yeh et al,
(2004)
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Nguyen et al introduce the real time BI solution which can enable real time
analytics over the corporate business process, it also cover the complete process
of sense, interpret, predict analysis and decries the reaction time of business
decision. (Nguyen et al, 2005)
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Mircea and Andreescu shows in a figure about maintain the business rule how to
develop BI in a project. (Debevoies, 2007; cited by Mircea and Andreescu, 2010)
Most of the BI vendors like IBM, SAP, SAS, Information Builder, MicroSrtegy,
Oracle all they have BI solution for SMEs and they can start with the existing
system. All they are solution start with gathering correct data then analyze them
after that provide solution. It can feel the core structure of BI implementation all
of them same like Giovinazzo model. In one Gartners Business Intelligence
research Hostman et al (2009) said that SMEs need solution that provide
reporting, analysis, and planning from a single platform. And all of those vendors
trying provide a single solution include all BI facilities.
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Main user of
Expected benefits
measurement
Assessment of BI effects
information
Executives of
applying BI
BI professional
BI vendors
Research
process
BI service provider
BI professionals
actual effects.
Increase
creditability of BI
professionals
Management of BI
as managerial tool.
Improves rigidity in
BI research.
Increase
improvement of BI
service and
product
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Performance of BI process
A non stop cycle has six phases. They are - 1. Information: need to be identified;
2. Acquisition of information; 3. Information storage and organize; 4.
Development: information product and service; 5. Distribution the information; 6.
Use the information. Which is simply acquires, analyze, storage and distribute
important information and contains elements need to provide valuable business
information. Theoretically most of the process is same but on the same time it
also company specific. (Pirttimaki et al., 2007)
And he also strongly believes that BI cycle has two main processes
implementation process and Utilization process. ( Pirttimaki and Hunnaula,
2003). Tabatabaei gives one example figure of different way to measure the
success factor of BI process.
Figure 2.20: The different way to measure the BI success factor of BI process
taken from Pirttimaki et al., 2006 cited by Tabatabaei, (2009)
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Maturity model
Most of the maturity models are based on Capability Maturity Model (CMM). In
late 1985 Carnegie Mellon University proposed this model. CMM describe An
evolutionary improvement path from ad hoc, immature processes to disciplined,
mature process with improves quality and effectiveness (Aho, 2009). CMM
project involve the large number of people of different organizations all over the
world. Then they were interested in benefits of developing an integration
framework and therefore the Capability Maturity Model Integration become.
(CMMI Production Team, 2002). The levels of CMMI can be tabulated as follows -
Level
Description
1- Ad hoc
2- Repeatable
3- Defined
4- Managed
5- Optimizing
Table 2.3: The Levels of CMMI taken from Hamel. 2009; cited by Aho, (2009)
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Specific goal maintain specific practice and generic goal maintain generic
practice. Each practice corresponds to a capability level. Specific goal is for a
specific or individual process; on the other hand generic goal for multiple process
area. (CMMI Production Team, 2002)
Figure 2.21: The main Components of CMMI taken from CMMI Production
Team, (2002)
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Process management
Project management
Engineering
Support
Figure 2.22: The Maturity of BI taken from William, 2006; cited by Popovic et
al., (2010)
In the figure it shows four stage of maturity, at the early stage maturity is very
low because no data warehouse and tool used. In stage one, it is shown that the
presence of business value but still no change in using information. In stage two,
here it shows few uses of BI tools and optimize use of information. In stage three
organizations are able to use this information in existing business process, and
information is optimized at the enterprise level. And organization reaches the
highest level of BI maturity thus the maximum business value. (William and
William 2007; cited by Popovic et al., 2010)
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Maturity model used for describing, explain and evaluating the growth of the
system life cycle. The basic concept is the things change over time and most of
this change can be predict and regulated. (Rajteric, 2010)
Now could be focus on some maturity model using in BI
Figure 2.23: The TDWIs BI Maturity Model taken from Eckerson, 2007; cited by
Aho, (2009)
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Figure 2.24: The Gartners BI maturity model taken from Hostman 2007; cited
by Aoh, (2009)
AMR Research's Business Intelligence/Performance Management
Maturity Model, Version 2: AMR Research Company they focused on BI
research and develop four-level framework for BI the key of this model reacting,
anticipating, collaborating, and orchestrating. (Hegerty 2006; cited by Rajteric,
2010)
Business Intelligence Maturity Hierarchy: This model developed in
knowledge management; there are four stage of this model like data,
information, knowledge and wisdom. (Rajteric, 2010)
Logicas maturity model: Few big companies like HP, SAP, Microsoft and
Logica have BI maturity model and framework for their own. In this model the
maturity and the value is measured on stage in delivering information products.
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This model more focused on the technology side sowing in the figure. (Aho,
2009)
Figure 2.25: The Logicas Capability/ Maturity Model taken from Roekel et al.,
2009; cited by Aho, (2009)
Conclusion
Now in conclusion could say BI is a process, to fix a common process and a
semantic framework of BI the organization CMMI is working hard to test the
process and approve the framework. I consider and agree with Giovinazzos
model acquiring the data, analyze the data and take action based on the data.
This is simple and accurate for SEMs I believe.
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This chapter is describing the methods are using in the study, the
research process in details, purpose of the research, research
approach, research strategy, research population and sample
selection and data collection methods, research variables also been
described.
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Research philosophy
Research philosophy depend on the way people think about to develop the
knowledge. Mainly the way people go about doing the study. According to
Saunders et al.,(2003) there are three parts of the research philosophy;
positivism, interpretivism and realism.
Positivism tradition researcher mainly do object analysis interpreting collected
data and assume or can tell what they experienced. There should be highly
structured methodology to facilitate the duplication and quantifiable
observations that lend themselves to statistical analysis. (Saunders et al., 2003)
The positivist trust in empiricism; where the observation and measurement is the
core scientific effort. The key approach of the scientific method is the
experiment, the attempt to discriminate natural laws through manipulation and
observation. (Trochim, 2006)
Interpretivism is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they
study in order to able to make sense and understand their motives, action and
interpretations in a way that is meaningful for these research participants.
(Saunders et al., 2003)
Realism is based on belief that a reality exists which is independent of human
thought and beliefs. It is applied to study human subjects, recognize the
importance of understanding peoples socially constructed interpretations and
meaning, or subject reality, within the context of seeking to understand social
forces, processes that influence, perhaps constrains, the natures of peoples view
and behaviour. (ibid)
This research philosophy is positivism and realism because this research to find
out the semantic framework of BI for SEM and also the maturity level of BI. To
find out maturity level some statistical analysis will done and for semantic
framework of BI for SMEs considering to studying different experts thought and
believe.
Research approach
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There are two approach to consider when researcher conduction the research,
qualitative and quantitative. (Cooper and Schindler, 2003; cited by Tabatabaei,
2009) many writer try to describe the difference between qualitative and
quantitative research; but the status of the distinction is ambiguous. (Bryman,
2008).
Qualitative VS Quantitative
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Deducing a hypothesis
Ex press the hypothesis in operation
Hypothesis testing
Examine the result
Modify the theory if necessary
The main characteristics of this approach are explaining the casual relationship
between variables; develop a hypothesis, the collection of qualitative data,
controls to allow the testing of hypothesis. (Robson 1993 cited by Saunders et
al.,2003)
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observe them and can draw a logical conclusion. Also there will be collecting
data from different IT expert from different organization then by the collected
data will do analysis and find out the maturity level of BI on SMEs.
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Strategy of research
Research strategy is generally a plan about how to answer the research
question. There are different research strategies like experiment, survey, case
study, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, cross-sectional studies,
and longitudinal studies. Saunders et al.,(2003)
According to the research question which is start with What is normally indicate
the survey strategy. But because of the time constrained according to the
research question and methods and sources of collecting data it is choosing
Cross-sectional studies. It supports both quantitative and qualitative methods
and because of limitation of time which the study chooses for this research
process. Saunders et al., agree that cross-sectional studies often employ the
survey strategy. (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002; Robson, 2002; cited by Saunders
et al., 2003)
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Descriptive, in descriptive case study refer the research must start with
descriptive theory, or handle the problem which will occur during the project. It
must cover in depth and scope under the study. (Umit, 2005). Ghauri believes
that the key characteristics of descriptive research structure, precise rules, and
procedure which should be maintained in work. This study may work with one or
more variables. (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005).
Zikmund, (2000) believes the most important thing of this research is accuracy.
On the other hand also confusing error cannot be removed completely, a good
research always struggle for descriptive rigour. It normally taken based on some
previous understanding and knowledge of the type of the problem. (Zikmund
2000; cited by Tabatabaei, 2009).
Explanatory is mainly suitable for casual studies, many author represent is a
casual research. Umit (2005) said In very complex and multivariate cases, the
analysis can make use of pattern-matching techniques. The main task of this
research are isolated the cause and find out what level of cause, result in effect.
The role of this research is identify the problem, raising question, identify factors
and relationship, understand and observation data, advance explanations.
(Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005)
Purpose of this study is considered descriptive. Because it relied more on
variables and models. This research intended to describe the best framework
and maturity level of BI for the SMEs.
Research Design
Research design working like a glue which holds the research project jointly.
Research design mainly used to make a structure the research to show how all
the main parts of the research like the groups, measures, programs, and
methods working together to answer the research question. There are three
types of research design based on two questions like is there random assignment
used? And is there is a control group or multiple measures? (Trochim, 2006)
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Figure 3.27: The Types of Research Design taken from Trochim, (2010)
According to figure it can tell there are three major types of research design like
experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental. Based on theory this
research touches both quasi-experiment and non-experiment research.
Variables of Research
Variables can be classified as qualitative and quantitative. A qualitative variable
is a non numerical and quantitative variable is a numerical attribute of an
individual object. Study needs something to measure it as well this measure
name is hypothetical constant. Quantitative variables divided in two section one
is discrete another one is continuous quantitative variables.
Independent variable is the variables that can be manipulated to predict the
values of the dependent variables.
Dependent variable is the variables whose value is predated by the
independent variable.
Confounding variable is one which obscures the effect of another; for
example, the novelty for employee to being the centre of attention by the
researcher or working in an unfamiliar place.
In this research acquiring, analyzing and take action based on data is consider
independent variable and maturity of BI is dependent variable.
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Factors
Acquiring the data
Construct
Data Gathering
Data Extraction
Data Transformation
Data Cleansing
Data Storage
Data Warehouse
Reporting and dashboard
OLAP
OLTP
Data Mining
Business Strategies
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Focus group normally associated with phenomena method. They are used to
gather data relating to the feeling and opinion of a particular group related with
the study who are involve in common situation. (Collis and Hussy, 1997)
Focus group takes many characteristics of the interview; commonly there are
many interviewers rather than one. The interviewer takes the role of facilitator
and they discuss about the situation. Also they remark the opinion, record the
discussion and make a conclusion according to time. (Saunders et al., 2003)
Therefore different media such as telephone, online conferences, or in a room
that could be used for focus group discussion.
In depth Interviews: An interview is a persistent discussion between at least
two or more people. (Khan and Cannell, 1957 cited by Saunders et al., 2003) In
data gathering by interview method it can gather valid, reliable, and relevant
data according to this study. In depth interview is normally more structured and
use questionnaires based on predetermined question. (ibid)
Interview may conduct one-to-one between researchers and participant. These
kinds of interviews are normally conducted by meeting with the participant faceto-face. But if here need to take a telephone interview is also one-to-one. In
face-to-face interview has the highest response rate and here researcher can
clarify the ambiguous answers. (ibid)
In this research to record the data I am using to system one is note taking and
another is voice recording. In this way I can organize the data and less chance
to lose the data. There is also a chance to mix up the data from different
interviews and may because of short of time sometime even not possible to
complete the note so voice recording will produce the reliable data for analysis.
(ibid)
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The full set of cases from which a sample is taken is called population. In
sampling population is not used in normal sense, as the full set of cases need not
necessarily be people. (Saunders et al., 2003)
The statistical population of this research is small and medium organization
mainly in London and Bangladesh.
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name
People and planet
World development movement
Development Education Association
One World Week
Paper for All
World Aware
World Studies Struts
Amnesty International UK
Tolerance International
Baroni
Victorynox
River Island
WH Smith
Standard Bank Ltd Bangladesh
Bank of Asia Bangladesh
Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd Bangladesh
Eastern bank Ltd Bangladesh
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Name
Dhaka bank Ltd Bangladesh
HSBC Bank Bangladesh
The City Bank Ltd Bangladesh
BRACK Bank Ltd Bangladesh
Excell Business Systems Ltd
Microtive Ltd
A1 Sport
London Metropolitan University
Methods of sampling
According to Saunders et al., (2003) there are two sampling methods probability
and non-probability.
Probability: Probability sampling is most commonly associated with survey
based research. Where need to make an inference from sample about a
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population to answer the research question. (Saunders et al., 2003) This method
mainly use for random sampling to find out the population for the case.
Non-probability: This method dose not supports random sampling. Nonprobability sampling provides a wide range of alternative techniques based on
researcher subjective judgement. (Saunders et al., 2003)
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Research process
Research process for this research design in few major phases in the figure it can
see the overall process then it go through the details process.
Overall Process
This research divided into five phase depend on the work from the beginning.
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
0- Preparation
1- Literature review
2- Review tools
3- Data Gathering
4 Data Analysis
Detailed Process:
Phase 0: in this phase mainly taking the preparation for the research,
made research proposal and find out the research question and depend on
that research methods as well.
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Phase 1: This is the literature reviewing part. Here it had a broad study
about the problem and historical information, preset situation, models, etc
Phase 2: Here mainly fixing the questionnaires, reliability test and validity
test of the methods.
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Phase 3: This is the data gathering part here is gathering the data for
dissertation.
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Introduction
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Descriptive Statistics
Here the study considers responders characters that are sex, age and education
in the SMEs.
Responders Characteristics
Responders Sex
It is shown from the diagram there are 80% is male and 20% is female
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Descriptive Statistics
Bootstrapa
90% Confidence Interval
Statistic
VAR00002
Std. Error
Lower
Upper
Range
9.00
Minimum
3.00
Maximum
12.00
Sum
25.00
Mean
8.3333
.3467
2.5811
3.8440
12.0000
4.72582
-1.86813
2.20013
.00000
5.19615
22.333
-9.520
12.144
.000
27.000
Std. Deviation
Variance
Valid N (listwise)
Bias
Responders Age
Here it is shows that the range of age there ware 48.00% were in range 30-40.
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Descriptive Statistics
Bootstrapa
90% Confidence Interval
Statistic
VAR00002
Std. Error
Lower
Upper
Range
9.00
Minimum
3.00
Maximum
12.00
Sum
25.00
Mean
8.3333
.3467
2.5811
3.8440
12.0000
4.72582
-1.86813
2.20013
.00000
5.19615
22.333
-9.520
12.144
.000
27.000
Std. Deviation
Variance
Valid N (listwise)
Bias
Responders Education
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Descriptive Statistics
Bootstrapa
90% Confidence Interval
Statistic
Person
Std. Error
Lower
Upper
Range
7.00
Minimum
5.00
Maximum
12.00
Sum
25.00
Mean
8.3333
-.0933
1.3071
6.0000
10.6667
3.51188
-.56174
1.07529
.62648
4.04145
12.333
-2.520
5.481
1.085
16.333
Std. Deviation
Variance
Valid N (listwise)
Bias
Responders Position
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Descriptive Statistics
Bootstrapa
90% Confidence Interval
Statistic
VAR00003
Range
Std. Error
Lower
Upper
12.5000
.3000
5.5114
5.0000
20.0000
10.60660
-5.51543
5.40833
.00000
10.60660
112.500
-58.500
57.364
.000
112.500
15.00
Minimum
5.00
Maximum
20.00
Sum
25.00
Mean
Std. Deviation
Variance
Valid N (listwise)
Bias
Mean
5.40
4.76
4.80
STD. DEV.
2.83
3.42
2.75
Skewness
-0.168
0.066
-0.411
Transformation
Data cleansing
Data storage
Data warehouse
Reporting and
2.88
3.84
4.96
4.40
3.37
0.55
5.32
4.87
0.538
-3.298
0.571
0.600
dashboard
OLTP
OLAP
Data mining
Business
4.64
2.92
2.20
3.93
4.74
3.25
2.83
3.03
0.183
0.480
0.764
0.635
Strategist
Table 4.10: Operational measures of variables
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Construct
Data Gathering
Data Extraction
Data Transformation
Data cleansing
Data storage
Data warehouse
Reporting and
First Test
0.743
0.815
0.634
0.840
0.079
0.670
0.780
Second Test
0.743
0.815
0.634
0.840
0.079
0.670
0.780
dashboard
OLTP
OLAP
Data mining
Business Strategist
0.697
0.871
0.835
0.763
0.697
0.871
0.835
0.763
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Verification of Model
Now study is going to perform test in two stages, first stage there will find out
the logical relationship between the components. In the model there are total
eleven components in three categories. It is Giovinazzos model which is flowing;
it is a valid model which was shown in the literature review. Factor analysis
chooses as a tool to study. In second stage it is going to test and see to which
level the model work with eleven components, from explain the variability of the
dependent variable, business intelligence. For this study will use regression
technique. The results of factor analysis are done by using IBM SPSS software
Communalitiesa
Initial
Extraction
Data Gathering
1.000
.909
Data Extraction
1.000
.817
Data Transformation
1.000
.749
Data cleansing
1.000
.931
Data storage
1.000
.976
Data warehouse
1.000
.917
1.000
.976
OLTP
1.000
.911
OLAP
1.000
.953
Data mining
1.000
.958
Business Strategist
1.000
.952
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Scree plot as it is shown. Here numbers of factor are three. For rotation methods
it used Varimax method. It shows the factor loading the variables. Below in
another figure it can see the loading picture clearly. There it can see variable six
is lightly far.
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Data Gathering
.662
.655
.202
Data Extraction
.773
.468
-.001
Data Transformation
.657
.564
-.003
Data cleansing
.939
.191
.111
Data storage
.142
.163
.964
Data warehouse
.899
.306
.126
.954
.232
.114
OLTP
.127
.931
.170
OLAP
.957
.132
.139
Data mining
.958
.157
.125
Business Strategist
.906
.347
.102
Here from data gathering to data warehouse is component one then reporting
and dashboard to data mining is component two and business strategy is
component three.
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Std. Deviation
Business Intelligence
45.0000
32.14421
25
26.6400
16.36276
25
14.4000
13.20353
25
3.9600
3.03425
25
Model Summary
Model
Change Statistics
R
1
R Square
a
1.000
1.000
Adjusted R
Std. Error of
R Square
Square
the Estimate
Change
1.000
.00000
Sig. F
F Change
1.000
dimension0
a. Predictors: (Constant), Take action based on data, Analyze the data, Acquiring the data
b. Dependent Variable: Business Intelligence
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df1
df2
3
Change
21
ANOVAb
Model
Sum of Squares
Regression
Mean Square
24798.000
8266.000
.000
21
.000
24798.000
24
Residual
Total
Df
a. Predictors: (Constant), Take action based on data, Analyze the data, Acquiring the data
b. Dependent Variable: Business Intelligence
Coefficientsa
Model
Standardize
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
for B
B
1
dimension0
(Constant)
dimension1
Std. Error
-1.256E-13
.000
1.000
.000
1.000
1.000
Beta
Sig.
Upper
Bound
Bound
.000
.000
.509
1.000
1.000
.000
.411
1.000
1.000
.000
.094
1.000
1.000
on data
a. Dependent Variable: Business Intelligence
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Construct
Data Gathering
Data Extraction
Data Transformation
Data Cleansing
Data Storage
Data Warehouse
Reporting and dashboard
OLAP
OLTP
Data Mining
Business Strategies
For find out the maturity level of BI process here used CMMI levelling a method
which is discussing below:
CMMI maturity level
The model has six layers to show the level of maturity, each layer basis on
counting improvement process.
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In the questionnaire where it use 0-5 scale which from the CMMI capability and
maturity model from here it can find the maturity level of BI process of SMEs.
Acquiring the Data
In the presenting model acquiring data is the phase one with the operational
environment. It starts from the data gathering and end up with data warehouse.
Between this two all the operation it perform like data extraction, data cleansing
then transformation after that storage. In data warehouse data are little different
then operational data. Operational data mainly current data and data warehouse
contains historical data.
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Data Gathering: data gathering process in SMEs from different sources feels
quite good from the graph. That is mean it is worked systematically and that can
say it is well automated
Data Extraction: data extraction mainly receives data from different sources of
the operational level. Then it helps to move data into data warehouse. It also
showing not bad from the graph and feel it is also well automated in SMEs.
Data transformation: data transformation is convert data from one format to
different format. In the data sample there are some banks, retails include they
mainly perform this operation. And in graph it is showing this section is well
automated.
Data cleansing: data cleansing is the process of cleaning the data. Mainly it
checks the data got any error or not if the data has error then remove it. In
financial sector normally data are cleaned twice in a year. But in SMEs it is shown
from the graph this section is comparatively poor then others but still that are in
defined level.
Data storage: data storage is the raw data store in the data warehouse or in
the relational database. In any organization if there is information technology
involves then they store their data. In SMEs data storage is well automated it is
shown from the graph.
Data warehouse: In data warehouse where mainly keeps the historical data.
Which mainly help the managers to serve their queries. In SMEs when the data
was collected it was seen the small organizations do no t use data warehouse but
mid size organization they are using data warehouse and data warehouse is
normally a well integrated system. So the result of using data warehouse in SMEs
is sowing well in the graph.
Analyzing the data
This is mainly the decision support system where OLAP and reporting and
dashboard take place. Data mining also part of analyzing data.
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Reporting and Dashboard: reporting is the main part of the BI which is widely
using in SMEs from graph can tell that. It should be well integrated so user can
easily send and access report and alerting system also in a good place. In
reporting there should me some essential tools like easy to maintain, easy
distribution, internet enable etc.
Online Analytical Processing: OLAP helps to perform different dimension of
data in different time. It is mainly help to make managers report efficient and
helps to make effective decision. But from the figure it could say OLAP may not
so popular in SMEs. In figure it is just cross the initial level that means SMEs just
start to use OLAP.
Online transaction processing: in the data sample mainly bank and retails
are using this operation. Most of the bank has OLTP operation and retails as well.
From the graph it is shown OLTP is well automated in SMEs. It mainly serves the
transaction based applications; all the banks have ATM (Automatic Teller
Machine) they are in 24 hours operation it connected with main database and
retail also do online sale that also directly connected with their database and it
update regularly.
Data mining: data mining is the process of analyze data and turn it into
meaningful information. Data mining allow user to analyze data from different
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angle. Mainly marketing company, retails, telecom, financial companies are using
data mining. Data mining is mainly two types; classification and estimation. In
classification data grouped in predetermined class. Marketing company, retail,
restaurants are using it for understand customer behaviour and spending level or
attitude. Estimation is mainly forecasting or predicts the value of the system.
From the graph it can tell data mining is the poorest process in SMEs BI process.
That is mean data mining not so popular in SMEs.
Take action based on data
This is the last part of DSS. Here user normally take action based on data DSS
provide few decision and then user chose one or some time system provide the
optimal solution the user just apply that on right place. Now can tell how willingly
SMEs taking action based on data.
Business Strategy: This is last and final stage of BI process. Here at the end
system pull out the data from the operational level then the process in the DSS
which is called analyzing part then final out put some decision based on the data
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and decision maker take action. From the figure it can say in SMEs business
strategy in middle section.
The overall maturity level of the whole process, individually the three
independent variables acquiring the data, analyze the data and take action are
shown in the figure. They all are cross the define level that is considerable a
mature process.
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Chapter 5 Conclusion
Introduction
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Limitation
In research time study had some limitation like
Time limitation
Could not manage enough sample
Some organization did not answer
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The above diagram evaluated from this research work where data cleansing,
OLAP and data mining stage in lower level than other, can be used to improve
those three processes for SMEs.
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Appendix
Questionnaires
This questionnaire has been design for gathering important information from IT
experts, IT managers or responsible person who deal with companys IT, BI
systems and tools. It will help us to find out companys maturity level of BI and
also their needs.
In this survey consider three phases for BI process which are acquiring the data,
analyzing data and take action based on the data. Here study using CMMI
capability and maturity model format in six scales (from 0 to 5). Where 0 is
incomplete and 5 is the highest scale.
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Data gathering
Do you gather data from all sources like (Point of Sale, Automatic Teller Machine,
and other electric sources) in your organization?
0
1
2
V
Data Extraction (use for collect data from different sources)
How well your automated data extraction tool in your organization?
0
1
2
V
How completely is the data extraction process done your organization?
2
.
0
1
0
1
2
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Data warehouse
Do you use data warehouse?
0
1
2
How quickly you can use alerting techniques so decisions are accelerated?
0
1
2
..
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Business Strategist
To what extents the decision making process is automated in your organization?
0
1
0
1
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