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24.2
16.2
9.8
5.0
1.8
PW = VW2 / R
0.23805
0.10125
0.03538
0.02311
0.00684
TH
(K)
365
341
317
299
287
Tc
(K)
287
285
282
280
279
T = TH -TC (K)
THERMAL
CARNOT
78
56
35
19
8
0.98368
0.62500
0.36100
0.46225
0.38025
21.370
16.422
11.041
6.355
2.787
Q1. After the whole experiment, we realized that the thermal efficiency THERMAL is directly
proportional to the increase in the PH and PW values. As the PH and PW values increases, the
thermal efficiency also increases.
Same goes for the Carnot efficiency factor. When T value to increase, Carnot efficiency
increases as well.
Therefore, we conclude that the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source
and the cold sink, the larger is the potential thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(Done By Eddie)
Q2. The Carnot efficiency is the maximum efficiency possible for a given temperature
difference. According to the graph, is the output efficiency always less than the Carnot
efficiency.
According to the graph comparison, Carnot efficiency get lesser when the changed of
temperature reduces. Output efficiency falls until a value of 0.004 and stays around that
region. There is a possibility that as the changed of temperature gets smaller the Carnot
efficiency will goes below the output efficiency eventually.
(Done By Gary Tan)
Q3. The Carnot Efficiency increase as the temperatures increases.
(Done By Teo Ziquan)
Q4. Output efficiency increases as the temperature difference increases
(Done By Beng)
Q5.
24.2
16.2
9.8
5.0
1.8
PW = VW2 /
R
0.23805
0.10125
0.03538
0.02311
0.00684
TH (K)
365
341
317
299
287
Tc (K)
287
285
282
280
279
Rate of Change in
entrophy
0.06547
0.04715
0.030789
0.016639
0.00624
PH / TH - PW / Tc = S / t
From the figure above, it can be said that the total changes in entrophy is positive as it is an
isolated system. As the entrophy of an isolated system during a process always increases
or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant.
(Done By Teo Ziquan)
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
StaticFlow
Head
,h
With
h3
h4
180h1 170h2
135
120
90 h5
125h6
(mm)
h1 - h5 =50mm
Stagnation
Head 180245 180
Static Head
235 180
223 180
215 175195 155215
H(mm)
h (mm)
Dynamic
Head
Stagnation
Head
250
250
250
250
250
230
2
v /2gH(mm)
, (H-h)
0
10
45
60
85
30
mm
Dynamic Head
5
15
27
35
55
15
Velocity
,V
2
v /2g , (H-h)
(m/S)
0.000 0.014 0.030 0.034 0.041 0.024
Velocity , V (m/S) 0.010 0.017 0.023 0.026
0.033
0.017
Mid-Values
Between Test 1
And Test 2
Static Head
h (mm)
Stagnation Head
H(mm)
Dynamic Head
v2/2g , (H-h)
Velocity , V
(m/S)
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
215
200
170
155
140
160
96
215
210
210
210
210
190
10
40
55
70
30
0.000
0.014
0.028
0.033
0.037
0.024
Q5. Bernoullis principle states that as fluids velocity increases, the pressure decreases, and
as the velocity decreases, the pressure increases. Bernoullis principle also states that the
total energy of a particle in motion is constant at all points on its path in a steady flow, as
per the equation stated below;
According to the law of conservation of matter, the mass flow at any point along the tube
must be the same, and the velocity and pressure must change to accommodate this
continuity of flow. So as the flow approaches the converging portion of the tube, the
velocity increases and static pressure will decreases in order to maintain the same mass
flow.
(Done By Nicholas Sim Tyng Huei)
Q6. According to the plot obtained from above, it is shown that the stagnation head in terms
of (mm) maintained its height throughout point h1 to h4 except for h5 & h6. This is so
because Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. It consists of a rapidly
converging section which increases the velocity of flow and hence reduces the pressure. It
then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging 'diffuser' section
which will cause an increase of pressure will result a drop in the stagnation head for h5 &
h6.
(Done By Eddie)
Q7.
(Done By Beng)
(Vout Vin)
Fy =
(V2Cos V1)
(V1Cos V1)
Fy =
V1 (Cos 1)
litres
16
Flow
rate
Velocity
Vol.
Q=Vol./ t
V1=Q/
A
m3
0.016
sec
60
kg
0.1
m3/s
0.000267
m/s
5.305
(Velocity) 2
V12
Applied
Force ,
W
(m/s)2
28.145
N
0.981
22
27.5
30
33.5
0.022
0.0275
0.03
0.0335
60
60
60
60
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.000367
0.000458
0.000500
0.000558
7.295
9.118
9.947
11.108
53.211
83.143
98.946
123.381
1.962
2.943
3.924
4.905
m
0.0115
0.0165
0.0195
0.0225
0.0255
Time
Applied
Required Mass
t
sec
60
60
60
60
60
Flow
rate
Velocity
Q=Vol./ t
V1=Q / A
kg
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
m /s
0.000192
0.000275
0.000325
0.000375
0.000425
m/s
3.813
5.471
6.466
7.460
8.455
(Velocity) 2
Applied
Force
V12
W
2
(m/s)
14.540
29.931
41.805
55.657
71.489
N
0.981
1.962
2.943
3.924
4.905
Q5. The difference maybe due to the assumption that the friction is too small to even
consider but friction does exist on the surface of the plate. Secondly, water jet velocity is
considered to be constant after it leaves the nozzle till it hit the plate, but due to the
existence of gravitational force there is a difference between the initial velocity when the
water leaves the nozzle and the velocity at which it hit the plate. Finally, the distance at
which the water nozzle is positioned from the plate is not considered in the calculation.
(Done By Gary Tan)
Q6.
Splash guard
Level of Jet
Calibration of Spring
Assumption of Friction
Growth of Altitude on the Jet of water
Q7. This modification may be more accurate, but the meter, F used in this arrangement will
require frequent calibration. Unlike the modification as stated above, the hydraulics test
bench that were used in our experiment will only require us to zero the spirit level.
Vol
V
,litres
10
10
10
10
10
10
Vol
Time
V ,m3
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
t,sec
44
38.4
33.5
31.5
29
27
Flow
Rate
Q , x 10-4
m3 / s
2.2727
2.6042
2.9851
3.1746
3.4483
3.7037
Velocity
Head
Loss
Head
Loss
u,m/s
8.038
9.210
10.558
11.228
12.196
13.099
H , mHg
0.126
0.166
0.253
0.283
0.323
0.343
h, mH2O
1.71
2.26
3.44
3.85
4.39
4.66
Log h
0.234
0.354
0.537
0.585
0.643
0.669
Log u
0.905
0.964
1.024
1.050
1.086
1.117
Vol
Time
V ,litres
10
10
10
10
10
10
V ,m3
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
t,sec
21.2
18
13.8
12.3
11
10.5
Flow
Rate
Q , x 10-4 m3 / s
4.7170
5.5556
7.2464
8.1301
9.0909
9.5238
Velocity
u,m/s
19.611
23.097
30.127
33.801
37.796
39.595
Head
Loss
h, mH2O
0.125
0.175
0.275
0.320
0.405
0.440
Log h
Log u
-0.903
-0.757
-0.561
-0.495
-0.393
-0.357
1.292
1.364
1.479
1.529
1.577
1.598
P = Fluid density
V = Fluid velocity
D = Diameter of pipe
U = Absolute viscosity
Transitional flow: 2000 < Re < 4000
Pipe flow is fully turbulent.
(Done By Beng)
22
18
200
300
400
500
600
700
19.4
20.2
21.0
21.8
22.2
23.0
0.6867 0.7358
0.7848
21.523
1.4715
WS (kgf)
300
4.1855
707
0.368
0.7848
0.7848
0.7848
0.7848
J = 0.906
e. Theoretical value of Mechanical Equivalent of Heat,
J = Work done / Heat generated
If both the work and heat have the same unit of energy, Work done = Heat generated
J=1
Percentage error of J in our experiment = (1- 0.906) X100 %
= 9.405 %
f. The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle
to heat and thermodynamic processes:
g. As to what the first law states, energy is only converted as per our experiment as it
changes from a potential energy to kinetic energy (Workdone) and to thermal energy (Heat)
and hence no energy is being created or destroyed.
Experiment 7: Hydrostatics
The HYDROSTATICS TEST BENCH
5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Q5.1. Volume of density bottle __50__ ml
Mass of empty density bottle ..... _31.5_ gm
Mass of density bottle with water ... __82_ gm
Density of Water = Mass of Water / Volume of Water
Density of water = _1010
kg / m3
Volume of empty density bottle ....__ 50_ ml
Mass of empty density bottle __30 gm
Mass of density bottle with diesel fuel .._73.5__ gm
Density of diesel fuel = mass of diesel fuel / volume of diesel fuel
Density of diesel fuel = ___870 __ kg/m3
Specific gravity of diesel fuel = density of diesel fuel / density of water.
S.G. diesel fuel = 0.861_
Q5.2. Height of water column ------------------------ _45 cm
Height of diesel fuel column ------------------ _53 cm
S.G (diesel) = h water/ h diesel
S.G (diesel) = 0.849
Q5.3.
Step 1. Empty bottle -> find mass of bottle = 32.3 g
Step 2. Empty bottle & sand -> find mass of bottle and sand = 43.5 g
(Step 2. Step 1. = Mass of Sand)
43.5 32.3 = 11.2g
Step 3. Full water bottle & sand = 94.8 g
Step 4. Sand with water in the bottle = 90.2 g
(Step 3. Step 4. = Mass of Water in the Bottle = Vol. of Sand)
94.8 90.2 = 4.6 g
Therefore;