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1944:
FT-Diesel production peaks:
o Germany 16,000 barrels per day
o Japan 1,500 barrels per day
1950-1953: Hydrocarbon Resources, Inc. builds 5,000 barrel per day Hydrocol
Plant in Brownsville, Texas. Low-cost middle east oil ends U.S. efforts to
commercialize FT production.
1955: Sasol operates 8,000 bpd SASOL 1 plant in Sasolburg, South Africa.
1980s: South Africa achieves energy independence from petroleum using FTFuels produced through gasification of coal.
2000s: Biomass gasification. Virtually any carbon based material can be
commercially gasified and converted into liquid hydrocarbon fuels using the
Fisher-Tropsch process to produce fuel, methanol and hydrogen and.
Syntheza
FischeraTropscha
Gaz ziemny/
Gaz towarzyszcy
ropie naftowej
Upgrading
Megammonia
MegaSyn
Ogniwa paliwowe
MTO
MegaMethanol
MTC
Gaz opaowy
LPG
Nafta
Diesel
Woski
MtSynfuels
Chemikalia
Diesel/paliwa
(MTBE, kw. octowy,
formaldehyd, ...)
MTP
MtPower
MTH
Kwas akrylowy
Etylen/propylen
Zasilanie/Paliwo/DME (Diesel)
Wodr
Kwas akrylowy/akrylany
(2n+1)H2 + nCO
CnH2n+2 + nH2O
2nH2 + nCO
CnH2n + nH2O
2nH2 + nCO
(2n+1)H2 + (n+1)CO
CnH2n+1OH + (n-1)H2O
CnH2n+1CHO + nH2O
Reakcje uboczne:
Konwersja gazu wodnego (Watergas shift)
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2
reakcja Boudouarda
2CO
C(s) + CO2
CO + H2
C(s) + H2O
xM + yC
MxCy
C O
+ O
X X
+ H2
CH3OH
+ H2
HC OH
X
+ H2
+ H2
- H2O
CH2
X
+ H2
CH4
2. Wzrost acucha
CH2
CO
X
lub
CH2
X
CH2
C
H2
H C O
X X
CH2
CH3
CH
X
CH3
CH3
X X
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH
X
H2
CH + H2O
X
3. Zakoczenie
R
RCH2CH3
H2
RCH=CH2
CH
H2
RCH2CHO
RCH2CH2OH
RCH=CH2 +
RCH2CH3
CH2
CH2
X
O
RCH2CHO
H2
H C O
X X
RCH2CH2OH
RCH2COOH
elazowe,
kobaltowe,
niklowe - wysoka wydajno reakcji uwodornienia; ze wzgldu na
bardzo du wydajno CH4 wyeliminowane z praktycznego uycia.
rutenowe Ru jest bardzo drogim metalem (30 tys. razy droszy od
Fe) i zastosowanie go jako katalizatora reakcji F-T jest moliwe jedynie
w postaci mieszanki zawierajcej maks. 0,1% Ru.
Zalety katalizatorw elazowych: niska cena, dua selektywno otrzymywania olefin oraz dua aktywno w konwersji gazu wodnego, co umoliwia
zastosowanie gazu syntezowego o niewielkiej zawartoci wodoru
(H2/CO<1).
Reakcja F-T zachodzi w dolnej czci reaktora CFB, a ciepo reakcji jest odbierane
przez wymienniki ciepa.
Czstki katalizatora unoszone z reaktora do separatora wraz z gazem, skd
katalizator trafia ponownie do dolnej czci reaktora.
Reaktory wysokotemperaturowe
Moulijn J. A., Makkee M., Van diepen A. E., Chemical Process Technology, Wiley, 2013.
Moulijn J. A., Makkee M., Van diepen A. E., Chemical Process Technology, Wiley, 2013.
The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) plant using natural gas from offshore fields has been in operation in Malaysia since 1993.
The syngas is primarily produced by partial oxidation of natural gas with oxygen.
The H2/CO ratio is about 1.7, which is below the 2.15 required for the cobalt-based catalyst used in the FT section.
The ratio is raised by adding hydrogen-rich gas produced by catalytic steam reforming of the methane produced in the FT reactors .
The reactors used are multitubular fixed bed reactors containing over 10 000 tubes filled with a cobalt catalyst.
The synthesis of long-chain waxy alkanes is favored.
The heavy alkanes are subsequently converted in a mild hydrocracking step, to produce the desired products.