Voltage Stability Assessment Index

for Recognition of Proper Bus

for Load Shedding
Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Student Member, IEEE

Atsushi Yona
Member, IEEE

Tomonobu Senjyu
Senior Member, IEEE

Electrical & Electronics Dept.

University of the Ryukyus
Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
mirsayedshah@yahoo.com

Electrical & Electronics Dept.

University of the Ryukyus
Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
yona@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp

Electrical & Electronics Dept.

University of the Ryukyus
Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
b985542@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp

area, affect the voltages at the load busses. Frequently, in the

literature voltage stability indices and load shedding has been
focused through researches. Reference [3], introduced multicriteria integrated voltage stability index was proposed for
weak buses identification with application of P-V and P-Q
curves. The relationship of reactive power reserves and VSM
(Voltage Stability Margin) is quantitatively analyzed in [4].
Sinha [5] has proposed comparative study of voltage stability
using index-L and modal analysis and summed with three
indices up. Reactive power compensation method using shunt
capacitors and reactive power planning are conducted in [6],
[7]. Modal analysis and Jacobian matrix are used to evaluate
VSM in [9], [10]. Whereas, in [8], introduced a method with
using shunt capacitors to improve VSM and applied the modal
analysis methodology as well. In [11] presented a method for
determining the location and quantity of the load to be shed,
through mathematical calculation of voltage stability indicator.
L Index, study of voltage collapse index are bade based on
voltage collapse point theory, which in this point, power flow
becomes unsolvable [5], [11]. The others indices are also
counted as voltage stability limits, such as sensitivity index and
singular value index [12], load proximity index [13], [14], and
line stability index [15]. These indexes have various
consideration during theres foundation.

Abstract Nowadays, voltage stability of large interconnected

power systems due to the multiplicity of the power system
operation and control components, complicated configuration
and overall performance of the systems have been recognized as
a complex problem for identification of the fundamental
mechanism of voltage stability. Contributory factors to voltage
instability in power systems are heavy loading and faults occur in
the system. Treating to alleviate heavy loading at the stressed bus
requires selection of the proper bus, and it became a challenge to
find and predict it easily especially in an interconnected system.
In this paper, an assessment index of voltage stability is derived
with supports of linear algebra through the Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) and Pseudo-inverse of the power flow
Jacobian matrix. Singular values and right eigenvector are
applied as indicators of load shedding recognition. Meanwhile,
VSM (Voltage Stability Margin) enhancement is pursued through
load shedding with ranking of sensitivity for assessment index.
Finally, the study is tested on the IEEE 14-bus and 23-bus case
studies as a point of reference were carried out to illustrate the
effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed assessment index.
Index Terms--Load shedding; Sensitivity; Voltage stability
assessment index; Weak bus recognition.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The increase in power demand and limited sources for

electric power have resulted in an increasingly complex
interconnected system, forced the system to operate closer to
the limits of stability. Voltage stability is considered to be one
of the keen interest of industry and research sectors around the
world since the power system is being operated closed to the
limit whereas the network expansion is restricted due to many
reasons such as lack of investment or serious concerns on
environmental problems [1]. A system enters a stat of voltage
instability when a disturbance, increase in load demand, or
change in system condition caused a progressive and
uncontrollable decline in voltage [2]. Voltage stability depends
on how variations in reactive, as well as active power in the load

In this paper predominantly is used Jacobian eigenvalue and

eigenvectors indexes via support of linear algebra with ranking
of sensitivity for assessment index of voltage stability and
improving VSM. The present method is leant on load shedding
at appropriate worse bus/area. The test systems show that this
assessment index method can be obtained to distinguish the
weak and sensitive buses in the power system for the sake of
load shedding; simultaneously, the criterion voltages
magnitude can be acquire on weak buses through load
shedding. At different conditions, critical and normal operation
the case studies are pursued to indicate the accuracy and
effectiveness of the proposed assessment index.

This work was supported in part by the SDP (Strategic Development

Plan) project under administration of MUDA ( Ministry of Urban
Development Affairs) in 2012, in Afghan istan, and PEACE (Promotion and
Enhancement of the Afghan Capacity for Effective Development) project of
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in 2013.

____________________________________
978-1-4799-3197-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE



II.

UV XY

At normal operation of the electric power system voltage

stability of the system can be analyzed using computing
eigenvalue, and right and left eigenvectors of Jacobian matrix
[8]. The premise is that, at the point of voltage stability limit
(collapse point) in a power system, the determinant of Jacobian
matrix of load flow solution becomes zero. Jacobian matrix is
defined using linearized voltage-power equation at operation
point as follows [16], [17]:


 =



 =  


 
 
 
"#


$%
= !*+

,-

#$

eigenvalue and minimum right eigenvectors (the left

eigenvectors are not more effective in sensitivity) can be the
most sensitive or worse bus in the system. So, the assessment
index can be used as a firs decision making reference for next
procedures of VSM improvement in the system, based on
identification of the proper weak bus.
A bus caused the voltage instability easily is called the
weak bus [20], and this behavior identifies often by bus
sensitivity. The sensitivity index of bus voltage with respect to
%
active power load & [5].

(4)

'(

Furthermore, the present voltage stability assessment index

identifying voltage-weak bus/area susceptible to voltage
instability for the purpose of load shedding. Assess of weak bus
via this index can be more precise, where the case studies were
carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the
proposed assessment index.
III.

 0
\=a

(6)
0 0
Whereas, \ is a singular value of  ( is a   matrix)
and,  and are corresponding right and left singular vectors,
respectively. Where,
=  = , then \ = ( is  
diagonal, nonnegative real values called singular values).
 = ( ,  , ,  ) ordered so that    F!!!F
"# . In this study, $ is a singular value of %, its square is an
eigenvalue of &' (. Therefore, ) * = +.

Case I: Weak Bus Recognition and Bus Sensitivity

The IEEE 14 Bus test system is used in this case. Bus 14,
10 and 9 were recognized as weak buses for analysis which is
depicted in appendix A. Sensitivity analysis is effective in weak
bus identification, however, sensitivity index alone will not be
sufficient to identify weak buses especially in an interconnected
system.

From Pseudo-inverse (linear algebra method) [19]:

@A

BC

EF

(7)
(8)
(9)

KL

= D\ G H IJ M

CASE STUDIES

The study has been conducted on test cases with IEEE 14

and 23 bus. The practical application of the voltage stability
assessment index (14) derived in section II. For the purpose of
analysis, Jacobian matrix, eigenvalue, eigenvectors, and
sensitivity are calculated by voltage stability function of
NEPLAN software. The voltage stability and load shedding
were analyzed for two cases. Case 1 present validity of
assessment index with analysis of weak bus and bus sensitivity.
Case 2 presents load shedding and VSM improvement through
numerical representation. Today different stability margins are
considered for power system %5 or %6. In this study minimum
stability margin is set %5 [8].

(5)

0:
0

(14)

Form this index easily can be observe the relations of  , 

!
and  with sensitivity index ( " ). Bus with maximum

\ is a nonnegative scalar and _ and ` are nonzero vectors.

89

can obtain the voltage



According singular-value decomposition and Pseudoinverse [18] under the condition of X and Y are orthonormal
columns respectively.

\45 = 67
0
;< = =\> ?


 we

 = F \ F F F 

(2)

(3)

,-. = /\01 2 3

(13)

With the substitution of

stability assessment index:

Where, VW is the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.

Decomposition may be applied directly to assess voltage
stability in a power system. In this study, the Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) and Pseudo-inverse method (linear
algebra) is applied. At the point of voltage stability limit in a
power system, the determinant of Jacobian matrix of load flow
solution becomes zero.

Z = [\]

(12)

 =  F

By setting A = 0, of the power flow Jacobian matrix

given by (1). This yields;

(11)

By using (3) we can obtain:

Where, 34 , 56 , 78 , and 9: are Jacobian sub-matrices

representing the sensitivities of active and reactive power
[; <]= respect to voltage angles and magnitudes
[> ? ]@ .

IJ = KL M

This summation can be calculated from 1 to , where  is

the rank of  .

01

NO FPQRS FTU

Z
[\

 = \  F F

&'

BC = DE FGH

,!!!,

If _ = ]^ ,  ,,  and  =  ,
, ,  , then:

(1)
()
2
./

N OQ = PQRSF( ,

ASSESSMENT INDEX FORMULATION

To obtain an accurate result from the assessment index (14),

the least eigenvalue and greatest right eigenvector should be

(10)



At the first scenario, the eigenvalue is changed from

2.076186 to 2.086527 and at the second scenario the eigenvalue
increase from 2.086527 to 2.21654 and also there is declined in
eigenvectors, as well. Bus 26 can be identified as the weakest
bus with the highest voltage collapse point, the lowest reactive
power margin and the highest percentage change in voltage. All
these can be evidence of assessment index validity and the load
shedding effectiveness.

considered. Bus 14, 10 and 9 having the greatest right

eigenvectors at the minimum eigenvalue. Therefore, these
buses were known the weakest buses in the system. Meanwhile,
bus 7 is the fourth weakest bus in the system while its sensitivity
is greater than the sensitivity of bus 9.Table. 1, demonstrates
the indexes with the minimum eigenvalue 2.079206 and
maximum eigenvectors 0.48619, 0.48392, 0.476716
corresponding to bus 14, 10 and 9 respectively.
TABLE I.

Voltage stability steady-state analyses can be assessed by

obtaining voltage profiles or shortly P-V curves of critical buses
as a function of their loading conditions [21]. Figure. 1, shows
an increase of voltage magnitude at the operating point,
likewise improvement of voltage stability of the entire system
with 47 MW load decrease at bus 26 as a function of the
parameter value.

IEEE 14-BUS TEST SYSTEM

()*+, = 2.079206)-

Bus

./

0/1

14

0.486190

0.223312

10

0.483920

0.162144

09

0.476716

0.137696

07

0.401572

0.141678

11

0.302497

0.135261

13

0.138994

0.087230

04

0.119854

0.043989

12

0.096489

0.137652

23 BUS SYSTEM

TABLE II.

Bus

Critical Operation

Normal Operation

6789 = :. ;<=>?@

ABCD = E. FGHIJK

LM

N/O

PQ

R/S

26

0.417374

0.107948

0.408093

0.099490

27

0.411640

0.096384

0.406467

0.089750

12

0.393176

0.091369

0.390434

0.085775

Case II: Load Shedding Performance Evaluation and Voltage

Stability
In this case, 23 bus system (Appendix B) is simulated using
load shedding method to enhance voltage stability and change
the eigenvalue to its maximum possible value and eigenvectors
to minimum values. In this case, bus 26 (weakest bus) was
selected for load shedding.

28

0.377982

0.134475

0.379584

0.128950

13

0.365807

0.096258

0.365063

0.091385

24

0.262055

0.116076

0.262258

0.112248

11

0.222030

0.090070

0.227594

0.087888

10

0.181515

0.098856

0.191070

0.097655

09

0.173424

0.162855

0.186474

0.161465

At the first scenario, %6 load and in the second scenario

completely connected load (55.758 MVA) are shed at bus 26.
The bus voltage is changed from stressed condition 0.948 p.u
to 0.95 p.u and 0.985 p.u at bus 26 respectively. These scenarios
represent bus 26 transition to a stable region via increasing in
eigenvalue and decreasing eigenvectors, Table. 2.

30

0.157115

0.072784

0.160910

0.071747

14

0.122397

0.050822

0.124604

0.050089

08

0.065302

0.074600

0.070781

0.074373

15

0.009206

0.003155

0.009551

0.003152

22

0.007082

0.004064

0.007237

0.004061

The results obtained in Table. 2, it can be seen that by using

load shedding matching with the principle of assessment index.

20

0.004291

0.090098

0.004374

0.090063

16

0.001144

0.001117

0.001174

0.001117

18

0.000316

0.000150

0.000327

0.000150

0.000017

0.000020

0.000019

0.000020

05

0.080149

0.042725

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF-ThisFcaseFisFsimulatedFforF5Feigenvalues, theF2FisFtheFminimumFvalue.

Critical Operation

105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40

2345 = 0.140354F1

IV.

W = XY

0.948 p.u

Voltage

07

Normal Operation

0.985 p.u

Voltage stability problem has been a widespread concern in

power systems as a result of heavier loadings. One procedure
of avoiding voltage instability is to shed load of the critical
buses/areas in the system. This paper is conducted on separate
aspect of voltage stability; proposed assessment index load
shedding via weak bus identification. The effectiveness of the
proposed assessment index is tested on two relative test systems
in normal and critical operations. The Jacobian matrix is
simplified through singular value decomposition and Pseudo-

T = U
V

Loading
0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300330360390420450

CONCLUSION

Z = [\ M !" = M47F#$
Figure 1. The aim of load shedding at bus 26



[2]

inverse (linear algebra). The coordination of all procedures of

the study can give a quick overview on the system steady state
voltage stability.
V.

[3]

APPENDIXES

Case A: IEEE-14 Bus test system single line diagram

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

Single line diagram of IEEE-14 Bus test system

[10]

Case B: 23-Bus system

In this system which is selected from NEPLAN [22], the
voltage stability of a 220 kV transmission network with five
power stations is analyzed. The module contains 23 buses.

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]
[19]
[20]
Single line diagram of 23 bus
[21]

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