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Glass
References:
Callister
Glass
Float process completely replaced earlier
processes for sheet glass
Crown glass process spun disk
Glass
Float process completely replaced earlier
processes for sheet glass
Crown glass process spun disk
Cylinder process: blown cylinder, flattened
Glass
Float process completely replaced earlier
processes for sheet glass
Crown glass process spun disk
Cylinder process: blown cylinder, flattened
Plate glass: grind and polish
However
melting sand (quartz)
with lime or soda
lowers the melting temperature
this is the basis of glass technology
Changing the proportions of Na2O, CaO to SiO 2
produces great variations in glass properties
durability
thermal shock resistance
refractive index
Glass
1050 C
cooling
Pilkington: Proc Roy Soc 1969, v314, 1-25
Viscosity
Pa s
Temperature degC
Young-Laplace eqn
P = 2 r
glass
tin
HMEN 133
HMEN 209.154
HMEN 209G
I.1985.70.558.6b
copyright of the Trustees of the NMS
Unregistered decanter
Extrieur
Spinneret
or bushing
Oxford Lasers
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/fibr-mfg.htm
Glass sheet
Toughening or tempering process
Hot sheet
hot
Glass sheet
Toughening or tempering process
Cool surfaces rapidly with air jets
cool
hot
cool
Glass sheet
Toughening or tempering process
What happens?
cool
hot
cool
Glass sheet
Toughening or tempering process
What happens?
Glass sheet
Laminated safety glass
Glass
3 mm
Interlayer
PVB
0.4 mm
Glass sheet
Laminated safety glass
Interlayer holds
glass fragments
together on fracture