D.

Keffer - ChE 240: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

Homework Assignment Number One

Assigned: Wednesday, January 13, 1999
Due: Wednesday, January 20, 1999 BEGINNING OF CLASS.
Problem 1. Unit Conversions between concentrations and densities
Water has an approximate (mass) density of 1.0 grams/ml and a molecular weight of 18.0 grams/mole.
(a) What is the molarity (molar density or molar concentration, or simply concentration) of water in mol/liter?
(b) What is the mass density of water in kg/m3?
(c) What is the molar volume of water in liter/mol?
Air has an approximate molecular weight of 28.84 grams/mol and roughly obeys the ideal gas law at ambient
conditions, P = 101325 Pa and T = 298 K.
(d) What is the molar density of air at these conditions in mol/liter?
(e) What is the mass density of air at these conditions in kg/m3?
Solution:
(a)

~
ml = 0.05556 mol 1000 ml = 55 .556 mol
n=C=
=
g
MW
ml
liter
liter
18 .0
mol
1 .0

(b)

g
kg 10 6 ml
kg
= 1 .0
3 = 1000 .0 3
ml 1000 g m
m
(c)

~ 1
V= =
C

1
55 .556

mol
liter

= 0.018

liter
mol

(d)

n
P
101325 Pa
mol
m3
mol
~
n= =
=
=
40
.
897

=
0
.
0409
V RT 8.314 molJK 298K
l
m3 1000 .0l
(e)

mol 18 g
kg
kg
=~
n MW = 40 .897 3

= 0.736 3
m mol 1000 .0l
m
Problem 2. Dimensionally Consistent Equations
For the following balance equations, (i) write down the units of each term in the equation, (ii) state whether the
equation is dimensionally consistent, (iii) correct the equation to be dimensionally consistent.

is the volume,

ith stream,

CA

is the molar concentration of component A,

Fi is the mass flowrate of the ith stream, x i,A

is the time,

Fi

is the molar flowrate of the

is the mole fraction of component A in the ith stream,

D. Keffer - ChE 240: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

xi,A

k is a first order reaction rate constant with units of

inverse time, A is the mass density of component A, MWA is the molecular weight of component A, Cp is
A
is the mass fraction of component A in the ith stream,

the molar heat capacity of component A,

the ith stream,

C
pA

is the mass heat capacity of component A, Ti is the temperature of

is the number of components in the system,

Hr

is the molar heat of reaction.

Solution:
(a)

mole balance:

dC A
= Fin x in,A Fout x out,A kVC A
dt

mol/time = mol/time - mol/time

The equation is dimensionally consistent as written.

(b)

mass balance:

- mol/time

dC A
= Fin xin,A MWA Fout x out,A kVA
dt

V MWA

mass/time
= mass/time - mass2/mol/time
The equation is not dimensionally consistent as written.
The equation would be correct if written as:

V MWA
(c)

dC A
= Fin xin,A Fout xout,A kVA
dt

energy balance:

)= F

d Cp jC j (T Tref )

i= j

dt

- mass/time

in

Cp j x in, j (Tin
i= j

Tref )

MW (T T ) H kC
Fout C
pj j
j out
ref
r
A

i= j
energy/time
= energy/time - energy*mass/volume/time - energy/time/volume
The equation is not dimensionally consistent as written.
The equation would be correct if written as:

)= F

d Cp jC j (T Tref )

i= j

dt

in

Cp j x in, j (Tin
i= j

Tref )

Fout Cp j x out, j (Tout Tref ) Hr kVC A

i= j

Problem 3. Pressure Conversions

Convert a pressure of 100 psia to absolute pressure in
(a) Pa, (b) bar, (c) atmospheres, (d) feet of water, (e) feet of mercury (use specific gravity in text).

(a)

1.0atm 101325 Pa
100 .0psia

= 689300 Pa
14 .7psia 1.0atm

D. Keffer - ChE 240: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

689300 Pa *

1bar
= 6.893bar
10 5 Pa

1.0atm
100 .0psia
= 6.80atm
14 .7psia
pg
689300 Pa
3.2808 ft
= 70.34m
= 230 .8 ft
h= c =
m
g 1000 kg 9.8 m
m3
s2
pg
689300 Pa
3.2808 ft
= 5.17m
= 16 .97 ft
h= c =
kg
m
m

g
1000 3 13 .5955 9.8 2
m
s

Problem 4. U-Tube Manometers

Geankoplis 2.2-4, pg. 104.

kg
kg
, b = 1.3
, Z 0.0m , R = 0.415m
3
m
m3
g 754
p a = p b + R(A B ) =
101325 + 0.415 * (1000 1.3 ) * 9.8
gc 760
p a = 104600 Pa = 104 .6kPa
1.0atm 14.7psia
p a = 104600 Pa

= 15 .17psia
101325 Pa 1.0atm
pb = 754mmHg , a = 1000

Problem 5. two-fluid U-tube Manometers with reservoirs

Geankoplis gives a diagram of a two-fluid U-tube manometer with wide reservoirs in figure 2.2-4(b) on page 36.
He gives the working equation for it in equation 2.2-15 on page 37. However, he does not provide a derivation for
the equation. Moreover, it is not a completely straightforward derivation. I would like you to derive equation 2.215. To do this we will take several steps.
(a) Consider:

pb

pa

h1

h2
Ro

D. Keffer - ChE 240: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

R o is the initial difference between fluid levels at zero pressure difference.

If the pressure at point a is the same as

the pressure at point b but the amount of B-fluid in the two legs of the manometer is different (so

Ro

in terms of

h1, h 2 , A , B .

h1 h 2 ), find

Solution:
The pressure at the bottom dotted line on each leg must be equal due to the principle of fluid statics.

p1 = p 2
B gh1 = B gh 2 + A gR o

R o = B (h1 h 2 )
A
(b) In the above figure, if the actual reading is

R,R o , A , B ?

terms of

R.

What is the pressure difference between points a and b in

Solution:

g
p a p b = (R R o )(A B )
gc
We must change our standard formula to include R o

since the manometer does not read zero at zero pressure

difference.
(c) Consider some arbitrary change in pressure that cause a shift in a fluid from the figure on the left to the figure
on the right.

a
R
where a and A are cross-sectional areas. Express H in terms of
conservation of volume. The volumes in both tubes are equal.)
Solution:

Volume 1 = Volume 2
V1,TOP + V1,BOT = V2,TOP + V2,BOT
V1,TOP V2,TOP = V2,BOT V1,BOT
AH = aR

R, a, A .

(The underlying principle here is

D. Keffer - ChE 240: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

H =

a
R
A

(d) Now, considering the correction factor from parts (a-b) for a non-zero default reading and considering the
factor for a change in tube cross-sectional area, derive equation 2.2-15 for the two-fluid U-Tube manometer with
reservoirs.

pa

pb

C
A

h1

h2
R
a

A
Solution:

g a
g
p a pb = (R R o )(A B ) + (R R o )(B C )
gc A
gc
On the right-hand-side of the equation above, the first term accounts for the difference in height of the A-B fluid
interface in the two legs of the manometer and for the correction term due to a non-zero equilibrium reading. The
second term accounts for the difference in height of the B-C fluid interface in the two reservoirs of the manometer
and for a correction term analogous to the one obtained in the legs. Rearranging yields:

a
a

g
p a pb = (R R o )A B + B C
A
A gc

(e) Geankoplis says on page 38 that, for the two-fluid U-Tube manometer with reservoirs, R o is often adjusted to
zero. How is this done?
Solution:
The amount of B-fluid in each of the reservoirs must be the same. (look at the result from part (a). What will give
a zero

Ro ?

is the same.

When

h1 = h 2 , which is equivalent to saying that the amount of B-fluid in each of the reservoirs