Ch8: System models

1) System modelling
System modelling helps the analyst to understand the functionality of the system and models
are used to communicate with customers.
Different models present the system from different perspectives
o External perspective showing the systems context or environment;
o Behavioural perspective showing the behaviour of the system;
o Structural perspective showing the system or data architecture.
2) Model types
Data processing model showing how the data is processed at different stages.
Composition model showing how entities are composed of other entities.
Architectural model showing principal sub-systems.
Classification model showing how entities have common characteristics.
Stimulus/response model showing the systems reaction to events.
[1] Context models
Context models are used to illustrate the operational context of a system - they show what lies
outside the system boundaries.
Social & organisational concerns may affect decision on where to position system boundaries.
Architectural models show the system and its relationship with other systems.

Security
system
Branch
accounting
system

Account
database
Auto-teller
system

Branch
counter
system

Usage
database
Maintenance
system
The context of an ATM system

[1.1] Process models

Process models show the overall process and the processes that are supported by the system.
1

 Data flow models may be used to show the processes and the flow of information from one
process to another.
example: Equipment procurement process
Delivery
note

Specify
equipment
required

Equipment
spec.

Checked
spec.
Val idate
specificati on

Spec. +
supplier +
estima te

Equipment
spec.
Supplier
database

Accept
deli very of
equipment

Get cost
estima tes

Supplier list
Find
suppliers

Choose
suppl ier

Del ivery
note

Check
delivered
items
Installati on
instructions

Order
noti fication

Order
detai ls plus
blank or der
form

Place
equipment
order

Check ed and
signed or der f orm

Install
equipment
Instal lation
acceptance
Accept
deli vered
equipment
Equipment
details
Equipment
database

[2] Behavioural models

Behavioural models are used to describe the overall behaviour of a system.
Two types of behavioural model are:
Data processing models that show how data is processed as it moves through the system;
State machine models that show the systems response to events.
[2.1] Data-processing models
Data flow diagrams (DFDs) may be used to model the systems data processing.
These show the processing steps as data flows through a system.
DFDs are an intrinsic part of many analysis methods.
Simple and intuitive notation that customers can understand.
Show end-to-end processing of data.
example1: Order processing DFD

Completed
order f orm

Order
details +
blank
order f orm

Complete
order f orm

Signed
order f orm
Validate
order

Signed
order f orm

Checked and
signed or der
+order
notification

Send to
supplier

Record
order
Order
details

Signed
order f orm

Adjust
available
budget
Order
amount
+account
detai ls

Orders
file

Budget
file

example2: Insulin pump DFD

Blood

Bl ood
parameters
Blood sugar
sensor

Bl ood sugar
analysis

Blood sugar
level
Insulin
requir ement
computa tion

Insulin

Pump contr ol
commands
Insulin
pump

Insulin
delivery
controller

Insulin
requirement

[2.2] State machine models

These model the behaviour of the system in response to external and internal events.
They show systems responses to stimuli so are often used for modelling real-time systems.
State machine models show system states as nodes and events as arcs between these nodes.
When an event occurs, the system moves from one state to another.
Statecharts are an integral part of the UML and are used to represent state machine models.
example: Microwave oven model

Full
power

Full power
do: set power
=600
Timer

Waiting

Number

do: displ ay
time

Half
power

Full
power
Half
power

Operation

Set time

do: operate
oven

do: get number

exit: set ti me
Door
cl osed

Timer
Door
open
Half po wer
do: set power
= 300

Enabled
do: display
'Ready'

Door
closed

Cancel

Start
Door
open

Waiting
do: display
ti me

Disabled
do: displ ay
'Wai ting'

Microwave oven state description

State
Waiting
Half power
Full power
Set time
Disabled
Enabled
Operation

Description
The oven is waiting for input. The display shows the current time.
The oven power is set to 300 watts. The display shows Half power.
The oven power is set to 600 watts. The display shows Full power.
Cooking time is set to users input. The display shows the cooking time selected
Oven operation is disabled for safety. Interior light is on. Display Not ready.
Oven operation is enabled. Interior oven light is off. Display Ready to cook.
Oven in operation. Interior oven light is on. Display shows the timer countdown.
On completion of cooking, the buzzer is sounded for 5 seconds. Oven light is on.
Display shows Cooking complete while buzzer is sounding.
Microwave oven stimuli -
Stimulus
Half power
Full power
Timer
Number
Door open
Door closed
Start
Cancel

Description
The user has pressed the half power button
The user has pressed the full power button
The user has pressed one of the timer buttons
The user has pressed a numeric key
The oven door switch is not closed
The oven door switch is closed
The user has pressed the start button
The user has pressed the cancel button

Microwave oven operation

Operation
Checking

Cook
do: run
generator

OK

do: check
status

Time

Emitter
fault

Turntable
fault

Timeout

Done

Alarm
do: display
event

do: buzzer on
for 5 secs.

Door open
Disabled

Cancel
Waiting

[3] Semantic data models

Used to describe the logical structure of data processed by the system.
An entity-relation-attribute (ERA) model sets out the entities in the system, the
relationships between these entities and the entity attributes
Widely used in database design. Can readily be implemented using relational databases.
Data dictionaries are lists of all of the names used in the system models. Descriptions of the
entities, relationships and attributes are also included.
Advantages
o Support name management and avoid duplication;
o Store of organisational knowledge linking analysis, design and implementation;
Library semantic model

Article
title
authors
pdffile
fee

publishedin

Source
n

feepayableto

1
delivers

title
publisher
issue
date
pages
1
in
1

n
Order
ordernumber
totalpayment
date
taxstatus
n
places
1

Copyright
Agency
name
haslinks
address

Country
in

copyrightform
taxrate

Buyer
name
address
email
billinginfo

Data dictionary entries

Name
Article
authors
Buyer

Description
Details of the published article that may be ordered by
people using LIBSYS.
The names of the authors of the article who may be due a
share of the fee.
The person or organisation that orders a copy of the article.

Type

Date

Entity

3.12.2002

Attribute

3.12.2002

Entity

3.12.2002

fee_pay A 1:1 relationship between Article and the Copyright Relation

able_to Agency who should be paid the copyright fee.
Address The address of the buyer. This is used to any paper billing Attribute
(Buyer) information that is required.

4.12.2002
5.12.2002

[4] Object models

Object models describe the system in terms of object classes and their associations.
An object class is an abstraction over a set of objects with common attributes and the services
(operations) provided by each object.
Various object models may be produced
o Inheritance models;
o Aggregation models;
o Interaction models.
Natural ways of reflecting the real-world entities manipulated by the system
Object classes reflecting domain entities are reusable across systems
object class identification is difficult process requiring understanding of application domain
[5] Structured methods
6

 Structured methods incorporate system modelling as an inherent part of the method.

Methods define a set of models, a process for deriving these models and rules and guidelines
that should apply to the models.
CASE tools support system modelling as part of a structured method.
6) Structured methods weaknesses
They do not model non-functional system requirements.
They do not include information about whether a method is appropriate for a given problem.
The may produce too much documentation.
The system models are sometimes too detailed and difficult for users to understand.
CASE workbenches
o A coherent set of tools that is designed to support related software process activities
such as analysis, design or testing.
o Analysis and design workbenches support system modelling during both requirements
engineering and system design.
o These workbenches may support a specific design method or may provide support for a
creating several different types of system model.
An analysis and design workbench
Data
dictionary

Structured
diagrammi ng
tools

Repor t
gener ation
faci lities

Code
gener ator

Centr al
infor mation
repository

Query
language
faci lities

Forms
cr ea tion
tools

Design, anal ysis

and checking
tools

Impor t/e xport

faci lities

Analysis workbench components

Diagram editors
Model analysis and checking tools
Repository and associated query language
Data dictionary
Report definition and generation tools
Forms definition tools
Import/export translators
Code generation tools
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