World Applied Programming, Vol (3), Issue (7), July 2013.

282-286
ISSN: 2222-2510
2013 WAP journal. www.tijournals.com

Study of Effects of Different Herbicide Toxins on Plant

Height, Days till Flowering, and Days till Grain-filling in
Various Fall Pea Cultivars in Eslamabad-e Gharb Region
Sara Beigzadeh

Koorosh Fatahi

Rojin Ghobadi

Eslamabad-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic

Azad University,yong researchers club
sepantasbkf.b686@gmail.com

Eslamabad-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic

Azad University

Eslamabad-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic

Azad University,yong researchers club

Abstract: In order to study effects of different herbicide toxins on plant height, days till flowering, and days till
grain-filling in various fall pea cultivars, a research is done in the from of split plot design based on complete
random blokes with 3 repeats. Major factor includes 3 cultivars Arman, Azad, and Hashem and minor factor
includes any type of toxins and their mixtures including herbicides pyridite, bentazone, imaztapyr, metrybiozin,
cyiavazine, fomasaphen, mixture of pyridite and fomasaphen, mixture of bentazone and cyianazine, mixture of
imaztapyr and metrybiozin, and manual weeding. Results showed a significant difference among different
cultivars in terms of plant height trait (p = 1%), indicating genetic diversity among cultivars and genotypes for
trait of plant height. Studied cultivars reached flowering stage slightly differently, therefore, flowering trait
seems to be more dependent on the plant genetics and GDD of planting date. The highest number of days till
flowering (58.6 s) belonged to cv. Hashem and the lowest one (57.4 d) to cv. Azad. In this study, cultivar factor
had no statically significant effect on days till grain-filling. Also, there is a significant difference (p = 1%)
between levels of herbicide toxins used in terms of full height of plant, days till flowering, and days till grainfilling.
Keywords: Herbicide, Cultivar, Plant height, Days till flowering, Days till grain-filling
INTRODUCTION
Having 18% -23% protein, Legume seeds play an important role in supplying protein substances needed by human
beings. In recent years, global pea production has been 7-9 million tons (Allahdadi et al., 2007).
Pea has a high level of digestable protein and is phosphorus and calcium-rich compared to other legume. In places
where grains constitute main food, consumption of legume including pea increases value of meals with grains (Goldani
& Rezvani Moghaddam, 2007). Because of having various uses and diverse utilization and of the ability to develop in
low-input farming regimes under soil non-friendly conditions and in dry environments, this plant has become an
important part of farming regimes of subsistence agriculture.
Also, sue to the role it plays in soil fertility, pea is considered an important factor stabilizing grains production within dry
regions and drylands of developing countries while having a special status in alternate cropping (Goldani & Rezvani
Moghaddam, 2005).
By introduction of new pea cultivars suitable for fall cultivation named Hashem, Arman, and Azad, yield of this crop can
be improved on a 370,000 ha area within moderate and sub-tropical regions of country while reducing drought stress, an
IRNA journalist reports. These cultivars enjoy a 72% increase in their yields when planted in fall in comparison with
spring planting. Because of not being dwarf, introduced cultivars have the advantage of being harvested mechanically by
grains combine, which is extraordinarily effective in lowering harvest costs.
Weeds are considered as a part inseparable from farming ecosystems and as one of the most-important factors reducing
crops. If not being controlled, weeds inflict damages more than those pests and diseases do. The rates of weed-induces
decrease in yield were reported at 25% and 10% for developing and developed countries, respectively, which, if not
controlled, can increase to 100% (Seyyed Sharifi et al., 2007). Usually, plant breeders search for selecting those

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genotypes the interaction of which with environment be low in order to reduce effects of environment on genotypes by
selecting sustainable ones. Dry farming is always associated with drought stress. Under drought stress conditions,
heritability of seed yields is reduced. Also under such conditions, selected prolific genotypes many not exhibit their
proliferation trait during all selective cycles because some considerable part of changes in yield of frought stressed
populations is caused by the environment, there fore, breeders employ large populations and iterative experiments on
several sites and during several years so that they can obtain relatively precise results ( Blume, 1988).
Legumees is an important group of plants fixing nitrogen, playing a significant role in improvement of efficiency of
nitrogen fixation and of seed yields (Ahmad Khan, 2011).
Presence of weeds is one of problems pea faces, especially under dry farming conditions. Pea is not a competitive plant,
being sharply defeated by weeds. Pea sprouts more slowly than weeds do, with its growth being faster at early
germination stage, therefore pea is a weak competitor for weeds and its canopy does not cover soil surface completely
until a long time after planting. At this stage, fast growth of weeds shoots and roots, if not controlled, defeats the crop
easily. According to studies performed, weed induced reduction of yields of pea fields are 40%-87%, 42%, and 23% 52% in India, Russia, and west of Asia, respectively (Hosseini, 1994) Because of being costly and time consuming,
manual weeding is not cost-effective and, under such conditions, making use of various farming machinery results in a
decrease in soil moisture storage. For each unit of produced dry matter, weeds absorb and evaporate more moisture
compared to crops accompanying them. In this direction, it seems that application of herbicides is the easiest and
cheapest method. But applying this method at different growth stags brings about environmental pollution and threats
consumers, health (Seyyed sharifi et al., 2007).
For this crop, research shows that application of only one herbicide to control, frequent use of chemicals and / or
integration of chemical methods with mechanical ones are needed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Present research was done on a field in the suburb of Eslamabad-e Gharb country located at 47 26 eastern longitude and
34 8 northern latitude, with a 1346-m altitude from sea level, having moderate cold climate. Its average rainfall is 538
mm annually.
Following results were obtained by performing soil analysis operations on random soil samples taken from a 0-125-cm
depth of test field soil at agrology lab of soil & water Research Division of Kermanshah Agriculture Research Center.
Soil of target region with 11.4% sand, 58% silt, and 35.5% clay has a silty clay loam texture. This project was
implemented in the from of split plot design based on complete random blocks with 3 repeats,Major factor includes 3
cultivars Arman, Azad, and Hashem and minor factor includes any type of toxins and their mixtures including
herbicides pyridite, bentazone, imaztapyr, metrybiozin, cyianazine, fomasaphen, mixture of pyridite and fomasaphen,
mixture of bentazone and cyianazine, mixture of imaztapyr and metrybiozin, and manual weeding. Following operations
of bedding and planting, in order to measure and examine studied traits, samples are taken from a 5.0 5.0 m2 frame at
different times during crop management stage. Variance analysis was performed on data obtained using statistica l CMSTAT software and means of studied truits were compared by using LDS test at levels of 5% and 1%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant height
Results of variance analysis showed that difference between cultivars became signidicant at level of 1%, indicating
genetic diversity among cultivars and genotypes for trait of plant height. Therefore, it can be stated that, under genotypic
effects, pea plant height differs from one cultivar to another. Also, there is a significant difference at level of 1% among
levels of herbicide toxin application for trait of plant full- height. this difference is caused by the highest plant height
(49.5 cm) with application of herbicide pyidite and the lowest plant height (37.1 cm) with application of herbicide
imaztapyr. Increase / decrease in plant height due to the effect of herbicide toxins can be attributed to the density of field
weeds after some poison was applied. So, it can be argued that, on the fields where weeds are controlled poorly,

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competition between crops and weeds for absorbing nutrients, light, and for other growth factors is intensified and plant
heights change.By controlling and reducing weeds and their bad effects, herbicide pyridite could indirectly help increase
plant growth and height. For plant height, herbicides pea cultivars interaction was not significant, that is, all toxins
used in present research affected pea plant heights equally. Comparison of data means by using Dunken,s method
showed that maximum (49.5 cm) and minimum (37.1 cm) plant heights were observed with herbicide pyridite cv.
Azad treatment and herbicide imaztapyr cv. Arman treatment, respectedly( Diagram 1).

Diagram 1. Cultivar toxin interaction on plant height trait.

Days till flowering

For trait of days till flowering, results of variance analysis showed a significant difference between cultivars ( p = 5%),
indicating diversity among genotypes. Therefore, there is some systematically interpretable diversity within structures of
genotypes for plant height trait. Studied cultivars entered flowering stage slightly different from each other, therefore, it
appears that flowering trait depends more on plant genetics and GDD of planting date. Maximum (58.6 d) and minimum
(57.4) numbers of days till flowering belonged to cv. Hashem and cv. Azad, respectively.
It appears that crops grown on a fields with well controlled weeds produce more photosynthetic matters, as a result of
which plants enter generative phase later and complete their farming cycles naturally but in contrast, plant facing
competition with weeds (no control) have a shorter vegetative phase sooner and they evolve their seed and maintain their
survival by flowering fast and producing less flowers. Results of variance analysis showed that difference among levels
of herbicide toxins was signification at level of 1% for trait of days till flowering, indicating that environmental changes
(controlling weeds) were caused by herbicide toxins. It can be argued that, therefore, pea cultivars undergo some changes
under effects of weeds control (herbicide toxin treatments).
Results from variance analysis indicated that cultivars toxins interaction was significant (p = 1%) for trait of seed
yield. So it can be stated that making use of different herbicide toxin to control weeds leave different responses to the
yields of different cultivars, that is, each herbicide toxin treatment (weeds control) has different effects on the rate of
controlling weeds. Weeds control indirectly results in an increase in the yield and its components (diagram 2).

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Diagram 2. Cultivar toxin interaction on trite of days till flowering.

Day till grain-filling

In this study, cultivar factor had no statistically significant effect on grain trait. Maximum (75.5 d) and minimum (74.6 d)
numbers of days till grain-filling belonged to cv. Arman and cv. Hashem respectively.
Results from variance analysis showed that difference among levels of herbicide toxins was significant at level of 1% for
trait of days till grain-filling, showing that environmental changes (weeds control) were caused by herbicide toxins.
Therefore, it can be argued that trait of days till pea-filling changes under effects of herbicide toxin treatments. The
highest (78.2 d) and lowest (71.7 d) numbers of days till grain filling were observed with weeds control treatment with
herbicide imaztapyr and control treatment (no weeds control) short growth period in control treatment can be explained
as follows : under conditions of competing with weeds, shortage of moisture. And nutrients, crop complete their
phonological stages sooner and for this reason, when cultivated on fields with no weeds control, they complete their
generative phase faster in order to avoid moister and assimilates left in the plant body.
Results from variance analysis indicated that cultivar toxin interaction was not significant for days till grain-filling;
therefore, it can be argued that making use of different herbicide toxins to control weeds has the same effects on days till
grain-filling on the fields cultivated by different pea cultivars. Although any of herbicide toxin treatments influenced
weed control differently, different cultivars under effects of controlling regimes were not capable of days till grain-filling
(diagram 3).

Diagram 3. Cultivar toxin interaction on trait of days till grain-filling

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CONCLUSION
Results demonstrated that difference among cultivars for plant height and days till flowering was significant at level of
1%, with cultivar factor having no significant effect statistically on days till grain-filling. Also, at level of 1%, there was
a significant difference among levels of application of herbicide toxins in terms of traits of plant full-height, days till
flowering, and days till grain-filling.

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