Chapter2chemistryform52013

CARBON COMPOUNDS
1. Compounds that contain the element
2. Classified into two groups:
I. ..
II.
3. i. compounds are carbon compounds that are obtained from
. such as .., starch, .
ii. This compounds contain the element .. and .
iii. Complete combustion of this compounds produces .......................and ..
4. . Compounds are carbon compounds that are usually do not contain
to . .. such as , (CO),
..(CaCO3)
HYDROCARBON
1. Hydrocarbon are organic compounds that contain only .. and
2. Classified into two groups:

Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon that contain
only ..covalent
bonds between carbon
atoms.

Definition

Example of structural
formula

Homologous series

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon that contain at least
one or ..
Covalent bond between carbon
atoms.

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GENERAL INFORMATION FOR ALKANES AND ALKENES
ALKANES

ALKENES
GENERAL
FORMULA

TYPE OF HYDROCARBON
METHANE

ETHENE
EXAMPLE OF ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT

METHANE

ETHENE
EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURAL
FORMULA

Explanation:
1. Each carbon atom in structural
formula must have a total four
pairs of electrons shared with
another carbon and hydrogen
atom to
..
2. Each hydrogen atom in
structural formula must have a
total one pairs of electrons
shared with another carbon
to
..
i. stem/ root :
Start with: METH,ETH,PROP,..

ii. suffix/ ending:

.

The first member of alkenes has

two carbon atoms in a molecule
because

formed between two carbon

atoms.
Naming of compounds:
i. stem/ root : indicates
the no. of carbon atoms in
the longest continuous
carbon chain
ii. suffix/ ending indicate
group of compound

i.stem / root:
Start with: eth,prop,but,pent,

ii. suffix/ending:
..

Chapter2chemistryform52013
Complete the table below.
Number of
Carbon atoms

Molecular Formula
Cn H2n+2

Structural Formula

Name of alkane

Chapter2chemistryform52013
Complete the table below.
Number of
Carbon atoms

Molecular Formula
Cn H2n

Structural Formula

Name of alkene

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES
ALKANES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ALKENES

1. Alkanes/alkenes are molecular compounds which consist of

., the atom are bonded together by a
. covalent bond. These .
are held together by . van der Waals forces
(intermolecular forces)
2. They also have physical properties similar to covalent compound which are:

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

....

v.

PHYSICAL STATE AT ROOM

TEMPERATURE

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene
Heptene
Octene
Nonene
Decene

as the number of carbon atoms per molecules increase:

a. The molecular size ., the .
forces between molecules ( intermolecular forces) ..,
more energy is needed to . this force
the melting and boiling points
b. The viscosity and density ..

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES
ALKANES
NOT REACTIVE
BECAUSE:

a. COMBUSTION
b. SUBSTITUTION REACTION
COMBUSTION
1.Sufficient oxygen :
Form ..
& .
2. Insufficient oxygen:
Form .. ,
,
.

CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

ALKENES

REACTIVITY

MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES

BECAUSE:

CHEMICAL
REACTION

a. COMBUSTION
b. ADDITION REACTION
COMBUSTION
1.Sufficient oxygen :
Form .. & .
2. Insufficient oxygen:
Form.,
,
& ..
Example:

& ..
Example:

SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Occurs when
1. Mixed with ..
2. In presence of ..
as catalyst

ADDITION REACTION
i. addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation)
React with .. + ....
as a catalyst & .C to produce
Example :

Example:
1. react with chlorine gas

ii. addition of halogen (halogenation)

React with halogens such as bromine, chlorine at
room temperature.
Example:

Iii. Addition of hydrogen halide

Alkenes + hydrogen halide at room temperature
to form ..

Chapter2chemistryform52013
2. React with bromine vapour & UV light.
Observation:
Brown colour turns .

Example:

iv. addition of acidified KMnO4 solution

a. in this reaction, two hydroxyl,- OH group
are added
b. .the purple solution of
acidified KMnO4.
c. This reaction used to ..
a saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
Example:

v. addition of water (hydration)

alkenes + .
At high temperature and pressure in the
presence of ..
as a catalyst to produces.
Example:

vi. addition polymerisation

a. Occurs at 1 000 atm ( high pressure
and 200 C
b. Produce a long giant chain molecules
called
c. The small repeating units of molecules
that join together to form polymer
are called
Example:

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COMPARING PROPERTIES OF ALKANE WITH ALKENE (using HEXANE & HEXENE in the laboratory)
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

PROCEDURE

OBSERVATION
HEXANE
HEXENE

EXPLANATION/CHEMICAL
EQUATION FOR REACTION
Combustion of hexane
in air produces
Soot compare to
hexane.
Percentage of carbon
in hexane,

of flame

=
1. . Of hexane and hexane are
poured into separated
...
2. A is used
to light up the two liquids.
3. When the burning process occurs,
a piece of .is held
above each flame as shown in the
diagram.
4. The flame is observed for its
..and the amount of
. collected on the two
pieces of . is
noted.

Reaction with
..

1. .. of hexane is poured into a

2. ..of bromine water

are added to the hexane.
3. The mixture is .
4. All changes that occur are
recorded.
5. Step 1 to 4 are repeated using
hexene to replace hexane.

=
Percentage of carbon
in hexene ,..
=

Hexene contains..
percentage of carbon by
mass than hexane
1. Hexane ..
react with bromine
solution because it is
an alkane which is

hydrocarbon.
2. Hexane is ..
Hydrocarbon that
contains
Covalent bond
between carbon
atoms, C C .
.reaction
occurs when bromine
solution is added to
hexane to form
dibromohexane.
3. Balanced equation:

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Reaction with

1. .. of hexane is poured into a

2. ..of acidified
potassium manganate (VII) are
added to the hexane.
3. The mixture is .
4. All changes that occur are
recorded.
5. Step 1 to 4 are repeated using
hexene to replace hexane.

Hexane ..
react with acidified
potassium manganate
(VII) solution because
it is an alkane which is

hydrocarbon.
Hexane is ..
hydrocarbon that
contains
Covalent bond
between carbon
atoms, C C .
.reaction
occurs when acidified
potassium manganate
(VII) is added to
hexane to form
hexanediol.
Balanced equation:

Conclusion:
i.

Alkane and alkene have .. chemical properties

ii.

Alkene produces soot than alkane when it is . in the air.

iii.

Alkene brown colour of bromine water but. does not.

iv.

Alkene .purple colour of .

but ..does not.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
1. Homologous series are groups of carbon compounds that have the following general
characteristics:
a. Members having the same ..properties because they have the same
.(group that take part in a reaction).
b. Members of the series can be represented by a .formula.
c. Members of the series can be prepared by the .
d. Two consecutive members in the series are different in relative atomic mass of../ a
difference of ..
e. Members of the series have physical properties that . gradually as the number
of carbon atoms in molecule .

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2. Example of homologous series
Homologous series

General formula

Functional group

Type of hydrocarbon

Alkane

Cn H2n+2 , n = 1,2,3

-C C -

Saturated

Alkene

Cn H2n , n = ,2,3

-C = C -

Unsaturated

Alcohol

Cn H2n+1OH , n = 1,2,3

-OH

Non-hydrocarbon

Cn H2n+1 COOH , n = 0,1,2,3..

-COOH

Non-hydrocarbon

-COO-

Non-hydrocarbon

Carboxylic acid
Ester

Cn H2n+1 COO Cn 2n+1

n = 0,1,2,3 n = 1,2,3..

NAMING ALKANE AND ALKENE USING IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

Chapter2chemistryform52013
Example:
1. Name the following structural formula using IUPAC system.
a.

b.

3. Draw structural formula for the following molecule.

a. 2, 3 dimethylpentane

b. 2, 3 dimethylbut 1 ene