Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Selection of elements
Stage 5
Reanalysis
Stage 6
Pu
Preliminary Plan
No
Pn Pu
Yes
Pn
Dead load
Weight of structure itself and the material permanently
attached to it.
It has the fixed location and magnitude, usually be
approximated at first and revision is needed.
Live load
Movable load the load which can be transported from one
location to another in the structure without dynamic impact.
- People, furniture, goods on a building floor (live load),
- Snow or ice load
Moving load the load that moves continuously over the structure.
Sometimes it may be applied suddenly to the structure.
- Trains or cars on a bridge, wind, earthquake,
acceleration of vehicles, hydrostatic pressure on an abutment.
- In ordinary structural design it is treated as static load.
Impact load --- percentage of live load
Earthquake force --- percentage of weight of a structure
Stage 5 Reanalysis
This step is required only when the sizes and shapes
of members determined in stage 4 deviate from those
assumed in the preliminary analysis such that the
accuracy of the preliminary analysis is in question.
Engineering judgment is required.
Dynamics
Study the dynamic effects on structures considering the
variation of magnitude and location of load on the structure.
Typically considered cases are earthquake, wind, blast,
impact, accelerated moving load.
Dynamics
Idealization of Structures
Y1 Frame
X1 Frame
X2 Frame X3 Frame
Nonlinear structures
The material of the structure at some
points undergoes the inelastic range
under the range of applied load.
(Plastic analysis of structures)
The material is within the elastic range,
but the geometry of the structures
changes significantly during the
application of loads. (Buckling or
stability analysis of structures)
Idealization of Structures
An engineering structure is erected by connecting a number of
structural components and used to support specified loads.
To analyze an engineering structure factors such as load,
geometry, connection, material properties and support
conditions must be considered.
The process of transforming a real structure to an ideal
structure suitable for analysis is called modeling. It usually
involves assumptions which is based on experience and indepth understanding of real structural behavior.
The results obtained from the ideal structure must be
reasonably as close to the those of real structure.
Idealization (modeling)
Idealization (modeling)
Idealization (modeling)
Idealization of Structures
Y1
Frame
Rigid Zone
Y1 Frame
X1 Frame
X2 Frame X3 Frame
Beam
Truss
Members connected by
frictionless pins or hinges.
The external loads are applied
at the joints.
Each member is subjected to
axial load only and is a twoforce member.
It is completely analyzed when
the values of axial force is
determined.
Beam Elements
Beam
A horizontal straight member
subjected to vertical load
Primarily designed to resist
bending moment
For short beam carrying large
loads, shear force may govern
the design.
Concrete Beam
- Usually a rectangular cross section
- Use steel to resist tension and concrete to resist compression
- Can be cast-in-place or precast
Truss Elements
Plane Trusses
- Members lies in the same plane
- Used for bridge or roof support
Cables
Space Trusses
- Members extending in 3-D
- Suitable for derricks and towers
Suspension bridge
Cable Elements
It is flexible and carries load in tension.
It will not collapse suddenly.
External load is not acting along the axis.
It is commonly used to support bridges
and roof. For such use it has advantage
over beam and truss especially for longspan structures.
It is limited only by sag, weight and
method of anchorage.
Arches
It is the reversed shape of cable.
It must be rigid in order to maintain its shape. Thus, it has
the internal forces of moment and shear force. However,
properly designed shape can covert such internal forces into
compressive forces.
2
Fundamentals
Scalar
()
Vector ()
()
P1
P1
P1
P2
P2
P3
P1
P1
P2
P
A
M P L
moment
Py
P
Px
Equilibrium
moment
vertical
force
vertical
force
moment
F 0,
Equations of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium
The balanced force system must satisfy the following
three simultaneous equations
Planar structures
Coplanar force systems
Fx 0,
Y2
Frame
Y1
Frame
M1
F1
Fy 0,
M a 0
F3
M2
X1
X2
X3
Frame Frame Frame
M 0
F2
M1
F1
F3
F2
M2
Equations of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium
M a 0
Fy 0, M a 0, M b 0
Fy 0, M a 0, M b 0
M a 0, M b 0, M c 0
Fy 0,
Fx 0,
y
a
Equations of Equilibrium
Fy 0,
Fy 0
or Fy 0,
M a 0
or M a 0,
M b 0
Planar structures
Coplanar force systems
M a 0
Concurrent forces
Fx 0,
Equations of Equilibrium
Planar structures
Coplanar force systems
Fx 0,
Fx 0,
F2
F1
F3
Imply M o 0
Fy 0,
M a 0
Parallel forces
Fy 0,
M a 0
or M a 0
M b 0
F1
F2
Imply Fx 0
Fb
Fa
Fa
Fb
c
b
Fb
Fc
Fa
Fc
Fb
Supports
Supports
roller
movable
Supports
Supports
Hinge support
Fixed support
Can resist force in any direction and
moment of force about the connecting end
cannot move
cannot rotate
Fixed
hinge
Roller
Hinge
Fix
rotatable
hinge
roller
hinge
2
3
Connections
Linking members to each other
Rigid connection
Not allow any relative movement, translation, or rotation
between members
Used in rigid frames and capable of transmitting moment,
shear force and axial force from one member to another
Connections
Connections
Semi-rigid connection
Used in the steel structure between column and beam,
allowing partial rotation.
The amount of rotation depends upon the amount of
moment that the connection transmits.
M 0
Connections
Connections
Rotatable
Pin
Truss
Truss
Frame
Not
rotatable
Rigid
Frame
Connections
Member Forces
Roller connection
Truss structure
M 0, H 0
Member Forces
Stability
Determinacy
N
M1
M2
statically
determinate
statically
indeterminate
statically
determinate
Unknowns
R1 , R2
Equations
Fx 0, Fy 0, M a 0
Two
Two elements
elementsofofreactions
reactions
Parallel arrangement
R1
R2
unstable
conditionally
stable
R1
unstable
R2
conditionally
stable
R1
Unknowns
R1 , R2 , R3
Equations
Fx 0, Fy 0, M a 0
R1
R3
R1
R2
R1
R2
R2
R3
R3
R2
The body will neither move horizontally or vertically nor rotate.
The system is called statically stable and determinate.
R2
R1
R3
R4
R1
R2
R2
R3
R4
R4
R5
R5
R3
R1
Summary
If the number of unknown elements of reaction is fewer than
three, the equations of equilibrium are generally not satisfied,
and the system is said to be statically unstable.
If the number of unknown elements of reaction is equal to three
and if no external geometric instability is involved, then the
system is statically stable and determinate.
If the number of unknown elements of reaction is greater than
three, then the system is statically indeterminate; it is statically
stable provided that no external geometric instability is involved.
The excess number n of unknown elements designates the nth
degree of statical indeterminacy. For example, in each case of
Fig. 2-13 there are five unknown elements of reaction. Thus, 53=2, which indicates a statical indeterminacy of second degree.
M 0, H 0
without internal
connections
with internal
connections
Provide at least one
additional reaction
to restore the beam
to a statically stable
state
Ra1
M 0
M 0
Ra 2
Ra1
Ra1
Unknowns : 4
Equations : 3
R3
R1
Degree
R2
R4
M 0, H 0
: 1
Ra1
Ra 2
r
c
r c 3 Statically unstable
r c 3 Statically determinate provided that no
r c 3 Statically indeterminate
b r 2 j Statically unstable
b r 2 j Statically determinate provided
that it is also stable
b r 2 j Statically indeterminate
The value of r must be equal to or greater than the three required
for statical stability of supports.
There must be no inadequacy in the arrangement of supports and
bars so as to avoid both external and internal geometric instability.
M 0,
H 0
j (b r ) ? (2 j )
M 0
It is stable and determinate for both structure itself
and supports.
b:
r:
j:
c:
3b r 3 j c Statically unstable
3b r 3 j c Statically determinate provided
that it is also stable
3b r 3 j c Statically indeterminate
pin
14
13
11
10
(3b r ) ? (3 j c)
Unstable
Stable
Determinate
Indeterminate to nth degree
Method of Superposition
Method of Superposition
Method of Superposition
Truss
Three types of trusses
Simple Truss
Starts with three members pinned at their ends
in a form of triangle and then extends from this
two new bars for each new joint.
Simple truss
Compound truss
Complex truss
new joint
two new elements
Simple Truss
Compound Truss
Two or more simple trusses that are connected together
at certain joints by three links neither parallel nor
concurrent or by equivalent of this type of connection
Complex Truss
Trusses that can not be classified as
simple or compound.
Simple
Compound
Complex
Simple
Compound
Complex
Method of joint
M d 0 Ra 12 kips
Fy 0 Rd 12 kips
Ra
M c 0
S BC 16 kips
2
Rd
M B 0
Sbc 16 kips
Fy 0
VBc 0
S Bc 0
M c 0
Scd
150 50
250 kips
30
M d 0
150 75
341 kips
33
Ra
H CD
M i 0
SCD 341
Ra 150 kips
M o 0
VCd
25.2
344 kips
25
150 200
109 kips
275
SCd 109
7.8
142 kips
6
M C 0
S AF
Fy 0
M F 0
120 3
30 kN
12
SCD
120 3
30 kN
12
SCD S AF 30 kN
2
2
3
3
1 X
1 X
Si Si i X
AC X 0
S AC S AC
S
X AC
AC
S AC
S DB
1 X
1 X
DB X
S DB
1 X
1 X
X 8.569
Member
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FA
AC
BE
CF
Si
i X
Si Si i X
S AC
AC
AC X
AC X 0
S AC
Si
i X
Si Si i X
Matrix Analysis of
Statically Determinate Trusses
This method consists of the following steps
Write all the equations of equilibrium for all the
joints.
Arrange the unknown forces as a vector
Express the equations of equilibrium in terms of
matrix form
Solve the problem using Gauss elimination
()
( )
AQ R
AQ R
Q A1 R
If the determinant of
matrix A is zero, then
the truss is unstable.
Q A1 R bR
H A 1 0 0 0 0.36 0.48 0
V 0 1 0 0 0.48 0.64 0
A
H B 0 0 1 0 0.64 0.48 0
VB 0 0 0 1 0.48 0.36 0
Sa 0 0 0 0
0.6
0.8 0
0.6 10
Sb 0 0 0 0 0.8
H A 1 0 0 0 0.36 0.48 0
V 0 1 0 0 0.48 0.64 0
A
H B 0 0 1 0 0.64 0.48 0
VB 0 0 0 1 0.48 0.36 0
Sa 0 0 0 0
0.6
0.8 0
0.6 10
Sb 0 0 0 0 0.8
Types of Trusses
Types of Trusses
()
()
(Vierendeel)
(Truss)
Tacoma Bridge
Seattle, USA (1940)
Reconstruction
Load
3
5
4
Shear
Moment
28 3
0.96
10 5
28 4
1.28
10 5
Axial force
S 0.092
General
Elastic Deformations
Conjugate Beam
Unit Load Method
lim
s
s 0
2 1
s ds
d dx
dx ds
d dx
dx ds
d
?
dx
tan
d d 2 y
2 1 (1 tan )
dx dx 2
d
d 2 y / dx 2
dx 1 dy / dx 2
Neglect
2 1
ds 2 dx 2 dy 2
ds ( dx 2 dy 2 )1/ 2
2 1
dy / dx
d d 2 y
ds dx 2
d
cd
dx
ds
dx
dx2 dy 2
1/ 2
1
dx 2 dy 2
2
dx
1
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 dy / dx 2
d 2 y / dx 2
d d dx
ds dx ds 1 dy / dx 2 3 / 2
dx
?
ds
d dx
dx ds
d
d2y
tan
dx
dx 2
dy
dx
cd ds
d
ds Ec
cd
d M
ds EI
d2y
dx
ds
M
EI
E
Mc
I
Conjugate Beam
d2y
d y
cd
2
EI
dx
dx 2
Actual Beam
EI
dx 2
cd
d2y
dx 2
M
EI
Conjugate Beam
M
dx
EI
M
dx
EI
dy
Elastic load w
dx
M
y dx
dxdx
EI
d
d
M
dx
EI
Deflection is small.
d2y
cd
M
EI
dy
tan
dx
cd
d 2M
dx 2
dV wdx
V wdx
M
dx
EI
dM
V
dx
M V dx wdxdx
M
dxdx
EI
The beam which has the same length as real beam and is subjected
to elastic load is called conjugate beam.
Conjugate Beam
The slope of a given section of a loaded beam (actual beam)
equals the shear in the corresponding section of the conjugate
beam subjected to the elastic load.
V
The deflection of a given section of a loaded beam (actual
beam) equals the bending moment in the corresponding section
of the conjugate beam subjected to the elastic load.
y M
Actual Beam
w
Elastic Load
M
k ft
1
k
EI
ft 4 ft
2
ft
V wdx 1 ( )
M V dx ft
( y)
Conjugate Beam
X
Y
(down
(clockwise
Elastic Load
w()
M
()
EI
Fixed end
V () ()
Simple end
M () y ()
Interior connection
Free end
Simple end
Interior support
Actual Beam
Subjected to Applied Load
Hinge
V 0
y 0
M 0
V 0
y 0
M 0
Actual Beam
Subjected to Applied Load
hinge
pin connection
Conjugate Beam
Subjected to Elastic Load
Hinge
Conjugate Beam
Subjected to Elastic Load
0
y 0
M 0
V 0
y 0
M 0
0
y 0
V 0
V 0
M 0
pin connection
pin connection
Actual Beam
Subjected to Applied Load
Conjugate Beam
Subjected to Elastic Load
V 0
y 0
M 0
0
y 0
V 0
M 0
VA
A
Pab( b)
(clockwise)
6 EI
VC
C
Mc
Pab( b) Pab a
6 EI
EI 2
Pab(b a )
3EI
(clockwise if b>a)
Mc
wk
k
6 EI
4
(down
M c c
Pa b( a ) Pab a a Pa 2b 2
6 EI
EI 2 3 3EI
2
I1
(down
EI 2
I2
EI1
Mb
180 6 4 2,160
1.8 cm
2 EI1
EI1
Vb left
b left
Vb right
b right
(down
180 6 540
0.0015 rad
EI 2 EI1 EI 2
(counterclockwise)
81
EI
The relative rotation between the left and right sides of b is the
reaction at support b of the conjugate beam.
Actual
0 ymax
Conjugate
V 0 M max
27
EI
V 0
900 135
0.006 rad
EI1 EI 2
Fy 0 x 6.71 m
M A 0 M 0.0168 m
P
L
63
EI
Conservation of Energy
Work
P
45
EI
P
1
W Fds s ds P
0
0
2
External Work : WE
(Potential Energy)
1
Pb
2
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy
(ds dx )
d M
ds EI
M
d
ds
EI
WI
M2
dx
2 EI
M2
dx
2 EI
L
S
dL
E
A
dx
L
dL
Sdx
EA
Internal Work
External Work
WE
1
P b
2
( Px ) 2
M2
dx
dx
0 2 EI
0 2 EI
WI
P 2 3
6 EI
M Px
WE WI
P 3
b
3EI
Additional Work
S2
1
dx
S dL
2 EA
2
L S2
S2L
WI
dx
0 2 EA
2 EA
dWI
P
L
P
L
Beam
Truss
M2
0 2 EI dx
S2
2 EAL
Additional Work
W P
P2
S
dL
WE WI
1
1
1
P11 P2 2 S dL
2
2
2
WE :
1
1
(1)( ) u dL1
2
2
Virtual
WI :
1
1
1
(1)( ) P11 P2 2 1
2
2
2
1
1
u dL1 S dL u dL
2
2
Displacement
u dL
WE :
WI :
1
1
1
(1)( ) P11 P2 2 1
2
2
2
1
1
u dL1 S dL u dL
2
2
1 u dL
Rotation
u dL
u dL
P1
Actual
P2
Find the deflection and slope at the free end of a cantilever beam
subjected to a uniform load.
My
dx
dx
E
EI
my
u dA
dA
I
my My
1
dA
dx
I
EI
dL dx
Virtual
m 1
Mmdx
EI
A y
dA
Mm
dx
EI
m1
M
wx
2
m1 x
m2 1
( wx 2 / 2)( x )
Mm1
w 4
dx
dx
0
8EI
EI
EI
(down)
( wx 2 / 2)( 1)
Mm2
w3
dx
dx
0
6 EI
EI
EI
(clockwise)
A
M
m2
m1 ( A )
m3
m2 (C )
m3 (C )
m1 ( A )
m2 (C )
m3 (C )
a ( Pbx / l ) 1 ( x / l )
b ( Pax / l )( x / l )
Mm1
dx
dx
0 EI dx 0
0
EI
EI
3a
2
2
EI 2l
l
l
6 EIl
3l
3l 6 EIl
Find the deflection at the center of the beam. Use E=30,000 kips/in2
I2
M
a ( Pbx / l )(bx / l )
b ( Pax / l )( x / l )
dx
EI
dx
b ( Pax / l )( ax / l )
EI
1 Pa b
Pa b
EI 3l 2
3l 2
3 2
2 3
EI
Pa b
3EIl
2 2
m2 (C )
m3 (C )
If a = b = l/2, then
Pl 2
16 EI
C 0
dx
Pl 3
48 EI
dx
EI
3EIl
EI 3l 2
3l 2
I1
a ( Pbx / l )( x / l )
a Mm
b Mm
Mm
dx
dx
0 EI
0 EI
0 EI dx
l
m1 ( A )
Mm
dx
I
kips
ft-kips ft-kips ft
30, 000
(1 kips)(C ) 9.44
2
in.4 in.2
in.
Thus
C
E C
1 10
Mm
1 10 5(10 x)2
x
dx 2
(5 x) dx
dx 9.44
0 I
0
1500 0
2
2
1000
9.44 ft 3
30, 000 in.2
(9.44)(1, 728)
in. 0.544 in.
30, 000
(down)
horizontal
vertical
rotational
m1
m2
m3
horizontal
vertical
rotational
m1
m2
m3
m1
m2
m3
Mm
Mm
Mm
Mm
dx
dx
dx
ab
bc
cd
EI
EI
EI
EI
m1 (1 )
m2 ( 2 )
m3(3 )
vertical
rotational
m1
m2
m3
M
Mm1
11
31
21
m1m3
dx
EI
horizontal
vertical
rotational
m1
m2
m3
M Mm2
12
22
vertical
rotational
m1
m2
m3
MM
m3
13
32
m2 m3
F EI dx
horizontal
33
23
(m3 ) 2
F EI dx
u dL
dL
symmetry
S
L
EA
SuL
EA
1
SuL
EA
SuL
EA
1
Matrix form
u1 u2
L1
EA
1
um
L2
EA2
S1
S2
Sm
Lm
EAm
Actual
Virtual
v 0.00673 ft (down)
S
v
SuL 1
SuL
202
0.00673 ft (down)
EA E
A
30, 000
( v ) 2 ( h ) 2 0.00648 ft
Actual
Virtual
u
1
bc
Virtual
Actual
r
Lbc
1 1
u dL
dL tL
1
u tL
SuL
EA
SuL
EA
Lbc
SuL
80
1
A
(rad)
(24)(30, 000)
9, 000
Lbc E
Actual
b
b
Virtual
b 1
u t L
t L (0.0000065)(50)(24) 0.0078
3
b 2 (0.0078) 0.00585 ft
8
Pi
dPi
P1
dPi
P1
d i
Pn
n
1
WI Pi i
2
WI
1
dPi d i
2
Pi dPi
d i i
WI WE f ( P1 , P2 , P3 ,..., Pn )
Pn
dPi
d i
others
Pj
1
1
dPi d i dPi i Pj j
2
2
1
dPi i Pj j dPi i WI
2
Pi
W
P
WI
Pi
M M1 M 2 m1 P1 m2 P2
12
11
P1 12
P2
1 11
P1 22
P2
2 21 22 21
1 P1
11
M 1 m1 P1
21
1 P2
12
M 2 m2 P2
1
22
l M (M / P1 )
l Mm1
W
l M2
dx
dx
dx 1
0
0
0
EI
EI
P1 P1 2 EI
22
W
P
M2
W
dx
0 2 EI
2:
m2
12
M M1 M 2 m1 P1 m2 P2
m ,m
21
m1
W
P
11
S (S / P1 ) L
Su L
W
S2L
1 1
2 EA
EA
EA
P1 P1
u dL
P2
P1
My
dx
dx
E
EI
my
u dA
dA
I
my My
1
dA
dx
I
EI
dL dx
Mmdx
EI
A y
dA
u dL
dL
S
L
EA
SuL
EA
1
Mm
dx
EI
Castiglianos
Second Theorem
M (M / P )
dx
EI
Beam or
Frame
Truss
S (S / P ) L
EA
Unit Load
Method
M Px
Mm
dx
EI
SuL
EA
l M (M / P )
W
1 l M
dx
M
dx
0
P
EI
EI 0
P
M Px,
1
EI
M
x
P
( Px)( x)dx
Pl 3
3EI
(down)
Q0
Q3
x
l M (M / Q )
W
1
dx
0
EI
EI
Q
M 3 x
AB
M
dx
Q
BC
M
0
Q
M
x
Q
M Qx 3 x (Q 3)
A
1 l
Ql
l
( Qx)( x)dx
0.0833 m
0
EI
3EI EI
(down)
M (M / Q)
1
dx
EI
EI
0 M
M
dx
Q
5
1 5
(counterclockwise)
Q0
x
(Q 0)
M
1
Q
M 3(5 x ) Q 3(5 x)
Q0
m
Mm
dx
EI
M (M / Q )
dx
EI
AB
M 3 x
m0
AB
M 3 x
BC
M 3(5 x)
m 1
BC
M 3(5 x )
+Q
M
m
Q
5
5
Q
6
2
M
0
Q
M
1
Q
Member
AB
AC
BC
S
2
Q2
3
5
5
Q
6
2
5
5
Q
6
2
S (Q 0)
2
5
2
5
2
S
Q
2
3
5
6
5
2
Q2
3
S
L
Q
5
5
Q
6
2
S (S / Q ) L
EA
10.67
-10.42
10.42
10.67 kN-m
S (S / Q ) L
EA
S
Q
SuL
EA
M Q1 x Q2
u
Q0
5
6
M
x,
Q1
1
2
3
5
6
5
6
2
3
5
6
Q1 , Q2 0
S
Q
M
1
Q2
M (M / Q1 )
dx
EI
( wx3 / 6l )( x)
wl 4
dx
0
EI
30 EI
l ( wx 3 / 6l )( 1)
M (M / Q2 )
wl 3
dx
dx
a
0
0
EI
EI
24 EI
l
Q1 , Q2 0
Q1 , Q2 0
wx3
6l
(down)
Q0
S (S / Q ) L
EA
36
30, 000
0.0012 (right)
M1m2
dx
EI
M 2 m1
dx
0 EI
12
M1 Pm1 and
M 2 Pm2
l ( Pm2 ) m1
l M 2 m1
( Pm1 ) m2
dx
dx
dx 12
0
0
0 EI
EI
EI
21
21
21 12
where
21 = deflection at point 2 resulting from a unit load applied at point 1
12 = deflection at point 1 along the original line of action due to a unit
load applied at point 2 along the original deflection 21
21 12
where
21 12
Maxwells law is perfectly general and is applicable to
any type of structure as long as the material of the
structural is elastic and follows Hookes law.
S
L
A
Su
L
A
IE EI
IF FI
15 kips
Hint: compute the deflection at two points of a truss for one position of
loading instead of the deflection at one point of the truss for two different
position of loading.
v fi vif 0.0534
Su
L
A
Betti Law
Betti Law
Wve P1Q1 P2 Q 2 Pn Qn
n
Pi Qi
MP
i 1
Wve Wvi
n
Pi Qi 0
MQ
MQM P
EI
j 1
n
Pi Qi 0
M PMQ
EI
i 1
MQ
dx
ji
i 1
j 1
When
n m 1 and P1 Q1 1
dx
j 1
Pi Qi Q j Pj
dx
Pi Qi Q j Pj
i 1
EI
Betti Law
Q j Pj 0
MP
M PMQ
i 1
Betti Law
m
ij
ij ji
Maxwells Law
General
A statically indeterminate structure has more
unknown forces including reactions than the
number of equilibrium equations.
5
Method of
Consistent Deformation
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
General
General
R1
R2
X1
X2
R3
X1
X2
1 1 11 12
2 2 21 22
X1
X2
1 1 11 12
2 2 21 22
Flexibility coefficient
ij = displacement at i due to a
X1 or 1 X1
11
or 11 X1
12
or 12 X 2
22
21
11
or 22 X 2
12
21
or 21 X1
X 2 or 1 X 2
22
1 0
11
or 11 X1
X 2 or 1 X 2
X1 or 1 X1
1
21
or 21 X1
2 0
2 21 X1 22 X 2 0
12
or 12 X 2
22
or 22 X 2
1 0
2 0
1 11 12 0
2 21 22 0
1 11 X1 12 X 2 0
2 21 X1 22 X 2 0
Number 2
The method which releases the structure to a primary
structure first and then solve the redundants by using
the compatibility equations is called the method of
consistent deformations.
Procedure of Method of
Consistent Deformation
1 0
X1
X2
2 0
1 11 X1 12 X 2 0
2 21 X1 22 X 2 0
X1 or 1 X1
11
or 11 X1
21
or 21 X1
X 2 or 1 X 2
12
or 12 X 2
22
or 22 X 2
n n1 X1 n 2 X 2 nn X n n
1 11 12
2 21 22
n n1 n 2
degree of indetermancy
1 11 X1 12 X 2 1n X n 0
X X X 0
2
21 1
22 2
2n n
n n1 X1 n 2 X 2 nn X n 0
1 11 12 1n X 1 0
2 21 22 2 n X 2 0
n n1 n 2 nn X n 0
F X 0
X (F ) 1
F : structure flexibility
Compatibility equation
b b bb X b 0
wl 4 l 3
Xb 0
8 EI 3EI
1n X 1 1
2 n X 2 2
nn X n n
F X
X (F ) 1 ( )
Xb
bb X b
1 X b
Xb
wl 4
8 EI
bb
l3
3EI
3wl
8
3wl
Xb
8
Fy 0
Ma
3
5
Va wl wl wl
8
8
Xb
Va
Ma 0
1
3
1
M a wl 2 wl 2 wl 2
2
8
8
Moment diagram
c 0
Compatibility equation
c c cc M c 0
M c c
wlx / 4 ( wx 2 / 2) (2 x / l )dx
wl 3
0
EI
12 EI
cc
Ma
1
M a wl 2
8
a
1 M a
aa M a
l (2 x / l ) 2 dx
m 2 dx
4l
0 EI
0
EI
3EI
wl 3
24 EI
aa
l
3EI
w
b
Xb
X b k b
1 2
wl
16
Mmdx
EI
wl 3 l
Ma 0
24 EI 3EI
wl
4l
Mc
0
12 EI
3EI
1 M c cc M c
a 0
Mc
Compatibility equation
a a aa M a 0
b f X b
w
bb X b
1 X b
b b bb X b f X b
b bb X b f X b
wl 4 l 3
8 EI 3EI
Xb f Xb 0
3
1
X b wl
8 1 (3 f EI / l 3 )
b
b
wl 4
8EI
bb
l3
3EI
3
If f 0, X b wl
8
bb X b
1 X b
If f , X b 0
12
1 11 f1
22 f 2
2 21
n2
n n1
1 11 12
2 21 22
n n1 n 2
1n X 1 1
2 n X 2 2
nn X n n
b b bb Rb 0
Rb
1 Rb
bb Rb
Mmb
(m )2
dx Rb b dx 0
EI
EI
Mmb
dx
EI
Rb
(mb )2
EI dx
Ra , Rd
1n
2n
X 1 0
X 0
2
nn f n X n 0
1 Rb
bb Rb
Fixed-End Moments
The end moments for a fixed-end beam is called
fixed-end moment.
Fixed-end moments are important in slope-deflection
method and moment-distribution method.
MA
MA
MB
MB
P
MB
MA
MB
MA
MB
MA
MA
MB
Fy 0
Pab M Al M B l
0
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI
Pab / 2 EI
M A MB
M B 0
Pab
l
M
(1)
Pab l b M Al 2l M B l l
0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 2 EI 3
M Al
2 EI
M Bl
2 EI
(1), (2)
2M A M B
MA
Pab 2
l2
Pab Pab 2
l
l2
MB
Pa 2b
l2
(2)
MB
M
wl 2
8 EI
Fy 0
2l
3
MA
wl 2 2l Ml
8 EI 3 EI
MA
1 2
M
wl
12
Ml
EI
MB
Fy 0
MA
MB
M Al Mb 2 M B l Ma 2
0
2 EI 2 EIl 2 EI 2 EIl
MB
2
Mb
2 EIl
MA MB
M B 0
M (a 2 b2 )
Find the reactions components at the fixed end a, and plot the moment
diagram for the entire frame. Assume the same EI for all member.
(1)
l2
2
M Al 2l Mb 2b M B l l
2 EI 3 2 EIl 3 2 EI 3
Ma
2 EIl
M Al
2 EI
Ma 2
a
b 0
2 EIl
3
2M A M B
M Bl
2 EI
MA
Mb
l2
(2a b),
M [a 2 2b(a b)]
l
MB
Ma
l2
X3
(2)
X1
X2
(2b a)
Redundants = 3
Primary structure
1 11 12
2 21 22
3 31 32
X3
X1
7,500 1, 000 1,333 150 X 2 0
800 200
150
30 X 3 0
1 , 2 , 3
X2
1 X1
11 , 21, 31
12 , 22, 32
1 X 2
13 X1 0
23 X 2 0
33 X 3 0
13 , 23, 33
1 X 3
X1 1
X 2 6 kips
X 3.33 ft
S'
uc
Bar force:
S S uc X c
1 X c
Analyze the continuous truss. Assume that E=30,000 kips/in.2 and L (ft)/A
(in.2) =1 for all members.
Redundants = 1
c X c
Primary structure
c c cc X c 0
cc X c 1 X c
Analyze the truss. Assume that E=30,000 kips/in.2 and L (ft)/A (in.2) =1 for
all member.
S uc L
uc2 L
0
X
AE
c
AE
S uc L
AE
Xc
uc2 L
AE
122
3.25
37.5 kips
Primary structure
Redundants = 2
X2
X1
X2
2
X1
21 X1
u1 X1
S'
1 X 2
1 X1
11 X1
1 1 11 12 X1 0
2 2 21 22 X 2 0
or
22 X 2
u2 X 2
u12 L
S ' u1 L
AE AE
S ' u2 L u1u2 L
AE AE
12 X 2
u1u2 L
AE X1 0
2 X
u2 L 2 0
AE
u12 L
S u1L
AE AE
S u2 L u1u2 L
AE
AE
u1u2 L
AE X1 0
u22 L X 2 0
AE
3
5 X 1 0
X
0
4 2
X1 25.6
kips
X 2 10.6
Analyze the truss subject to a rise of 50F at the top chords BC and CD.
Assume =0.0000065 in./in./ 1F, E=30,000 kips/in.2 and L (ft)/A (in.2) =1
for all members.
X2
X1
S'
4
96
27.2 3
5
1 X1
1 X 2
1 X1
u1 X1
S S u1 X1 u2 X 2
u2 X 2
Primary structure
Redundants = 1
1 1 11 X1 0
u2 L
By virtual force, u1 ( t L) X1 1 0
AE
1 X1
u12 L
u
(
L
)
X
0
1
1
AE
4
X1 0
0.00468
30, 000
X1 35.1 kips
(tension)
S u1 X1
0
X1 X 2
X n
The redundants must have such value that the total strain energy
of the structure is a minimum consistent with equilibrium.
It is sometimes referred to as the theorem of least work.
It cannot be used to determine stresses caused by temperature
change, support movements, fabrication errors etc.
2
0
X 2
n
0
W
X
n
X2
X1
M2
dx
2 EI
EI
X i
EI
1
0
W M (M / X 2 ) dx
0
EI
X 2
0
W M (M / X n ) dx
X
EI
n
S2L
2 EA
0
EA
X i
Derive a working formula for solving the end reactions at A for the fixed-end
beam under general loading.
Redundants = 2
EA
1
0
W S (S / X 2 ) L
0
EA
X 2
0
W S (S / X n ) L
X
EA
n
MA
VA
Primary
structure
l M (M / M A ) dx
W
0
0
M A
EI
l M (M / V A ) dx
W
0
0
V A
EI
MA
MA
M M M A VA x
VA
VA
M M M A VA x
where
M Bending moment resulting from the original loads
M ( x) M ( x)
M
1 and
M A
M ( x) M A
l M (M / M A ) dx
W
0
0
M A
EI
l M (M / V A ) dx
W
0
V A 0
EI
M ( x) VA x
MA
Me
0 xa
M M A VA x
l
l
Mdx
0
EI
l Mxdx
0 EI 0
l
0 Mdx 0
l
0 Mxdx 0
Analyze the frame by taking the internal shear, thrust, and moment in the
mid-span section of the beam as redundants.
VA
0 Mdx
M
x
VA
a
l
Me
He
a xl
M M A VA x P( x a )
0
a
Me
Ve 0
He
Symmetrical
( M A V A x )dx [ M A V A x P ( x a )]dx 0
Similarly
V l 2 Pb 2
M Al A
0
2
2
M Al 2 V Al 3 Pb 2 (a 2l )
0
2
3
6
MA
VA
Pab 2
l2
Pb (l 2a )
2
MB
VB
Pa 2 b
l2
Pa (l 2b)
2
l M (M / M e ) dx
W
0
0
M e
EI
l M (M / H e ) dx
W
0
0
H e
EI
Me
He
Symmetrical
2
EI
5
(1.2) x 2
M e
2
0
10
(1)dx M e H e x 15 (1) dx 0
2 10
M e H e x 15 ( x)dx 0
EI 0
3M e 10 H e 35 0
3M e 20 H e 45 0
H e 1.0 kip
H a 1.0 kip
M e 8.33 ft-kips
M a 3.33 ft-kips
W
X
1 0
W
0
X 2
0
W
X
24
Analyze the truss. Assume that E=30,000 kips/in.2 and L (ft)/A (in.2)=1
for all members.
X1
X2
EA
S (S / X1 ) L
78 4 X1 0.64 X 2 0
EA
S (S / X 2 ) L
27.2 0.64 X1 4 X 2 0
EA
X1 21.2 kips
X 2 10.2 kips
W
0
X
6 (0.6 Xx ) 2
12 0.6 Xx 10( x 6)
X 2l1
( 0.8 X ) 2 l2
dx
dx
6
2 EA1 0 2 EI
2 EI
2 EA2
2
6 (0.6 Xx )(0.6 x )
12 0.6 Xx 10( x 6) 0.6 x
Xl
W
dx
dx
1
6
X
EA1 0
EI
EI
15 X
207.4 X 3, 024 1,944 (0.64 X )(12)
0
1 / 144
1 / 144
12 / 144
X 2 l1
2 EA1
2 EI
dx
12
( 0.8 X )( 0.8)l2
0
EA2
0.6 Xx 10( x 6)
2 EI
dx
( 0.8 X ) l2
2 EA2
2
Degrees of Freedom
Slope-Deflection Method
Degrees of Freedom
General
The slope-deflection method is a displacement
method for beam and rigid frame analysis.
The axial deformation of members is neglected.
The deformed configuration is defined by joint
rotations (slopes) and joint translations (deflections).
The basic unknowns are joint rotations and joint
translation subjected to the kinematic constraint that
the axial deformation of any members is zero.
General
The moment due to end rotation a while the other end b is fixed.
The moment due to end rotation b while end a is fixed.
The moment due to a relative deflection between the ends of
the member without altering the existing slopes of tangents at the
ends.
The moment caused by placing the actual loads on the span
without altering the existing end distortions.
M ab
The moment due to end rotation a while the other end b is fixed.
a
M ba
M ab
M ab
M ba
M ab
a
b
d2y
dx
M ba
M ba
M ab
EI
d4y
dx 4
d4y
M ab
M ba
dx 4
M ba
x
0
EI
The moment due to end rotation a while the other end b is fixed.
M
EI
dV
w 0
dx
F
M ba
M ab
dM
V
dx
F
M ab
The moment due to end rotation a while the other end b is fixed.
M ba
y ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x3
x
y x 1 a
l
d2y
dx 2
M
EI
x 0
I
l
(stiffness factor)
I
x
M E 4 6 a
l
l
I
4E a
M ab
l
4 EK a
M ab
2 EK a
M ba
M ab
M ba
2 EIb
2 EKb
l
M ba
M ab
M ba
4 EIb
4 EKb
l
M ab
R
(rigid-body rotation)
M ba
F
M ab
M ab
M ab
M ab M ab
F
M ba
M ba
M ba
M ba M ba
4 EI a 2 EIb 6 EI
F
M ab
2
l
l
l
2 EI a 4 EIb 6 EI
F
M ba
2
l
l
l
M ab
F
M ab
M ba
F
M ba
Let
I
K
l
R
l
F
M ab 2 EK 2 a b 3R M ab
F
M ba 2 EK a 2b 3R M ba
M ab
M ab
M ba
Clockwise is taken
as positive
M ba
M ab
M ab
M ba
M ba
F
M ab 2 EK 2 a b 3R M ab
F
M ba 2 EK a 2b 3R M ba
F
M ab
F
M ba
Step 1
20
Step 2
Step 3
F
M ab 2 EK ab b 3R M ab
I
2 E b 3R 25
20
F
M ba 2 EK ab 2b 3R M ba
I
M ba 2 E 2b 3R 25
20
I
2 E 2b 3R 25
20
I
2 E 2b c
10
I
2 E 2c b
10
2E
M cd 2 EK cd 2c 3R
M dc 2 EK cd c 3R
I
2 E 2c 3R
20
I
2 E c 3R
20
Step 3 (Continue)
Due to joint equilibrium
M joint b 0 M ba M bc 0
M joint c 0 M cb M cd 0
M ab M ba M cd M dc 100 0
I
M cb 2 E 2c b
10
I
M cd 2 E 2c 3R
20
I
M dc 2 E c 3R
20
I
1
20
M ba 2b 3R 25
M bc 2 2b c
I
M bc 2 E 2b c
10
M bc 2 EKbc 2b c
M cb 2 EKbc 2c b
M ab b 3R 25
I
M ab 2 E b 3R 25
20
2E
I
2
10
M cb 2 2c b
M cd 2c 3R
M dc c 3R
6b 2c 3R 25 0
2b 6c 3R 0
3 3 12 R 100 0
c
b
b 1.20,
c 5.05,
R 9.30
M ab
M ab
M ba
M ab
M ba
M ba
F
M ab 2 EK 2 a b 3R M ab
F
M ab
M ab
M ab
M ab M ab
M ba
F
M ba 2 EK a 2b 3R M ba
F
M ba
M ba
M ba
M ba
4 EI a 2 EIb 6 EI
F
M ab
l
l
l2
2 EI a 4 EIb 6 EI
F
M ba
l
l
l2
M ab
M ba
M ab
2 EI
F
2 a b 3 M ab
l
l
M ba
2 EI
F
a 2b 3 M ba
l
l
M ab
M ba
F
M ab
F
M ba
M ba 0
a
2
F
3R M ba
2 4 EK
3R M ba
F
M ab 2 EK 2 a a
3R M ab
EK
2
2
4
1 F
F
3EK a R ( M ab M ba ) Modified slope-deflection equation
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
sin 2 sin(1 2 ) sin 1
3
1 2
4
10
Influences Lines
MF
MF
MF
RA
RA
(10 x)(1)
x
1
10
10
0 x 5
x
M F 5RK
2
x
y
2
RK
x
x
Rk (1)
10
10
RA
RK
x
2
y 5
x
2
5 x 10
x
x
M F 5R A (5) 1 5
2
10
x
y 5
2
MC
MC
MC
M C P(2.5) ( wdx ) y
MC
(2.5)(10)
25 12.5 37.5 ft-kips
2
(1)(10)
10
M C (5)
25 12.5 37.5 ft-kips
8
2
RC
RB
M C 0
RB
RC
RB
20 x
16
(VB ) L
(VB ) L
RC 1 RB 1
M B 0 or Fy 0
20 x x 4
16
16
(VB ) R
MD
VD
RC
RC
RB
0 x 8
RB
VD
RC
RB
VD
8 x 20
VD RC
VD R B
0 x 8
MD
RB
RC
8 x 20
MD
M D 12 RC
M D 4 RB
Muller-Breslaus Principle
MB
RC
RB
The desired quantity is released from the structure first and considered
as the external load. Then a virtual displacement is imposed such that it
will have a unit displacement along the released force. The deformed
shape is then the influence line for the desired quantity.
0 x4
MB
M B 16 RC
RC
RB
RB
( R A )( s A ) (1)( y ) 0
MB 0
8 x 20
MB
RA
sA
1
1 sC
Let
sA 1
Muller-Breslaus Principle
1
ha hb 1
VC
y
sA
RA y
Muller-Breslaus Principle
1
RA
a b 1
MC
ha a
hb b
hb
ha a /
ha
hb b /
(VC )( sC ) (1)( y ) 0
y
VC
sC
Let
sC 1
VC y
h h
1
a b
1 sC
h a
( M C )( C ) (1)( y ) 0
MC
C 1
b
Let
C 1
MC y
ab
ab
ab
Muller-Breslaus Principle
For Statically Determinate Beam
To obtain an influence line for the reaction of any statically determinate
beam, remove the support and make a positive unit displacement of its
point of application. The deflected beam is the influence line for the
reaction.
To obtain an influence line for the shear at a section of any statically
determinate beam, cut the section and induce a unit relative transverse
sliding displacement between the portion to the left of the section and
the portion to the right of the section, keeping all other constraints (both
external and internal) intact. The deflected beam is the influence line for
the shear at section.
To obtain the influence line for the moment at a section of any statically
determinate beam, cut the section and induce a unit rotation between the
portion to the left of the section and the portion to the right of the section,
keeping all other constraints (both external and internal) intact. The
deflected beam is the influence line for the moment at the section.
VD
sD 1
RA
sA 1
MD
D 1
ME
VE
E 1
sE 1
lx
x
(1)( y )
( ym ) ( yn )
l
x
l
SaB
SaB
S Bb
S Bb
VBc
VBc
Sbc
Sbc
SaB
SaB
S Bb
S Bb
VBc
VBc
Sbc
Sbc
Ra
Scd
Rg
Rg
axc
21Rg
Ra
Ra
Scd
Rg
d x g 5 S cd 15 Ra
5 S cd 21Rg
S cd
Scd
S cd 3 Ra
Scd
5
VCc
VCc
VCc
Ra
Rg
Ra
Rg
a x c VCc Rg
d xg
VCc
Rg
VCc Ra
Scd
Scd
VCc
VCc
425cm
Ra
0.1w
0.4w
0.4w
0.1w
0.4w
0.4w
R2
R3
RA
2 R1 4 R2 12.4 R3
VC
maximum
s
x1
s
x2
s 0.025
V1 2
1(1) (1 4 4)(0.025)(5)
0.125 k
V23
4(1) (1 4 4)(0.025)(5)
2.875 k
7.5
s
40 10
7.5
s
10
M1 2
7.5
7.5
2
(4) (4 3)
(4)
10
40 10
1.0 k ft
VBc
20 15 10 5
1 3.33 2
(10)
(5)
40
4 3.33
12.5 0.5 12 k
M 23
7.5
7.5
(2 4)
(6) 3
(6)
10
40 10
22.5 k ft
M C max
(2) 4.5 4 7.5 3(6.0) 57.0
S Bc 12 2 k
k ft
(Stiffness)
(Stiffness)