Conversion of Units

Conversion of units
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Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of
measurement for the same quantity, typically through
multiplicativeconversion factors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Techniques
o 1.1 Process
o 1.2 Multiplication factors
o 1.3 Table ordering
2 Tables of conversion factors
o 2.1 Length
o 2.2 Area
o 2.3 Volume
o 2.4 Plane angle
o 2.5 Solid angle
o 2.6 Mass
o 2.7 Density
o 2.8 Time
o 2.9 Frequency
o 2.10 Speed or velocity
o 2.11 Flow (volume)
o 2.12 Acceleration
o 2.13 Force
o 2.14 Pressure or mechanical stress
o 2.15 Torque or moment of force
o
2.16 Energy
o 2.17 Power or heat flow rate
o 2.18 Action
2.19 Dynamic viscosity

o 2.20 Kinematic viscosity
o 2.21 Electric current
o 2.22 Electric charge
o 2.23 Electric dipole
o 2.24 Electromotive force, electric potential difference
o 2.25 Electrical resistance
o 2.26 Capacitance
o 2.27 Magnetic flux
o 2.28 Magnetic flux density
o 2.29 Inductance
o 2.30 Temperature
o 2.31 Information entropy
o 2.32 Luminous intensity
o 2.33 Luminance
o 2.34 Luminous flux
o 2.35 Illuminance
o 2.36 Radiation - source activity
o 2.37 Radiation - exposure
o 2.38 Radiation - absorbed dose
o 2.39 Radiation - equivalent dose
3 Software tools
o 3.1 General commercial sources of converters
4 In fiction
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Techniques[edit]
o
Process[edit]
The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the
intended purpose. This may be governed by
regulation, contract,Technical specifications or other
published standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors
as:
The precision and accuracy of measurement and the

associated uncertainty of measurement
The statistical confidence interval or tolerance interval of the initial

measurement
The number of significant figures of the measurement
The intended use of the measurement including the engineering
tolerances
Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be
exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first
measurement. This is sometimes called soft conversion. It does not
involve changing the physical configuration of the item being
measured.
By contrast, a hard conversion or an adaptive conversion may not be

exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and
workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves
a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the
item.Nominal values are sometimes allowed and used.
Multiplication factors[edit]
Conversion between units in the metric system can be discerned by
their prefixes (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000 grams, 1 milligram =
0.001 grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are
made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1
micron = 106 metre).
Table ordering[edit]
Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the SI units
(base or derived) are highlighted.
Tables of conversion factors[edit]
This article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of
physical quantities, which are listed in the index. For each physical
quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest)
are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit.
Legend
Symbol
Definition
exactly equal to
approximately equal to
digits
(H)
indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds

to 8.294369369369369)
of chiefly historical interest
Length[edit]
Length
Name of unit
angstrom
Symb
ol
Definition
11010 m
Relation to SI units
0.1 nm
astronomical unit AU
14959787070
0 m Distance
149597870700 m [1]
from Earth to
Sun
barleycorn (H)
= in (see note
above about
8.46103 m
rounding)
bohr, atomic unit

a0
of length
Bohr radius of 5.29177208591011 3.610

20
hydrogen
m[2]
cable length
(imperial)
cable
length(Internatio
nal)
cable length (US)
chain (Gunter's;
ch
Surveyor's)
cubit (H)
ell (H)
ell
fathom
fermi
finger
finger (cloth)
fm
fm
foot (Benot) (H)
ft
(Ben)
608 ft
185.3184 m
1/10 nmi
185.2 m
720 ft
66 ft(US)
4 rods [3]
Distance from
fingers to elbow
18 in
45 in [4] (In
England
usually)
6 ft [4]
11015 m[4]
7/8 in
4 in
= 219.456 m
= 1.143 m
= 1.8288 m
11015 m
= 0.022225 m
= 0.1143 m
0.304799735 m
foot (Clarke's)
ft
(H)
(Cla)
foot (Indian) (H) ft Ind
ft
0.3047972654 m
0.304799514 m
0.3048 m
1/3 yd
12 inches
ft
(Sear)
ft
foot (US Survey)
12003937 m [5]
(US)
french; charriere F
13 mm
foot (Sear's) (H)
0.5 m
Legally defined
as 1.033 English 0.314858 m
feet in 1859
foot (Cape) (H)
foot
(International)
20.11684 m
0.3048 m
0.30479947 m
0.304800610 m
= 0.3 103 m
furlong
fur
hand
inch (Internationa
in
l)
league (land)
lea
light-day
light-hour
light-minute
light-second
light-year
ly
line
ln
link (Gunter's;
lnk
Surveyor's)
link (Ramsden's;
lnk
Engineer's)
metre (SI base

unit)
mickey
10 chains =
660 ft = 220
yd [4]
4 in [4]
2.54 cm
1/36 yd 1/12 ft
3 US Statute
miles [3]
24 light-hours
60 lightminutes
60 lightseconds
Distance light
travels in one
second in
vacuum
Distance light
travels in
vacuum in
365.25 days [6]
1/12 in [7]
1/100 ch [4]
0.66 ft 7.92in
1 ft [4]
= 201.168 m
0.1016 m
.0254 m
= 4828.032 m
2.590206837121013 m
1.07925284881012 m
1.7987547481010 m
299792458 m
= 9.46073047258081015 m
= 0.002116 m
= 0.201168 m
= 0.3048 m
Distance light
travels
in 1299792458 of a
second in
1m
vacuum.[8]
110000000 of the
distance from
equator to pole.
1200 in
= 1.27104 m
micron
mil; thou
mil
mil (Sweden and
mil
Norway)
mile
(geographical)(H
)
mile (internationa
mi
l)
mile (tactical or
data)
mile (telegraph)
(H)
mi
1103 in
1106 m
2.54105 m
10 km
= 10000 m
6082 ft
= 1853.7936 m
80 chains
5280 ft
1760 yd
1609.344 m
6000 ft
1828.8 m
6087 ft
= 1855.3176 m
5280 US
Survey feet
mile (US Survey) mi
(5280 12003937)
m
nail (cloth)
2 in [4]
nanometer
nm
1109 m
nautical league NL; nl 3 nmi [4]
NM
nautical mile
(Adm)
= 6080 ft
(Admiralty)
; nmi
(Adm)
nautical
NM;
mile(internationa
1852 m [9]
nmi
l)
nautical mile (US
1853.248 m
pre 1954)
pace
2.5 ft [4]
palm
3 in [4]
Distance of star
parsec
pc
with parallax
1609.347219 m
= 0.057 15 m
1109 m
= 5556 m
= 1853.184 m
1852 m
1853.248 m
= 0.762 m
= 0.0762 m
3.085 677 821016
6106 m [10]
pica
point (American,
pt
English) [11][12]
point (Didot;
pt
European) [12][13]
point
(PostScript)[11]
point (TeX) [11]
quarter
rod; pole; perch
(H)
rope (H)
span (H)
spat [14]
stick (H)
stigma; bicron
(picometre)
twip
x unit; siegbahn
yard (Internation
al)
Area[edit]
shift of one
arc second from
a base of one
astronomical
unit
12 points
Dependent on point measures.
1/72.272 in
0.000 351 450 m
1/12 1/72
of pied du roi;
0.000 375 97 m;
After 1878:
5/133 cm
After 1878:
0.000 375 939 85 m
pt
1/72 in
= 0.000 352 7 m
pt
1/72.27 in
yd
= 0.000 351 4598 m

= 0.2286 m
rd
16 ft
= 5.0292 m
rope
20 ft [4]
9 in [4]
= 6.096 m
= 0.2286 m
11012 m
= 0.0508 m
2 in
11012 m
pm
twp
xu
yd
1/1440 in
= 1.7638105 m
1.00211013 m [4]
0.9144 m [5]
0.9144 m
3 ft 36 in
Area
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
ac
1 ch 10 ch
= 4840 sq yd
acre (U. S. survey)
ac
10 sq ch
= 4840 sq yd,
4 046.873 m2 [15]
also 43560 sq ft.
are
100 m2
= 100 m2
barn
1028 m2
= 1028 m2
4000 ac
1.618 742107 m2
acre (international)
barony
board
boiler horsepower
equivalent direct radiation
circular inch
circular mil; circular thou
cord
dunam
guntha
hectare
hide
rood
section
4 046.856
4224 m2
1 in 1 ft
= 7.741 92103 m2
(1 ft2) (1 bhp) /
12.958 174 m2
(240 BTUIT/h)
5.067
circ in /4 sq in
075104 m2
5.067
circ mil /4 mil2
0751010 m2
192 bd
= 1.486 448 64 m2
1 000 m2
= 1 000 m2
121 sq yd
101.17 m2
ha
10 000 m2
10 000 m2
120 ac
5105 m2
(variable)
= 1 011.714
ro
ac
1056 m2
1 mi 1 mi
= 2.589 988 110
bd
bhp
EDR
shed
square (roofing)
square chain (international) sq ch
square chain (US Survey)
sq ch
square foot
sq ft
square foot (US Survey)
sq ft
square inch
square kilometre
square link
(Gunter's)(International)
sq in
km2
sq lnk
square link (Gunter's)(US

Survey)
sq lnk
square link (Ramsden's)
sq lnk
square metre (SI unit)

square mil; square thou
m2
sq mil
square mile
sq mi
square mile (US Survey)
sq mi
square rod/pole/perch
square yard (International)
stremma
township
yardland
Volume[edit]
sq rd
sq yd
336106 m2
1052 m2
= 1052 m2
10 ft 10 ft
= 9.290 304 m2
66 ft 66 ft = 404.685 642
1/10 ac
24 m2
66 ft(US)
66 ft(US) = 1/10 404.687 3 m2
ac
9.290
1 ft 1 ft
304102 m2
1 ft (US) 1 ft 9.290 341 161
(US)
327 49102 m2
1 in 1 in
6.4516104 m2
1 km 1 km = 106 m2
1 lnk 1 lnk = 4.046 856
0.66 ft 0.66 ft 4224102 m2
1 lnk 1 lnk
4.046
0.66 ft(US)
872102 m2
0.66 ft(US)
1 lnk 1 lnk
= 0.09290304 m2
1 ft 1 ft
1m1m
= 1 m2
1 mil 1 mil = 6.45161010 m2
= 2.589 988 110
1 mi 1 mi
336106 m2
1 mi (US)
2.589 998
1 mi (US)
47106 m2
1 rd 1 rd
= 25.292 852 64 m2
1 yd 1 yd
0.836 127 36 m2
1 000 m2
= 1 000 m2
36 sq mi (US) 9.323 994107 m2
30 ac
1.2105 m2
Volume
Name of unit
acre-foot
Symbol
ac ft
Definition
1 ac x 1 ft = 43 = 1 233.481 837 547

560 ft3
52 m3
1 ac 1 in
acre-inch
= 102.790 153 128

96 m3
= 0.163 659 24 m3
barrel (imperial)
bl (imp) 36 gal (imp)
barrel (petroleum)
bl; bbl
barrel (US dry)
105 qt (US) =
bl (US) 105/32 bu (US
lvl)
= 0.115 628 198 985

075 m3
barrel (US fluid)
fl bl
(US)
31 gal (US)
= 0.119 240 471

196 m3
board-foot
fbm
144 cu in
2.359 737
216103 m3
bucket (imperial)
bushel (imperial)
bkt
4 gal (imp)
bu (imp) 8 gal (imp)
bushel (US dry heaped)

bushel (US dry level)
butt, pipe
42 gal (US)
= 0.158 987 294

928 m3
= 0.018 184 36 m3
= 0.036 368 72 m3
= 0.044 048 837
bu (US) 1 bu (US lvl)
7086 m3
bu (US
= 0.035 239 070 166
2 150.42 cu in
lvl)
88 m3
= 0.476 961 884
126 gal (wine)
784 m3
= 0.145 474 88 m3
= 3.624 556 363
8 ft 4 ft 4 ft
776 m3
= 0.453 069 545
16 cu ft
472 m3
1 fm 1 fm 1 = 6.116 438 863
fm
872 m3
0.028 316 846
1 ft 1 ft 1 ft
592 m3
1 in 1 in 1 16.387
in
064106 m3
1m1m1
1 m3
m
1 mi 1 mi 4 168 181 825.440
1 mi
579 584 m3
0.764 554 857
27 cu ft
984 m3
= 284.130
10 fl oz (imp)
625106 m3
8 fl oz (imp)
= 227.3045106 m3
250.0106 m3 = 250.0106 m3
8 US fl oz
= 236.588
1/16 gal (US)
2365106 m3
4 bu (imp)
coomb
cord (firewood)
cord-foot
cubic fathom
cu fm
cubic foot
cu ft
cubic inch
cu in
cubic metre (SI unit)
m3
cubic mile
cu mi
cubic yard
cu yd
cup (breakfast)
cup (Canadian)
cup (metric)
c (CA)
c
cup (US customary)
c (US)
cup (US food nutrition

labeling)
c (US)
240 mL[16]
1/384 gi (imp)
= pinch (imp)
1/96 US fl oz =
US pinch
dash (imperial)
dash (US)
dessertspoon (imperial)
drop (imperial)
gtt
drop (imperial) (alt)
gtt
= 2.4104 m3
= 369.961 751 302

08 3109 m3
= 308.057 599 609
375109 m3
= 11.838 776
1/12 gi (imp)
0416106 m3
1/288 fl oz
= 98.656 467
(imp)
013 8109 m3
1/1 824 gi (imp) 77.886
0.9964/12 ml
1/12 ml
1/20 mL
drop (medical)
drop (medical)
drop (metric)
drop (US)
gtt
1/360 US fl oz
drop (US) (alt)
gtt
1/456 US fl oz
drop (US) (alt)
gtt
1/576 US fl oz
fifth
1/5 US gal
firkin
9 gal (US)
fluid drachm (imperial)
fl dr
fl oz (imp)
fluid dram (US); US

fluidram
fl dr
US fl oz
fluid scruple (imperial)
fl s
1/24 fl oz (imp)
gallon (beer)
beer gal 282 cu in
gallon (imperial)
gal
(imp)
gallon (US dry)
gal (US) bu (US lvl)
gallon (US fluid; Wine)
gal (US) 231 cu in
gill (imperial); Noggin
gi (imp);
5 fl oz (imp)
nog
gill (US)
gi (US) 4 US fl oz
hogshead (imperial)
hhd
(imp)
4.546 09 L
2 bl (imp)
684109 m3
= 83.03109 m3
= 83.3109 m3
= 50.0109 m3
= 82.148 693
22916109 m3
64.854 231 496
71109 m3
51.342 933 268
23109 m3
= 757.082
3568106 m3
= 0.034 068 706
056 m3
= 3.551 632
8125106 m3
= 3.696 691 195
3125106 m3
= 1.183 877
60416106 m3
= 4.621 152
048103 m3
4.546 09103 m3
= 4.404 883 770
86103 m3
3.785 411
784103 m3
= 142.065
3125106 m3
= 118.294 118
25106 m3
= 0.327 318 48 m3
hogshead (US)
jigger (bartending)
kilderkin
lambda
last
litre
load
hhd
(US)
minim (imperial)
min
minim (US)
min
ounce (fluid imperial)

ounce (fluid US
customary)
ounce (fluid US food
nutrition labeling)
peck (imperial)
peck (US dry)
perch
pinch (imperial)
pinch (US)
pint (imperial)
pint (US dry)
pint (US fluid)
2 fl bl (US)
1 US fl oz
18 gal (imp)
1 mm3
80 bu (imp)
1 dm3 [17]
50 cu ft
1/480 fl oz
(imp) = 1/60 fl dr
(imp)
1/480 US fl oz
= 1/60 US fl dr
= 0.238 480 942

392 m3
44.36106 m3
= 0.081 829 62 m3
= 1109 m3
= 2.909 4976 m3
0.001 m3
= 1.415 842 3296 m3
= 59.193 880
208 3109 m3
= 61.611 519 921

875109 m3
fl oz
28.413
1/160 gal (imp)
(imp)
0625106 m3
29.573 529
US fl oz 1/128 gal (US)
5625106 m3
US fl oz 30 mL[16]
3105 m3
= 9.092 18103 m3
= 8.809 767 541
pk
US lvl bu
72103 m3
16 ft 1 ft = 0.700 841 953
per
1 ft
152 m3
1/192 gi (imp) = 739.923 502
= tsp (imp)
60416109 m3
1/48 US fl oz = = 616.115 199 218
US tsp
75109 m3
= 568.261
pt (imp) gal (imp)
25106 m3
pt (US 1/64 bu (US lvl) = 550.610 471
dry)
gal (US dry) 3575106 m3
pt (US gal (US)
= 473.176
pk
2 gal (imp)
fl)
pony
3/4 US fl oz
pottle; quartern
gal (imp) =
80 fl oz (imp)
quart (imperial)
quart (US dry)
quart (US fluid)
quarter; pail
register ton
sack (imperial); bag
sack (US)
seam
shot
strike (imperial)
strike (US)
473106 m3
= 22.180 147 171
875106 m3
= 2.273 045103 m3
= 1.136
5225103 m3
1/32 bu (US lvl) = 1.101 220 942
qt (US)
= gal (US dry) 715103 m3
= 946.352
qt (US) gal (US fl)
946106 m3
8 bu (imp)
= 0.290 949 76 m3
100 cu ft
= 2.831 684 6592 m3
= 0.109 106
3 bu (imp)
16 m3[citation needed]
= 0.105 717 210 500
3 bu (US lvl)
64 m3
= 0.281 912 561 335
8 bu (US lvl)
04 m3[citation needed]
1 US fl oz
29.57106 m3
2 bu (imp)
= 0.072 737 44 m3
= 0.070 478 140 333
2 bu (US lvl)
76 m3
qt (imp) gal (imp)
tablespoon (Australian
metric)
20.0106 m3
tablespoon (Canadian)
tbsp
fl oz (imp)
tablespoon (imperial)
tbsp
5/8 fl oz (imp)
tablespoon (metric)
tablespoon (US
customary)
tablespoon (US food
tbsp
US fl oz
tbsp
15 mL[16]
= 14.206 531
25106 m3
= 17.758 164
0625106 m3
15.0106 m3
= 14.786 764
7825106 m3
= 1.5105 m3
nutrition labeling)
teaspoon (Canadian)
tsp
1/6 fl oz (imp)
teaspoon (imperial)
tsp
1/24 gi (imp)
= 4.735 510
416106 m3
= 5.919 388
02083106 m3
= 5.0106 m3
= 4.928 921
595106 m3
teaspoon (metric)
5.0106 m3
teaspoon (US customary) tsp
1/6 US fl oz
teaspoon (US food

nutrition labeling)
5 mL[16]
= 5106 m3
timber foot
1 cu ft
ton (displacement)
35 cu ft
ton (freight)
40 cu ft
ton (water)
28 bu (imp)
tun
252 gal (wine)
wey (US)
40 bu (US lvl)
= 0.028 316 846

592 m3
= 0.991 089 630
72 m3
= 1.132 673 863
68 m3
= 1.018 324 16 m3
= 0.953 923 769
568 m3
= 1.409 562 806
6752 m3
tsp
Plane angle[edit]
Plane angle
Name of unit
angular mil
Symbol
Definition
2/6400 rad
arcminute; MOA '
1/60
arcsecond
1/3600
"
Relation to
SI units
0.981
748103 rad
0.290
888103 rad
4.848
137106 rad
centesimalminute
'
of arc
centesimalsecond
"
of arc
degree (of arc)
grad; gradian; gon grad

octant
quadrant
radian (SI unit)
rad
sextant
sign
0.157
080103 rad
1.570
1 grad/(10 000)
796106 rad
1/360 of a revolution /180 17.453
rad
293103 rad
1/400 of a revolution 2/400 15.707
rad 0.9
963103 rad
0.785
45
398 rad
1.570
90
796 rad
The angle subtended at the center
of a circle by an arc whose length
is equal to the circle's radius. One = 1 rad
full revolution encompasses 2
radians.
1.047
60
198 rad
0.523
30
599 rad
1 grad/100
Solid angle[edit]
Solid angle
Name of
unit
square
degree
Symbol
deg;
sq.deg.;
()
steradian(SI
sr
unit)
Definition
(/180) sr
Relation to SI
units
0.30462103 sr
The solid angle subtended at the

center of a sphere of radius r by a = 1 sr
portion of the surface of the sphere
having an area r2. A sphere

encompasses 4 sr.[14]
Mass[edit]
Notes:
See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion.

Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces,
while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces
equals one troy pound.
In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in
order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams.
In physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to
distinguish it from the pound-force (lbf). It should not be read as
the mongrel unit "pound metre".
Mass
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
atomic mass unit, unified u; AMU

atomic unit of
me
mass, electron rest mass
60 kg
94 lb av
22 sh tn
bag (coffee)
bag (Portland cement)
barge
carat
kt
3 1/6 gr
carat (metric)
clove
crith
dalton
ct
200 mg
8 lb av
Da
Relation to SI
units
1.660 538
731027
1.31036 kg
9.109 382
151031
451039kg [18]
= 60 kg
= 42.637 682 78 kg
= 20 411.656 65 kg
205.196 548
333 mg
= 200 mg
= 3.628 738 96 kg
89.9349 mg
1.660 902
dram (apothecary; troy)
dr t
60 gr
dram (avoirdupois)
dr av
27 11/32 gr
electronvolt
eV
gamma
grain
gr
grave
hundredweight (long)
long cwt
112 lb av
or cwt
hundredweight (short);
cental
sh cwt
100 lb av
oz t
oz av
mass of the
prototype near Paris
( mass of 1L of
water)
1000 lb av
8 oz t
1/20 gr
1/20 g
1/12 lb t
1/16 lb
oz
28 g[16]
kilogram
kg
kip
mark
mite
mite (metric)
ounce (apothecary; troy)
ounce (avoirdupois)
ounce (US food nutrition
labeling)
pennyweight
point
pound
kip
pound (avoirdupois)
1 eV (energy
unit) / c2
1 g
1/7000 lb av
grave was the
original name of the
kilogram
dwt; pwt 1/20 oz t

1/100 ct
lb
slugft/s2
0.453 592 37 kg
lb av
= 7000 grains
101027
1.31036 kg
= 3.887 9346 g
= 1.771 845 195
3125 g
= 1.78261036 kg
= 1 g
64.798 91 mg
1 kg
= 50.802 345 44 kg
= 45.359 237 kg
1 kg (SI base
unit)[8]
= 453.592 37 kg
= 248.827 8144 g
= 3.239 9455 mg
= 50 mg
= 31.103 4768 g
= 28.349 523 125 g
= 28 g
= 1.555 173 84 g
= 2 mg
= 0.45359237 kg
0.453 592 37 kg
500 g
pound (metric)
pound (troy)
5 760 grains
lb t
1/4 long cwt = 2

st = 28 lb av
short tn
long tn
100 kg
20 gr
1/700 lb av
1 gee 1 lb av
1 s2/ft
14 lb av
1 mg 1 long tn
1 oz t
1 mg 1 sh tn
1 oz t
quarter (imperial)
quarter (informal)
quarter, long (informal)
quintal (metric)
scruple (apothecary)
sheet
q
s ap
slug; geepound; hyl
slug
stone
st
ton, assay (long)
AT
ton, assay (short)
AT
ton, long
ton, short
tonne (mts unit)
long tn
or ton
sh tn
t
2 240 lb
2 000 lb
1 000 kg
252 lb = 18 st
wey
Zentner
Ztr.
= 500 g
= 0.373 241
7216 kg
= 12.700 586 36 kg
= 226.796 185 kg
= 254.011 7272 kg
= 100 kg
= 1.295 9782 g
= 647.9891 mg
14.593 903 kg
= 6.350 293 18 kg
32.666 667 g
29.166 667 g
= 1 016.046
9088 kg
= 907.184 74 kg
= 1 000 kg
= 114.305 277
24 kg (variants
exist)
Definitions vary;
see [19] and.[14]
Density[edit]
Density
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
g/mL
g/mL
= 1,000 kg/m3
kilogram per cubic metre (SI

kg/m3
unit)
kg/m3
= 1 kg/m3
kilogram per litre
kg/L
kg/L
= 1,000 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic

oz/ft3
foot
oz/ft3
1.001153961 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic

oz/in3
inch
oz/in3
1.729994044103 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per

gallon (imperial)
oz/gal
oz/gal
6.236023291 kg/m3
ounce (avoirdupois) per

gallon (US fluid)
oz/gal
oz/gal
7.489151707 kg/m3
pound (avoirdupois) per

cubic foot
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
16.01846337 kg/m3

cubic inch
lb/in3
lb/in3
2.767990471104 kg/m3

gallon (imperial)
lb/gal
lb/gal
99.77637266 kg/m3

gallon (US fluid)
lb/gal
lb/gal
119.8264273 kg/m3
gram per millilitre
slug per cubic foot
slug/ft3 slug/ft3 515.3788184 kg/m3
Time[edit]
Time
Name of unit
atomic unit of
time
Symbol
au
Callippic cycle
century
day
day (sidereal)
decade
dec
fortnight
helek
fn
a0/(c)
441 mo (hollow) + 499 mo
(full) = 76 a of 365.25 d
100 a (see below for
definition of year length)
= 24 h
Time needed for the Earth to
rotate once around its axis,
determined from successive
transits of a very distant
astronomical object across an
observer's meridian
(International Celestial
Reference Frame)
10 a (see below for definition
of year length)
2 wk
1/1 080 h
4 Callippic cycles - 1 d
Hipparchic cycle
hour
jiffy
Definition
h
j
60 min
1/60 s
Relation to SI
units
2.418 884
2541017s
= 2.398
3776109 s
= 100 years
= 1440 min
=86400 s
86 164.1 s
= 10 years
= 1 209 600 s
= 3.3 s
= 9.593
424109 s
= 3 600 s
= .016 s
jiffy (alternate)
ja
1/100 s
ke (quarter of an
hour)
h = 1/96 d
ke (traditional)
1/100 d
lustre; lustrum
Metonic cycle;
enneadecaeteris
5 a of 365 d
110 mo (hollow) + 125 mo
(full) = 6940 d 19 a
1 000 a (see below for
definition of year length)
millennium
milliday
minute
moment
month (full)
md
min
mo
month (Greg.
av.)
mo
month (hollow)
mo
month (synodic) mo
octaeteris
60 s, due to leap
seconds sometimes 59 s or 61
s,
90 s
30 d[20]
Average Gregorian month = 1
a (Gregorian average) / 12
= 365.242 5 d / 12 =30.436
875 d
29 d[20]
Cycle time of moon phases
29.530 589 d (Average)
= 48 mo (full) + 48 mo
(hollow) + 3 mo (full)[21][22] = 8
a of 365.25 d = 2922 d
(G/c5)
Planck time
second
1/1 000 d
= 10 ms
= 60 60 / 4 s =
900 s = 60 / 4
min = 15 min
= 24 60 60 /
100 s = 864 s =
24 * 60 / 100 min
= 14.4 min
= 1.5768108 s
= 5.996 16108 s
= 1000 years
= 24 60 60 /1
000 s = 86.4 s
= 60 s
= 90 s
= 2 592 000 s
2.6297106 s
= 2 505 600 s
2.551106 s
= 2.524
608108 s
1.351 211
8681043s
time of 9 192 631 770 periods

(SI base unit)
of the radiation corresponding
to the transition between the 2

hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the caesium 133 atom
at 0 K[8](but other seconds are
sometimes used in astronomy).
Also that time it takes for light
to travel a distance of
299,792,458 meters.
shake
108 s
= 10 ns
sigma
106 s
= 1 s
= 4.607
Sothic cycle
1 461 a of 365 d
40961010 s
svedberg
S
1013 s
= 100 fs
= 168 h = 10
week
wk
7d
080 min = 604
800 s
= 365.2425 d average,
calculated from common years
a,
year (Gregorian)
(365 d) plus leap years (366 d) = 31 556 952 s
y, oryr
on most years divisible by 4.
See leap year for details.
= 365.25 d average, calculated
a,
from common years (365 d)
year (Julian)
= 31 557 600 s
y, oryr plus one leap year (366 d)
every four years
time taken for Sun to return
365.256 363 d
a,
to the same position with
year (sidereal)
31 558
y, oryr respect to the stars of the
149.7632 s
celestial sphere
Length of time it takes for
a,
365.242 190 d
year (tropical)
the Sun to return to the same
y, oryr
31 556 925 s
position in the cycle of seasons
Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may
increase or decrease by 1 s if a leap second occurs during the time interval of
interest.
Frequency[edit]
Frequency
Name of unit Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
hertz (SI unit) Hz
Number of cycles per second = 1 Hz = 1/s
revolutions
per minute
One unit rpm equals one

rotation completed around a
0.104719755 rad/s
fixed axis in one minute of time.
rpm
Speed or velocity[edit]
Speed
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
foot perhour
fph
1 ft/h
foot perminute
fpm
1 ft/min
foot persecond
fps
1 ft/s
furlong/fortnight
furlong perfortnight
inch perhour
iph
1 in/hr
inch perminute
ipm
1 in/min
inch persecond
ips
1 in/s
kilometre per hour km/h
1 km/h
Relation to SI
units
8.466
667105m/s
=
5.08103 m/s
=
3.048101m/s
1.663
095104m/s
7.05
556106m/s
4.23
333104m/s
=
2.54102 m/s
= 1/3.6 m/s
2.777
knot
kn, kt
knot(Admiralty)
kn
mach number
metre per
second (SI unit)
mile per hour
mile perminute
778101m/s
0.514
444 m/s
= 0.514
773 m/s
1 NM/h = 1.852 km/h
1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853
184 km/h[citation needed]
Ratio of the speed to the speed
of sound in the medium.
Varies especially with
340 to
temperature. About 1225 km/h
295 m/s for
(761 mph) in air at sea level to
aircraft
about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at
jet altitudes (12,200 metres
(40,000 ft)).[23] Unitless
m/s
1 m/s
= 1 m/s
mph
mpm
1 mi/h
1 mi/min
mile persecond
mps
1 mi/s
speed of light in
vacuum
299 792 458 m/s
= 0.447 04 m/s
= 26.8224 m/s
=1
609.344 m/s
= 299 792
458 m/s
Varies especially with

temperature. About 1225 km/h
(761 mph) in air at sea level to
about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at
jet altitudes.
speed of sound in
air
340 to
295 m/s at
aircraft
altitudes
A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed

part of the velocity takes units of speed.
Flow (volume)[edit]
Flow
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
CFM[citation
needed]
1 ft3/min = 4.719474432104 m3/s
cubic foot per second
ft3/s
1 ft3/s
= 0.028316846592 m3/s
cubic inch per minute
in3/min
1
in3/min
= 2.7311773107 m3/s
cubic inch per second

cubic metre per second
(SI unit)
gallon (US fluid) per
day
hour
minute
in3/s
1 in3/s
= 1.6387064105 m3/s
m3/s
1 m3/s
= 1 m3/s
1 gal/d
= 4.381263638108 m3/s
1 gal/h
= 1.051503273106 m3/s
1
gal/min
= 6.30901964105 m3/s
cubic foot per minute
litre per minute
GPD[citation
needed]
GPH[citation
needed]
GPM[citation
needed]
LPM[citation
needed]
1 L/min = 1.6105 m3/s
Acceleration[edit]
Acceleration
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
8.466
667105 m/s2
foot per hour per second
fph/s
1 ft/(hs)
foot per minute per second

foot per second squared
gal; galileo
fpm/s
fps2
Gal
inch per minute per second
ipm/s
inch per second squared
ips2
1 ft/(mins) = 5.08103 m/s2

1 ft/s2
= 3.048101 m/s2
1 cm/s2
= 102 m/s2
4.233
1 in/(mins)
333104 m/s2
1 in/s2
= 2.54102 m/s2
knot per second
kn/s
1 kn/s
5.144
444101 m/s2
metre per second squared (SI

unit)
mile per hour per second
mile per minute per second
m/s2
1 m/s2
= 1 m/s2
mile per second squared

standard gravity
mph/s 1 mi/(hs) = 4.4704101 m/s2

mpm/s 1 mi/(mins) = 26.8224 m/s2
= 1.609
mps2
1 mi/s2
344103 m/s2
9.806
g
= 9.806 65 m/s2
2
65 m/s
Force[edit]
Force
Name of unit
Symbol
atomic unit of force

dyne (cgs unit)
kilogram-force;
kilopond;graveforce
dyn
Definition
Relation to SI
units
me2c2/a0
8.238 722
06108 N[24]
gcm/s2
= 105 N
kgf; kp;
g 1 kg
Gf
= 9.806 65 N
kip; kip-force
kip;
kipf;
klbf
=4.448 221 615

2605103N
milligrave-force,
gravet-force
mGf; gf 'g' 1 g
newton (SI unit)
ounce-force
ozf
g 1 000 lb
= 9.806 65 mN
A force capable of giving a

mass of one kg an
=1N=
acceleration of one metre per 1 kgm/s2
second, per second.[25]
=0.278 013 850
g 1 oz
953 7812N
pound-force
lbf
g 1 lb
poundal
pdl
1 lbft/s2
sthene (mts unit)
sn
1 tm/s2
ton-force
tnf
g 1 sh tn
= 4.448 221
615 2605 N
= 0.138 254
954 376 N
= 1103 N
=8.896 443 230
521103N
See also: Conversion between weight (force) and mass

Pressure or mechanical stress[edit]
Pressure
Name of unit
Symbol
atmosphere (standard)
atm
atmosphere (technical)
at
bar
barye (cgs unit)
bar
centimetre of mercury
centimetre of water (4
C)
foot of mercury
(conventional)
foot of water (39.2 F)
inch of mercury
(conventional)
inch of water (39.2 F)
Definition
Relation to SI
units
101 325 Pa [26]
1 kgf/cm2
= 9.806
65104 Pa [26]
105 Pa
1 dyn/cm2
= 0.1 Pa
13 595.1 kg/m3
1.333
cmHg
1 cm g
22103 Pa [26]
999.972 kg/m3
98.063 8
cmH2O
1 cm g
Pa [26]
13 595.1 kg/m3 1 ft 40.636
ftHg
g
66103 Pa [26]
999.972 kg/m3 1 ft 2.988
ftH2O
g
98103 Pa [26]
13 595.1 kg/m3 1 3.386
inHg
in g
389103 Pa [26]
999.972 kg/m3 1 in
inH2O
249.082 Pa [26]
g
kilogram-force per
square millimetre
kgf/mm2 1 kgf/mm2
kip per square inch
ksi
1 kipf/sq in
13 595.1 kg/m3 1
mHg
m g 0.001 torr
13 595.1 kg/m3
millimetre of mercury
mmHg
1 mm g 1 torr
999.972 kg/m3
millimetre of water (3.98
mmH2O 1 mm g = 0.999
C)
972 kgf/m2
pascal (SI unit)
Pa
N/m2 = kg/(ms2)
micron (micrometre) of
mercury
pize (mts unit)
pz
1 000 kg/ms2
pound per square foot
psf
1 lbf/ft2
pound per square inch
psi
1 lbf/in2
poundal per square foot
pdl/sq ft 1 pdl/sq ft
1 sh tn g / 1 sq ft
short ton per square foot

torr
torr
101 325/760 Pa
= 9.806
65106 Pa [26]
6.894
757106 Pa [26]
0.133 322
4 Pa [26]
133.3224
Pa [26]
= 9.806 38 Pa
= 1 Pa [27]
= 1103 Pa = 1
kPa
47.880
26 Pa [26]
6.894
757103 Pa [26]
1.488
164 Pa [26]
95.760
518103 Pa
133.322 4
Pa [26]
Torque or moment of force[edit]

Torque
Name of unit
foot-pound force
Symbol
ft lbf
Definition
g 1 lb 1 ft
= 1.355 817 948 331
4004 Nm
foot-poundal
ft pdl
1 lbft2/s2
= 4.214 011 009 380

48102 Nm
inch-pound force
in lbf
g 1 lb 1 in
metre kilogram
Newton metre (SI
unit)
Energy[edit]
m kg
Nm/g
Nm=
kgm2/s2
= 0.112 984 829 027

6167 Nm
0.101 971 621 Nm
Nm
= 1 Nm
Energy
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
barrel of oil equivalent boe
5.8106 BTU59 F
6.12109 J
British thermal
unit (ISO)
British thermal unit
(International Table)
(mean)
(thermochemical)
British thermal unit (39
F)
F)
F)
F)
calorie (International
Table)
1.0545103 J
= 1.0545103 J
BTUISO
BTUIT
= 1.055 055 852

62103 J
BTUmean
1.055 87103 J
BTUth
1.054
350103 J
BTU39 F
1.059 67103 J
BTU59 F 1.054 804103 J
= 1.054
804103 J
BTU60 F
1.054 68103 J
BTU63 F
1.0546103 J
calIT
4.1868 J
= 4.1868 J
calorie (mean)
calorie
(thermochemical)
calorie (3.98 C)
calorie (15 C)
calorie (20 C)
Celsius heat unit
(International Table)
cubic centimetre
ofatmosphere; standard
cubic centimetre
cubic foot of
atmosphere; standard
cubic foot
cubic foot of natural
gas
cubic yard of
atmosphere; standard
cubic yard
calmean
100 of the energy

required to warm one
gram of air-free water 4.190 02 J
from 0 C to 100 C @
1 atm
calth
4.184 J
= 4.184 J
cal3.98 C
cal15 C
cal20 C
4.1855 J
CHUIT
1 BTUIT 1 K/R
4.2045 J
= 4.1855 J
4.1819 J
= 1.899 100 534
716103 J
cc atm;
scc
1 atm 1 cm3
= 0.101 325 J
cu ft atm;
1 atm 1 ft3
scf
= 2.869 204 480

9344103 J
1 000 BTUIT
= 1.055 055 852

62106 J
cu yd
1 atm 1 yd3
atm; scy
electronvolt
eV
e1V
erg (cgs unit)
erg
1 gcm2/s2
foot-pound force
ft lbf
g 1 lb 1 ft
foot-poundal
ft pdl
1 lbft2/s2
gallon-atmosphere
(imperial)
gallon-atmosphere
imp gal
atm
US gal
1 atm 1 gal (imp)

1 atm 1 gal (US)
= 77.468 520 985

2288103 J
1.602 177
331019
4.91026 J
= 107 J
= 1.355 817 948
331 4004 J
= 4.214 011 009
380 48102 J
= 460.632 569
25 J
= 383.556 849
(US)
atm
hartree, atomic unit of
Eh
energy
me2c2 (= 2 Ry)
0138 J
4.359
7441018 J
=2.684 519 537
696 172
792106J
= 0.112 984 829
027 6167 J
horsepower-hour
hph
1 hp 1 h
inch-pound force
in lbf
g 1 lb 1 in
The work done when a

force of one newton
moves the point of its = 1 J = 1 mN =
application a distance 1 kgm2/s2 =
of one metre in the
1 CV = 1 Ws
direction of the
force.[25]
joule (SI unit)
kilocalorie;
kcal; Cal 1 000 calIT
large calorie
kilowatt-hour; Board of kWh;
1 kW 1 h
Trade Unit
B.O.T.U.
litre-atmosphere
l atm; sl 1 atm 1 L
1015 BTUIT
quad
rydberg
Ry
Rc
therm (E.C.)
100 000 BTUIT
therm (US)
thermie
th
ton of coal equivalent TCE
ton of oil equivalent
TOE
ton of TNT
tTNT
Power or heat flow rate[edit]
100 000 BTU59 F

1 McalIT
7 Gcalth
10 Gcalth
1 Gcalth
Power
= 4.1868103 J
= 3.6106 J
= 101.325 J
= 1.055 055 852
621018 J
2.179
8721018 J
= 105.505 585
262106 J
= 105.4804106 J
= 4.1868106 J
= 29.288109 J
= 41.84109 J
= 4.184109 J
Name of unit
atmosphere-cubic
centimetre per minute
atmosphere-cubic
centimetre per second
atmospherecubic foot per hour
atmosphere-cubic foot
per minute
atmosphere-cubic foot
per second
BTU (International
Table) per hour
BTU (International
Table) per minute
BTU (International
Table) per second
calorie (International
Table) per second
erg per second
foot-pound-force per
hour
minute
second
horsepower (boiler)
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
atm ccm
1 atm 1 cm3/min
= 1.688
75103 W
atm ccs
1 atm 1 cm3/s
= 0.101 325 W
atm cfh
1 atm 1 cu ft/h
atmcfm
atm cfs
BTUIT/h
= 0.797 001 244

704 W
= 47.820 074
1 atm 1 cu ft/min
682 24 W
= 2.869 204 480
1 atm 1 cu ft/s
9344103W
1 BTUIT/h
BTUIT/min 1 BTUIT/min
0.293 071 W
17.584 264 W
BTUIT/s
1 BTUIT/s
= 1.055 055 852

62103 W
calIT/s
1 calIT/s
= 4.1868 W
erg/s
1 erg/s
ft lbf/h
1 ft lbf/h
ft lbf/s
1 ft lbf/s
bhp
34.5 lb/h 970.3

BTUIT/lb
= 107 W
3.766
161104 W
=2.259 696 580
552 334102W
= 1.355 817 948
331 4004 W
9.810
657103 W
75 kpm/s
= 736 W
746 W
= 746 W
ft lbf/min 1 ft lbf/min
horsepower (European
hp
electrical)
horsepower (imperial hp
electrical)
horsepower (imperial
mechanical)
horsepower (metric)
litre-atmosphere per
minute
litre-atmosphere per
second
lusec
poncelet
square foot equivalent
direct radiation
hp
550 ft lbf/s
hp
75 m kgf/s
Latm/min 1 atm 1 L/min
= 1.688 75 W
Latm/s
1 atm 1 L/s
= 101.325 W
lusec
p
1 LmHg/s [14]
100 m kgf/s
1.333104 W
= 980.665 W
sq ft EDR 240 BTUIT/h
ton of air conditioning

ton of refrigeration
(imperial)
ton of refrigeration (IT)
watt (SI unit)
= 745.699 871
582 270 22 W
= 735.498 75 W
2000 lbs of ice

melted / 24 h
2240 lb iceIT / 24
h: iceIT = 144F
2326 J/kg.F
200 lbs iceIT / 24
h: iceIT = 144 2326
J/kg.F
The power which in
one second of time
gives rise to one joule
of energy.[25]
70.337 057 W
3 504 W
3.938
875103 W
3.516
853103 W
= 1 W = 1 J/s =
1 Nm/s =
1 kgm2/s3
Action[edit]
Action
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
atomic unit of action au

Dynamic viscosity[edit]
/2 1.054 571 681034 Js[28]
Dynamic viscosity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
pascal second (SI unit)
Pas
Ns/m2,
kg/(ms)
poise (cgs unit)
1 baryes
pound per foot hour
lb/(fth) 1 lb/(fth)
pound per foot second

lb/(fts) 1 lb/(fts)
pound-force second per
lbfs/ft2 1 lbfs/ft2
square foot
pound-force second per
lbfs/in2 1 lbfs/in2
square inch
Kinematic viscosity[edit]
= 1 Pas
= 0.1 Pas
4.133
789104 Pas
1.488164 Pas
47.88026 Pas
6,894.757 Pas
Kinematic viscosity
Name of unit
Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

ft2/s
1 ft2/s
= 0.09290304 m2/s
square metre per second (SI unit) m2/s
1 m2/s
= 1 m2/s
stokes (cgs unit)
104 m2/s = 104 m2/s
square foot per second
St
Electric current[edit]
Electric current
Name of unit
Symbol
ampere (SI base

A
unit)
Definition
Relation to SI
units
The constant current

needed to produce a force of
2 107 newton per metre
between two straight parallel
= 1 A = 1 C/s
conductors of infinite length
and negligible circular crosssection placed one metre
apart in a vacuum.[8]
electromagnetic
unit; abampere abamp 10 A
(cgs unit)
esu per second;
statampere (cgs esu/s
(0.1 Am/s) / c
unit)
Electric charge[edit]
= 10 A
3.3356411010 A
Electric charge
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to
SI units
abcoulomb;
electromagnetic unit (cgs
unit)
abC;
emu
10 C
= 10 C
atomic unit of charge
au
1.602 176
4621019C
coulomb
faraday
The amount of
electricity carried in one
= 1 C = 1 As
second of time by one
ampere of current.[25]
1 mol NAe
96
milliampere hour
mAh
statcoulomb; franklin;
statC;
electrostatic unit (cgs unit) Fr; esu
Electric dipole[edit]
0.001 A 1 h
(0.1 Am) / c
485.3383 C
= 3.6 C
3.335
6411010 C
Electric dipole
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
atomic unit of electric

dipole moment
8.478 352
811030 Cm[29]
ea0
=1C1m
=
=
debye
D
10
10 esu 3.335640951030 Cm [30]
Electromotive force, electric potential difference[edit]
coulomb meter
Cm
Voltage, electromotive force

Name of
unit
abvolt(cgs
unit)
Symbol
abV
statvolt(cgs
statV
unit)
Definition
Relation to SI
units
1108 V
= 1108 V
c (1 J/Am)
= 299.792
458 V
The difference in electric potential

across two points along a conducting = 1 V = 1 W/A
volt (SI
V
wire carrying one ampere of constant =1
unit)
current when the power dissipated
kgm2/(As3)
between the points equals one watt.[25]
Electrical resistance[edit]
Electrical resistance
Name of
Symbol
unit
ohm (SI
unit)
Definition
The resistance between two points in a

conductor when one volt of electric
potential difference, applied to these
points, produces one ampere of current
in the conductor.[25]
Relation to SI
units
= 1 = 1 V/A
=1
kgm2/(A2s3)
Capacitance[edit]
Capacitor's ability to store charge
Name of
Symbol
unit
Definition
The capacitance between two parallel

plates that results in one volt of
potential difference when charged by
one coulomb of electricity.[25]
farad (SI
F
unit)
Relation to SI
units
= 1 F = 1 C/V =1
A2s4/(kgm2)
Magnetic flux[edit]
magnetic flux
Name of unit Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
maxwell(CGS
Mx
unit)
108 Wb[31]
= 1108 Wb
weber (SI
unit)
Magnetic flux which, linking a

circuit of one turn, would produce
= 1 Wb = 1 Vs
=1
Wb
in it an electromotive force of 1 volt kgm2/(As2)

if it were reduced to zero at a
uniform rate in 1 second.[25]
Magnetic flux density[edit]
What physicists call Magnetic field is called Magnetic flux density by
electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied mathematicians
and electrical engineers.
Name of unit
Symbol
gauss (CGS unit) G

tesla (SI unit)
Definition
Mx/cm2 = 104 T = 1104 T [32]

2
Wb/m
= 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 1
kg/(As2)
Inductance[edit]
Inductance
Name of
Symbol
unit
henry(SI
H
unit)
Definition
Relation to SI
units
The inductance of a closed circuit that

produces one volt of electromotive force
= 1 H = 1 Wb/A
when the current in the circuit varies at a
=1 kgm2/(As)2
uniform rate of one ampere per
second.[25]
Temperature[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Conversion of units of temperature.
Temperature
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
units
degree Celsius
degree Delisle
De
degree Fahrenheit F
C K 273.15
[K] [C] +
273.15
[K] = 373.15
[De] 2/3
F C 9/5 + 32
[K] ([F] +
459.67) 5/9
[K] = [N]
100/33 +
273.15
degree Newton
degree Rankine
R;
degree Raumur
[K] = [R]
5/4 + 273.15
[K] = ([R]
7.5) 40/21 +
273.15
degree Rmer
R K 9/5
[K] [R]
5/9
[K] [GM]
125/9 +
422.038
Regulo Gas Mark GM;
F GM 25 + 300
kelvin (SI base

unit)
1/273.16 of
the thermodynamic
1K
temperature of the triple point of
water.[8]
Information entropy[edit]
Information entropy
Name of unit
SI unit
J/K
J/K
= 1 J/K
nat; nip; nepit
nat
kB
= 1.380 650
5(23)1023 J/K
bit; b;
Sh
ban;
Hart
ln(2)
kB
ln(10)
kB
bit; shannon
ban; hartley
nibble
byte
kilobyte (decimal) kB
kilobyte (kibibyte)
KB;
KiB
= 9.569 940
(16)1024 J/K
= 3.179 065
3(53)1023 J/K
= 3.827 976
4 bits
0(64)1023 J/K
= 7.655 952
8 bits
(13)1023 J/K
= 7.655 952
1 000 B
(13)1020 J/K
= 7.839 695
1 024 B
(13)1020 J/K
Relation to
bits
= 1 bit
= 22 bit
= 23 bit
= 8103 bit =
8000 bit
= 213 bit =
8192 bit
Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the

(discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus,
uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage
per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above
are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a
measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon.
Luminous intensity[edit]
The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit.
Luminous intensity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation
to SI
units
candela (SI base

unit); candle
cd
candlepower(new) cp
candlepower(old,
cp
pre-1948)
The luminous intensity, in a given

direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency
5401012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683
watt per steradian.[8]
cd The use of candlepower as a unit
is discouraged due to its ambiguity.
Varies and is poorly
reproducible.[33] Approximately
0.981 cd.[14]
= 1 cd
= 1 cd
0.981 cd
Luminance[edit]
Luminance
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
candela per square foot
cd/ft2
cd/ft2
10.763910417 cd/m2
candela per square inch
cd/in2
cd/in2
1,550.0031 cd/m2
candela per square metre (SI

unit); nit (deprecated[14])
cd/m2
cd/m2
= 1 cd/m2
footlambert
fL
(1/)
cd/ft2
3.4262590996 cd/m2
(104/)
cd/m2
3,183.0988618 cd/m2
lambert
stilb (CGS unit)
104 cd/m2 1104 cd/m2
sb
Luminous flux[edit]
Luminous flux
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units
lumen (SI unit) lm
cdsr
= 1 lm = 1 cdsr
Illuminance[edit]
Illuminance
Name of unit
footcandle; lumen per square foot fc
lm/ft2
= 10.763910417 lx
lumen per square inch
lm/in2
lm/in2
1,550.0031 lx
lux (SI unit)
lx
lm/m2
= 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
phot (CGS unit)
ph
lm/cm2 = 1104 lx
Radiation - source activity[edit]

Radioactivity
Name of unit Symbol
becquerel (SI
unit)
Bq
Definition
Number of disintegrations
per second
Relation to SI
units
= 1 Bq = 1/s
curie
Ci
3.71010 Bq
= 3.71010 Bq [34]
rutherford (H)
rd
1 MBq
= 1106 Bq
Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both
ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s 1), Hz is used only for
periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic processes
associated with radioactivity.[35]
Radiation - exposure[edit]
Radiation - exposure
Name of unit Symbol
roentgen
Definition
1 R 2.58104 C/kg[31] = 2.58104 C/kg
The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its
continued use.[36]
Radiation - absorbed dose[edit]
Radiation - absorbed dose
Name of unit Symbol
Definition
gray (SI unit) Gy
1 J/kg = 1 m2/s2 [37] = 1 Gy
rad
0.01 Gy[31]
rad
= 0.01 Gy
Radiation - equivalent dose[edit]

Radiation - equivalent dose
Name of unit
Rntgen equivalent man rem
0.01 Sv = 0.01 Sv
sievert (SI unit)
1 J/kg[35] = 1 Sv
Sv
Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to
indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case.
The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is
variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed
to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is
known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general
relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be
represented as
H=QD
where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a
dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured
in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be
different.[38]
Software tools[edit]
Home and office computers come with converters in bundled
spreadsheet applications or can access free converters via the
Internet. Units and measurements can be easily converted using
these tools, but only if the units are explicitly defined and the
conversion is compatible (e.g., cmHg to kPa).
General commercial sources of converters[edit]
Advanced electronic calculators have unit-conversion
functionality.
Spreadsheet programs usually provide
conversion functions or formulas or the user can write their own.
Commercial mathematical, scientific and technical applications
often include converters.
In fiction[edit]
When a measure is converted to another unit in a fiction work like a

novel or film, the value often loses meaning (as in numerology) or
gets too many significant digits ("40 miles" turns into "64 km"). For
this reason, authors sometimes choose numbers that can be

converted easily. Most notably, distances measured in miles often
begin with 3 or 5, so the value converted to km also has one

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2.19 Dynamic viscosity

The precision and accuracy of measurement and the

The statistical confidence interval or tolerance interval of the initial

By contrast, a hard conversion or an adaptive conversion may not be

indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds

bohr, atomic unit

Bohr radius of 5.29177208591011 3.610

foot (Benot) (H)

foot (Cape) (H)

metre (SI base

0.000 351 450 m

= 0.000 351 4598 m

acre (U. S. survey)

square foot (US Survey)

square link (Gunter's)(US

square link (Ramsden's)

square metre (SI unit)

square mile (US Survey)

1 ac x 1 ft = 43 = 1 233.481 837 547

= 102.790 153 128

bl (imp) 36 gal (imp)

barrel (US dry)

= 0.115 628 198 985

barrel (US fluid)

= 0.119 240 471

bushel (US dry heaped)

= 0.158 987 294

cubic metre (SI unit)

cup (US customary)

cup (US food nutrition

drop (imperial) (alt)

= 369.961 751 302

drop (US) (alt)

drop (US) (alt)

fluid drachm (imperial)

fluid dram (US); US

fluid scruple (imperial)

beer gal 282 cu in

gallon (US dry)

gal (US) bu (US lvl)

gallon (US fluid; Wine)

gal (US) 231 cu in

gill (imperial); Noggin

ounce (fluid imperial)

= 0.238 480 942

= 61.611 519 921

teaspoon (US customary) tsp

teaspoon (US food

252 gal (wine)

= 0.028 316 846

arcminute; MOA '

grad; gradian; gon grad

radian (SI unit)

The solid angle subtended at the

having an area r2. A sphere

See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion.

atomic mass unit, unified u; AMU

dram (apothecary; troy)

dwt; pwt 1/20 oz t

1/4 long cwt = 2

slug; geepound; hyl

ton, assay (long)