Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
The director of the firm was given a house in keeping with his hig
prepositional phrases
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A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun phrase. We use prepositional phrases
for many purposes, for example:
- as adverbials of time and place:
We will be back in a few days.
They drove to Glasgow
.- as a postmodifier in a noun phrase:
Helen is the girl in the red dress
Weve got a new television with a thirty one inch screen.
- to show who did something:
The lion was killed by the hunter
I saw a wonderful painting by Van Gogh
- with double object verbs like give and get:
We gave five pounds to the woman on the corner.
They got a drink for me.
- after certain verbs, nouns and adjectives:
The book belongs to me.
I had an argument with my brother.
I feel sorry for you.
relative pronouns
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The relative pronouns are:
Subject
Object
Possessive
who
who(m)
whose
Subject
Object
Possessive
which
which
whose
that
that
We use who and whom for people, and which for things.
Or we can use that for people or things.
We use relative pronouns:
after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:
the house that Jack built
the woman who discovered radium
an eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop
to tell us more about a person or thing:
My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveller.
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which is my favourite meal.
But we do not use that as a subject in this kind of relative clause.
We use whose as the possessive form of who:
This is George, whose brother went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:
WH - QUESTIONS
What ? - Qu? Cul? Cules?
How often ? - Con qu frecuencia?
What else? - Qu ms?
How long ? - Cunto tiempo? Qu longitud?
Which ? - Qu? Cul? Cules?
How long ago? - Hace cunto tiempo?
How ? - Cmo? Cun?
How old ? - Qu edad? Cun viejo?
How else ? - De qu otra manera?
How soon ? - Cun pronto?
How big ? - Qu tamao? Cun
When ? - Cundo?
grande?
She is good with children (meaning she has a positive relationship with / has an
affinity with).
A teacher for example, might be good at teaching English and may
be goodwith their students.
The best way to learn more about dependent prepostions is to make a list of your
own, and then find sentences that use the structure. Google can be very useful for
that. For example, if you were trying to remember that complain is generally
followed by about, simply type in complain about in Google and see the results.
NOTE: It is important to use the speech marks ( ) around the phrase you are
searching for so that only results with that phrase will come up.
More examples of dependent prepositions follow in the table below.
xx
Verbs and
dependent
prepositions
Adjectives and
dependent
prepositions
Nouns and
dependent
prepositions
abide by
according to
in agreement
abstain from
accustomed to
attack on
attitude towards
add to
adhere to
anxious about
comparison between
agree with
ashamed of
on condition (that)
aim at/for
astonished at
connection between
allow for
attached to
cruelty towards
apologise to someone
for something
aware of
decrease in
apply for
delighted at/about
delay in
approve of
different from
difference between/of
argue with/about
dissatisfied with
difficulty in/with
disadvantage of
ask for
enthusiastic about
in doubt
attend to
envious of
under guarantee
believe in
excited about
increase in
belong to
famous for
information about
intention of
boast about
fond of
knowledge of
borrow (something)
from (somebody)
frightened of
need for
call for
friendly with
notice of
care for
good at
in order
choose between
guilty of
pleasure in
comment on
incapable of
in power
compare with
interested in
in practice
complain about
jealous of
preference for
concentrate on
keen on
protection from
conform to
kind to
reaction to
congratulate on
mad at/about
reason for
consent to
opposed to
reduction in
consist of
pleased with
report on
deal with
popular with
result of
decide on
proud of
rise in
excel at/in
puzzled by/about
at risk
excuse (somebody)
for
safe from
room for
face up to
satisfied with
solution to
forgive (somebody)
for
sensitive to(wards)
on strike
hear of/about
serious about
on suspicion of
hope for
sick of
under suspicion
insist on
similar to
in theory
interfere with/in
sorry for/about
in trouble
joke about
suspicious of
trouble with
laugh at
sympathetic to(wards)
lend (something) to
(somebody)
tired of
listen to
typical of
long for
unaware of
mistake (somebody)
for
used to
object to
pay for
praise (somebody) for
prepare for
present (somebody)
with
prevent (somebody)
from
protest about
provide (somebody)
with
punish (somebody)
for
refer to
rely on
run for
save (somebody) from
sentence (somebody)
to
smile at
succeed in
suffer from
stand for
talk to (somebody)
about (something)
thank (somebody) for
think of/about
volunteer to
wait for
warn (somebody)
about
worry about
The introduction
In this section we use opening expressions and the reason of our email. We can also thank or answer a
previous email which we received.
A veces nos cuesta empezar una carta o email. Una buena forma es mencionar la razon por la que
escribimos despues de un opening expression. Esto ayuda a que el compositor y el lector
entiendan el proposito principal de la carta o email. El prrafo de introduccin solo consta
de algunas lineas.
Responding to news
Body
This is the most important part. Here we talk about the main subject and expand with details about the
reason of writing the email. If we talk about two different things it is best to write another paragraph.
Intenten ordenar sus ideas en el cuerpo principal para que puedan desarrollar un patron lgico
para ordenar sus ideas. Cuando tienen mas de una idea podran empezar con : First, I wanted to
let you know Esto ayuda a que el lector pueda entenderlo mejor.
Then if you need to ask for something I suggest the following expressions:
Conclusion
Closing expressions
Emails
Hello,
I read on your web site that you offer an interactive 4-CD
Are the files transferred online or are your CDs sent by air mail? If
this is the case, how long does it usually take your products to
arrive abroad? Are there any special discounts on large
quantities?
Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look
forward to your response.
Mario Bergman
Informal emails
Este es un ejemplo de un email informal, en el cual un jefe cursa
una invitacin a uno de sus colaboradores:
Hi Mike,
Listen, all of us have been working hard this week, so I was
wondering if you would like to come to a party at 'Celeb Club' on
Saturday night (all expenses paid, of course).
Please can you let me know that you will be attending the party as
soon as possible, so that I know the number of people I need to
book for at the club.
Emailing enquiries/replies
Este es un ejemplo de emails seriados en los cuales dos amigas
intercambian informacin:
Hi Susan,
Many thanks for your barbecue last Sunday. The night was
fantastic and dinner was delicious. I really love your
terrace!!
Remember our talk about microwave ovens? Well, I'm not
sure which to buy. Delco ovens are good, but too
expensive for me. What brand did you buy?
Marissa
La pregunta que Susan debe responder es What brand did you
buy? (Qu marca compraste?). Por lo tanto, al responder debera
incluir como recordatorio para Marissa slo la parte del
mensaje que se refiere a la pregunta. El resto el mensaje no es
necesario. Observa:
> Delco ovens are good but too expensive for me.
What brand did you buy?
I agree with you about their prices. That's why I finally
bought an Ultra oven which is running very well (and it is
much cheaper than Delco's).
Susan.
Hi Susan,
Many thanks for your barbecue last Sunday. The night
wasfantastic and dinner was delicious. I really love your
terrace!!
Remember our talk about microwave ovens? Well, I'm not
sure which to buy. Delco ovens are good, but *too
expensive* for me. What brand did you buy?
Marissa
Es posible aplicar un mayor nivel de nfasis por medio de
MAYSCULAS pero stas deben utilizarse con discrecin porque
en los emails suelen interpretarse como palabras "gritadas"
(shouting).
Hi Susan,
Many thanks for your barbecue last Sunday. The night
wasFANTASTIC and dinner was DELICIOUS. I really
love your terrace!!
Remember our talk about microwave ovens? Well, I'm not
sure which to buy. Delco ovens are good, but TOO
EXPENSIVE for me. What brand did you buy?
Marissa
En la segunda parte de esta unidad estudiars el tema de amigos
epistolares (pen-friends).
Pen-friends
La correspondencia con amigos de otros pases ha sido durante
mucho tiempo un medio popular de descubrir formas de vida
diferentes de la propia y de practicar una lengua extranjera.
En esta pgina se muestran dos cartas: una dirigida a un servicio
imaginario de amigos por correspondencia, y otra dirigida a un
nuevo amigo. La primera le proporciona un ejemplo de carta formal
y la segunda, de carta informal. Lee ambas cartas y, como en
anteriores ejemplos de este curso, observa las diferentes normas
que rigen la disposicin y el estilo de lenguaje empleados en ellas.
Formal letter to a Pen-friend Service
PO Box 5318
Buenos Aires
Argentina
April 29th, 2008
Universal Pen-friend Service
35 Wellington Avenue
Southern Valley, CA, 32015
U.S.A.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I noticed your advertisement in the website 'OM Personal
Multimedia English', and I am writing to you in the hope that you
can find me a pen-friend.
The following is some information about myself:
PO Box 5318
Buenos Aires
Argentina
June 2nd, 2008
Dear Stephen,
Best wishes,
ACTIVITY # 48a
ANSWERS
Hello Marina,
my parents, my
?
sister.
year
?
a job
?
why I
English.
?
In my free time I
?
sport.
.
?
Best wishes,
Bernardo
ACTIVITY # 48b
ANSWERS
There are several pen-friend organizations for schoolchildren and young people.
to do is to write to one of them sending
?
your first name and last name and address, giving your age,
sex and hobbies, and mentioning the languages you know
the countries in
?
add whether
?
If only I didnt have so much homework I could go to the concert tonight. She has a lot of
homework and she cant go to the concert.
I wish you didnt live so far away.
I wish I knew what to do.
When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are followed by the past simple tense. The
past tense emphasises that we are talking about something unreal.
Talking about the past
I wish Id studied harder when I was at school. He didnt study harder when he was at school.
I wish I hadnt eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick.
If only Id known you were coming.
Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when we talk about past regrets.
Wish/if only and would
We use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we would like to change usually
something that we find annoying.
Look at this table. It will help to explain the tenses we use in this
exercise.
Sentence
Time Tense
Now
I wish (present) I
spoke (past)
Now
I wish (present) I
was/were (past)
Now
I wish (present) he
had (past)
Now
I wish (present) he
would (past)
Now
Past
Past
Exercise
I wish he wouldn't
2.
If only his
3.
4.
He wishes he had
5.
If only I had
6.
I wish it would
7.
8.
9.
Exercise
I wish he wouldn't
2.
If only his
3.
4.
He wishes he had
marry him
5.
If only I had
6.
I wish it would
7.
.stop raining
.win the
match on Saturday
8.
.putting his
9.
Adjective Suffixes
Some adjectives are formed from nouns and others are formed from verbs. The word forms are from Latin,
Greek and other languages. There is no simple rule for adding suffixes, but there are common patterns.
PREDICATE COMPLEMENT
BE DET + NOUN
We felt awe.
Adding a suffix to a noun form is one way of forming an adjective. A suffix is a part added to the end of a
word to mark the word form. An adjective is often used after It is or It seems (stative verbs).
PRED COMPLEMENT
MODIFIER TO NOUN
BE ADJ
ADJ +NOUN
It was spectacular.
It was colorful.
It looked reddish.
It was awesome.
It + be + adjective (predicate adjective or predicate complement) See Specifying vs. Ascriptive "be" .
NP noun phrase; N noun; Det determiner; AdjP adjective phrase; Adj adjective
NOUN ADJECTIVE
NOUN ADJECT
-AL
relating to
accident accidental
region regional
brute brutal
person person
-ARY
custom customary
compliment complimentary
moment mome
honor honorar
-FUL
full of
beauty beautiful
skill skillful
wonder wonde
success succe
athlete athletic
photograph photographic
base basic
science scienti
magic magical
practice practical
logic logical
statistic statisti
fool foolish
sheep sheepish
child childish
pink pinkish
power powerless
use useless
friend friendles
home homeles
like lifelike
child childlike
lady ladylike
bird birdlike
friend friendly
day daily
cost costly
order orderly
poison poisonous
courtesy courteous
danger danger
mystery myste
rain rainy
mess messy
fun funny
dirt dirty
-IC
-ICAL
-ISH
origin, nature
-LESS
-LIKE
-LY
like
like
-OUS
-Y
without
like
quality, nature
Adjectivalization in linguistics, the forming of words from other categories , nouns and verbs, by suffixation. (Huddleston
1706)
Pop-Q "historic / historical"
Adjective Forms 2
Form adjectives from verbs
Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix to the verb form. A suffix is a part added to the end of a word
to mark the word form.
VERB
Adjectives commonly occur after be verbs as predicate adjectives or predicate complements. Adjectives
also occur as modifiers to nouns (pre-position and post-position)
BE + ADJECTIVE
MODIFIER TO A NOUN
Smoking is permissible.
allowed
-ABLE
able, can do
VERB ADJECTIVE
VERB ADJECT
agree agreeable
pass passable
expand expand
remark remark
-IBLE
able, can do
access accessible
flex flexible
force forcible
permit permiss
-ANT
performing agent
please pleasant
resist resistant
rely reliant
vacate vacant
-ENT
performing agent
excel excellent
urge urgent
depend depen
differ different
attract attractive
posses possessive
create creative
prevent preven
-ING
causing effect
amuse amusing
relax relaxing
excite exciting
surprise surpris
-ED
receiving effect
amuse amused
relax relaxed
excite excited
surprise surpri
-EN
receiving effect
freeze frozen
braze brazen
lighten lightene
shorten shorte
Adjectives
Similar But Different
AWE
DEPEND
LAUGH
LIGHT
LOVE
RELY
SELECT
SENSE
NOUN
CHILD
CONFIDE
CRISP
FUN
RESPONSE
TACT
TASTE
WORTH
Adjective
Suffixes -ic versus -ical
There is no particular way to know whether a word will use the -ic or the -ical ending. The suffix -ic comes
from French -ique, or Greek -ikos. and means having the nature of , or causing something.
academic, algebraic, arithmetic, artistic, athletic, catholic, domestic, dramatic, egoistic, emphatic, energetic,
fantastic, geometric, strategic, linguistic, majestic, neurotic, pathetic, pedagogic, phonetic, public, semantic,
syntactic, systematic, tragic
artistic comedy
of a mysterious source
intern or doctor
wise
-ICAL
The -ical form is often added to a word that already has a final -ic. Such adjectives often have a different or
an additional meaning from the more basic -ic form.
We listen to classical music. from a cultural (sometimes Greek, Roman, European) source, or 18thC.
funny
general, mass
related to medicine
Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
ERROR
SOLUTION
(easily hurt)
Pop-Q "Historical"
Resources
Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press 2009. Print.
Word
Affluenza
Agritourism
Alcopop
App
Applepick
Audiophile
Baggravation
Blook
Breadcrumbing
Bromance
Burkini or Burquini
Busking
Buzz
Buzzword
Captcha
Carjacking
Chatroom
Chick lit
Chillaxing
Meaning
A blend of 'affluence' and 'influenza'.
A social disease resulting from extreme materialism and
excessive consumerism: earning more money and
consuming more, which can lead to overwork, debt,
stress, anxiety, etc.
A form of tourism in which tourists stay on farms or in
agricultural villages, and often participate in farm
activities.
Fruit drinks fortified with alcohol, designed and
marketed to appeal to young people.
Abbreviation of 'application', software that performs a
specific task.
Steal someone's iPhone.
Person who loves and collects high-quality audio
equipment.
Blend of the words 'bag' and 'aggravation'. A feeling of
annoyance and frustration at the airport when your
baggage has not arrived but the other passengers' bags
have.
A blend of 'book' and 'blog' : a book written by a
blogger.
A navigation technique which helps users by displaying
a list of links to the pages they have visited when
exploring a website,
for example: home >>vocabulary>>transport.
Blend of 'brother' and 'romance'.
A close non-sexual relationship between two men.
Blend of 'burqa' and 'bikini' A swimsuit worn by Muslim
women which covers the whole body i.e. the arms to
the wrist, the legs to the ankle, with a hood to cover the
hair and neck.
Performing on the streets and other public places, while
soliciting donations. Busy urban areas will attract street
performers (buskers) who sing, play, juggle, etc
Excited interest or attention surrounding, for example, a
new invention, a recent event or something that has
become fashionable.
A new word or expression that is commonly used in
specialized work environments or age-groups, and has
become fashionable. Terms used in advertising can
often convert into buzzwords and become widely used
Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell
Computers and Humans Apart. A distorted image of
letters and numbers used to ensure that a response is
not generated by a computer, in order
to prevent spamming.
Blend of 'car' and 'hijacking'. When a car driver is forced
to give up his vehicle or drive to a destination
designated by the attacker.
Areas on the internet where people can communicate
by exchanging typed messages
Books, usually featuring female characters, written by
women on contemporary themes and issues that
appeal more to women than to men.
Blend of 'chilling' and relaxing'.
copyleft funkinetics)
Meaning
Opposite of copyright. Whereas copyright imposes
restrictions on the distribution of a work or publication,
Copyleft
copyleft eliminates restrictions and allows freedom of use for
all.
A pharmaceutical product with beneficial effects on the skin
e.g. anti-ageing creams containing a product that changes
Cosmeceutical
the
cell biology.
Very young child who spends a lot of time watching television.
Cot potato
(cot = a baby's bed)
Couch
Buying goods online from one's home.
commerce
A person who spends a lot of time sitting in front of the
Couch potato
television.
A ring-shaped pastry that is a cross between a croissant and
Cronut
a doughnut.
Raising money for a project by getting a large number of
Crowdfunding people to make a small financial contribution, particularly by
using a website.
A person who uses the Internet, electronic communication or
Cyberbully
social networks to harm, harass or intimidate another person.
Cyber cafe
A place which provides internet access to the public.
A person who imagines that he/she is suffering from an
Cyberchondriac
illness after reading about the symptoms on the Internet!
Cyberloaf
Spend time on the Internet at work doing personal things.
Using one's employer's Internet and email facilities for
Cyberslacking
personal purposes during working hours.
A trip or short vacation which lasts only one day Daycation
daycationers
do not stay away overnight.
Decruitment
Demitarian
Dench
Docusoap
Dramedy
Droolworthy
Drug driving
Dwell time
Earworm
E-cruitment
Elancer
Emoji
Emoticon
E-piracy
E-quaintance
E-stalk
EV
E-waste
Face Time
Fashionista
Favicon
Finlit / fin lit
Flame war
Word
Gastropub
Gastrosexuals
Gastrosexuals
Meaning
A pub which, in addition to beer and alcoholic drinks,
offers gastronomic cuisine.
A new generation of men who see cooking more as a
hobby than
a household chore, and use their cooking skills to
impress friends and potential partners.
A new generation of men who see cooking more as a
hobby than
a household chore, and use their cooking skills to
Geek
Glad rags
Glamping
Glass cliff
Gran-lit
Greycation
Guesstimate
Hacktivist
Hashtag
Hater
Haycation
HENRY
Hoody or hoodie
Hotspot
Humblebrag
Hyperconnected
ICE number
Impactful
Infomania
messages.
Blend of 'information' and 'entertainment'. Online
Infotainment
services connected to information and leisure activities.
High-priced designer handbag that is the bag "of the
It bag
moment", or
a "must-have" item.
A girl who has become a celebrity more through intense
It girl
media coverage than through any personal
achievements (e.g. Paris Hilton).
A family which includes the children from each partner's
Jigsaw family
previous relationship(s), in addition to any children they
may have together.
Blend of 'jumbo' and 'umbrella'. Very large umbrella set
Jumbrella
above tables outdoors at a coffee shop, pub or
restaurant.
A telephone connected to wires in a fixed location as
Landline
opposed to
a mobile or cell phone.
Laymanise/laymaniz To simplify technical information so that it can be
e
understood by ordinary people or non-specialists.
A photograph taken by yourself of your suntanned legs
Legsie
to show that you are enjoying your holiday.
(The sand and sea are usually visible in the picture.)
Locavore
A person who only eats food produced locally.
A small bracelet made from brightly-coloured rubber
Loom band
bands which are woven together in a variety of
configurations.
To deliberately try to disrupt another computer system
Mailbomb
by sending massive amounts of email to it.
A period of time spent exclusively on yourself doing
Me time
something that you enjoy and allows you to relax.
Interjection used to express indifference or to show that
one simply does not care. Equivalent to shrugging ones
Meh
shoulders.
Used as an adjective it means 'mediocre'.
The idea that merit and individual effort determine one's
Meritocracy
success rather than wealth or birth.
Mocktail
Non-alcoholic drink that looks like a cocktail.
Nail tat
A temporary tattoo applied to the nails.
A one-night holiday, or going away from home for one
Nano break
night.
Small laptop computer which weighs less than 3 pounds
Netbook
and has
a 7 to 10 inch screen.
Netiquette
Blend of 'network' and 'etiquette'. Set of rules governing
Netizen
Netpicker
Nevertiree
Newbie
Word
Meaning
Someone who rarely or never uses the Internet, usually
Nonliner
because they cannot access it.
Noogler
New Google employee
An area where there is slow Internet access or no connection
Notspot
at all.
The years between 2000 and 2009 which contain a 'nought'
Noughties
(zero), in the same way as other decades are called the
'thirties', 'sixties', etc .
Something that can be done or produced in another country,
Offshorable
especially at reduced costs.
Abbreviation of 'other half', a person's wife, husband or
OH
partner.
A totally mismanaged situation characterized by numerous
Omnishambles
blunders and miscalculations.
A one-piece garment for adults, rather like a babys sleeping
Onesie
suit, usually made of soft material and worn for relaxing or
sleeping.
The way a situation appears to the general public, or the
Optics
impression it gives.
Traditional media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television)
Outernet
as opposed to the internet.
Being excessively protective of one's children in order to
Overparenting
guarantee their safety and ensure their success in life.
Providing too much information on the Internet (credit card
Oversharing
details, personal information, etc.) especially through social
network sites.
Overworking
A segment of today's working population where there is a
class
desire or need to work long hours.
Password
Being tired of having to remember a large number of
fatigue
passwords for different electronic devises.
Password
An online service where a persons passwords can be stored
wallet
Paywall
Photobomb
Pig ear
Pig's ear
Pixie cut
Podcast
Quintastic
Recessionista
Ringtone
Road rage
Robocall
Sandwich
generation
Screenager
Selfie
Shabby-chic
Sip and See
(party)
Sip n See
Sindie
Sitcom
Site scraper
and managed.
A system which restricts access to a website, or certain
webpage content, to users who have paid a subscription.
Intrude into the background of a photograph just before it is
taken.
Pieces of metal fixed to the edge of low walls, ledges,
benches, steps etc. in urban areas to prevent skateboarders
from sliding or jumping on them. These are also called
skateboard deterrents or skatestoppers.
A short hairstyle for women in which the hair is cut around the
ears and cropped in layers so as to create a tousled effect.
Derived from 'pod' (from Ipod) and 'broadcast'.
A digital file (radio, audio etc.) available on the Internet for
downloading to a computer or mobile device.
A blend of the adjective 'fantastic' and the prefix 'quin'. An
informal way of referring to a person who is aged fifty or over
but remains sexy, smart, energetic and successful, especially
someone famous. In August 2011 President Barack Obama
became a quintastic.
Popular new term for a person who succeeds in dressing
stylishly on a tight budget.
The sound made by a mobile or cell phone to indicate an
incoming call.
Aggressive habits often resulting in violence against other
drivers.
Commercial telemarketing call which plays a recorded
message.
A generation of middle-aged people who have to care both for
their children and their elderly parents.
A young person or teenager who spends a lot of time in front
of the computer screen.
A photograph that one has taken of oneself (for example a
photograph taken with a smartphone).
Cottage-style decor achieved by using worn or distressed
furniture and neutral-coloured fabrics, or new items suitably
treated to appear old and look comfortable. The result is an
elegant overall effect.
A party to celebrate the birth of a baby during which guests
can socialize while sipping their drinks and admiring the new
arrival.
Single income now divorced.
Blend of 'situation' and 'comedy'. A drama, on television,
based on humorous everyday situations.
Software that collects content from other sites (without
permission).
Word
Meaning
A method of meeting a potential romantic partner by talking to a
group of individuals at an organised event. Participants are
Speed dating rotated to meet each other for no more than eight minutes.
They then move on to the next person. At the end they indicate
whether they are interested in any of the people they have met.
The language used by spin doctors, spokes-persons, campaign
Spinnish
managers, etc. when trying to present information in a
favourable light.
A vacation in which you stay at home and relax or visit places
Staycation
close to where you live.
Food prepared and sold by vendors in a street or a public
Street food
location for immediate consumption.
The adjective subprime describes a risky loan, or lending
Subprime/sub
money at a higher rate of interest to borrowers who have a poor
-prime
credit history.
A number placement puzzle consisting of a grid of nine 3-by-3
Sudoku
squares. Each row, column and square must contain only one
instance of the numbers 1 to 9.
Wrinkles around the neck caused by looking down at phones,
Tech neck
tablets, etc.
Web rage
Webinar
Weblish
Widget
Wiki
Winterval
Wordle
Zumba
electronic book.
Anger or frustration as a result of difficulties or problems
encountered when using the Internet.
Presentation or seminar conducted over the web.
A form of English that is used on the web (use of abbreviations,
acronyms, small letters, absence of punctuation and hyphens
etc.) Also known as : webspeak, netspeak, internetese.
Blend of 'window' and 'gadget'. A small application or tool that
can be installed and executed within a web page.
A web page which allows multiple users to contribute to its
content. The most well-known is the website Wikipedia.
Blend of 'winter' and 'festival'. A festival that takes place in
winter.
The words of a piece of text arranged into a sort of graphic. The
more frequent a particular word appears in the text, the bigger
its size in the wordle. (Also called 'word cloud' or 'text cloud'.)
A fitness activity which combines lively international music with
dance exercises.
When who is the object, whom, with a preposition, can be used instead,
but it is formal and rather old-fashioned. In modern speech, we use who,
or we leave out the pronoun.
You are referring to a person who no longer works here.
The person to whom you are referring no longer works here.
The person (who) you are you referring to no longer works here.
Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of a relative
clause.
WHO - WHOM
There is often confusion about the use of who and whom.
Who and whom are pronouns.
Who is a subject pronoun, in the same way as 'he/she/they'.
Whom is an object pronoun, in the same way as 'him/her/them'.
In the sentence "John loves Julie." :
Verb
loves
loves
loves
Object
Julie
Julie?
whom?
Subject
Who
We use 'who' when it is the subject of a verb, that is, when it refers to the
person who
takes an action.
Julie played tennis. Julie is the subject of the verb 'to play'.
To find out the name of the player, we ask a question using 'who'.
Who played tennis? Julie played tennis.
Object
Whom
We can use 'whom' as the object of a verb, but it is very formal and not
often used in spoken English.
Formal English :
WISH - IF
WISH :
To express a regret about the past, we use wish + the past perfect :
Julie lost her umbrella yesterday. She wishes she hadn't lost her
umbrella.
IF :
After if, we often use were instead of was, especially in a formal style
where it is considered more correct.
We use the structure "if I were you " + would to give advice
Compound Adjectives
English Grammar
A compound adjective is sometimes called a hyphenated adjective. What are they?
Let's look at the following sentences:
Before we explain in more detail why we put that hyphen between those two words in the
first sentence, we need to do a quick review of Adjectives.
What is an adjective?
An adjective is a word that describes something.
A red car (red is an adjective because it describes the car. How is the car? Red)
A big book (big is an adjective because it describes the book. How is the book? Big)
See our other grammar notes about Adjectives in English. (LINK)
But sometimes we use more than one adjective to describe something.
Compound adjectives
A compound adjective is an adjective that contains two or more words.
In general we put a hyphen between two or more words (before a noun) when we want
them to act as a single idea (adjective) that describes something.
He is a well-known writer.
There are many types of Compound Adjectives. Here is a list of the most common types:
I'm going on vacation for three weeks --> I have a three-week vacation
Notice how we normally write the number as a word, not in numerical form.
How does she walk? Slowly. Slowly is an adverb that modifies (or describes) the verb.
Adverbs can also be used to modify an adjective.
Notice how we do not put a hyphen between an adverb and an adjective (not even before a
noun).
When we have a noun + present participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to
make it a compound adjective.
Noun + Adjective
When we have a noun + adjective, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
Adjective + Noun
When we have an adjective + noun, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
Compound Adjectives made from Proper nouns don't need a hyphen though must have
capital letters.
James Jackson is a compound adjective describing the tickets (What type of tickets?
James Jackson tickets). Since the adjective is a Proper noun, we don't need a hyphen
between the two names.
Can we say: He is a world and famous singer. No, it doesn't sound correct so we need a
hyphen to join the wordsworld and famous.
Also, look at the following:
Notice how we didn't put a hyphen between the word old and coal. If we had have done
that, we would have been referring to old coal, as in coal that is old. We want to emphasis
that the town in old and not the coal.
Here we can say it is old and a coal-mining one.
Oxford Journals
Arts & Humanities
Journal of Semantics
Volume 1, Issue 3-4
Pp. 195-249.
1.
Abstract
In this paper I will argue that evaluative adjectives, such as good, bad, clever
and skilful, should be analysed as one-place predicates in logical translation.
This approach, which is basically the traditional logical treatment of absolute
adjectives, is to be contrasted with the approach in Montague (1974a) and
Parsons (1972), wherein all adjectives are translated as two-place predicates,
i.e. as semantic attributives. The move away from the Montague-Parsons
analysis is not new: Bartsch (1972. 1975), McConnell-Ginet (1973), Kamp
(1975), Siegel (1976a, 1976b, 1979), Keenan &. Faltz (1978) and Klein (1980)
have similarly advocated one-place predicate status, at least for fairly
straightforward qualities (e.g. red, carnivorous, stony,) and even for degree
adjectives (e.g. tall, short, heavy and old). Evaluatives, however, remain
troublesome: Kamp concluded that their status was uncertain, and Siegel
classified them as two-place predicates after much argument. My remarks are
directed primarily against Siegel's analysis; I intend to show that there are
syntactic tests, some suggested by Siegel herself, which argue persuasively
that evaluative adjectives should be interpreted as one-place predicates
care for
carry on
carry out
PHRASAL
1) like, want
1) continue
2) continue with
MEANING
EXAMPLES / TRANSLATION
keep at
persevere at
The angry woman shouted the thief to keep away from her.
La mujer enojada le grit al ladrn que se alejara de ella.
keep back
1) conceal
2) restrain, hinder
Keep back from the edge of the platform. The train is coming.
Aljate del borde de la plataforma. Est llegando el tren.
keep down
2) subject, repress
keep in
1) confine, detain
keep in with
keep off
1) stay away
2) stay at a distance,
not near
keep on
keep on at
worry, snag,
scold someone
keep out
2) stay outside
keep to
adhere to
keep up with
1) go forward at an equal pace 1) Please, walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.
Por favor, camina ms despacio. No puedo alcanzarte.
2) learn as much as
3) compete with
(as indicating social status)
Synonyms for
Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) ofverb meet
Sense 1:
meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across, see
Sense 7:
meet, gather, assemble, forgather, foregather
interact
Sense 3:
converge, meet
Sense 13:
touch, adjoin, meet, contact
Sense 2:
meet, get together
Sense 4:
meet, satisfy, fill, fulfill, fulfil
provide, supply, ply, cater
Sense 5:
meet, fit, conform to
match, fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally, agree
Sense 6:
meet, match, cope with
cope, get by, make out, make do, contend, grapple, deal, manage
Sense 8:
meet
Sense 9:
meet
meet, gather, assemble, forgather, foregather
Sense 10:
meet, encounter, play, take on
Sense 11:
meet, encounter, receive
have, experience
Sense 12:
suffer, meet
experience, see, go through
Writing a review
Look at this task.
You have been asked to write a short film review for a school /college magazine. Choose
any film which you think might be of interest to your fellow students. The film can be in
any language and it can be of any type: comedy, thriller, science fiction, romance,
historical drama etc.
Your brief is to include a clear description of the story/contents, to comment on what you
think the most successful and least successful features are, and to give an overall
recommendation. Write about 250 words.
First, choose a film to review. It doesnt have to be a new film, though it is helpful if you have
seen it recently, and you dont have to have enjoyed it. Sometimes its easier to pinpoint what
you dont like about something than what you like! Think about what you liked or didnt like
about the film.
The purpose of a review is firstly to give factual information about the subject, and secondly to
give an opinion about it which will help the reader to decide whether to buy the book, see the
play or film or visit the exhibition.
Reviews normally contain three main ingredients: overview, pros and cons, and verdict,
which are described more fully below. A review may not always fall into three neat sections,
however. The writer may decide to describe an aspect of the subject and comment immediately
on strengths and weaknesses, for example, before going on to describe another aspect of the
subject.
Overview a description of the subject
Book non-fiction:
What is it about? Who is it for? How technical is it? How is it organised? What topics are
covered? What special features are there? How much does it cost? etc.
Book fiction
What kind of book is it? (thriller, historical novel, science fiction etc)? Is it different in any way
from other books of this type? Whats the story? etc (You can give an outline but dont give the
ending away!)
Play / film / TV programme
What is it about? Is there anything special / unusual about the production? Play / film: Where is
it on? Are there any well-known actors? Who is the director? TV programme: Which channel?
Is it part of a series? Who is the producer?
Pros and cons detailed comments on the successful and unsuccessful features of the
subject.
Your comments will probably include both objective views (the photographs in a book were
poor quality or the costumes didnt fit the actors properly, for example) and subjective views
(based on personal feelings) the story wasnt interesting or the film was too violent. Make
sure, however, that you give reasons for your comments.
You may have strong positive or negative feelings about the subject of the review and this is no
bad thing. A strong opinion, clearly argued, is often more interesting to read than a carefully
balanced assessment. Even so, try not to be completely one-sided.
Verdict summing-up and recommendation
The last paragraph should sum up your feelings and make it clear to the reader whether you
recommend the subject without any reservations, recommend it with one or two reservations, or
dont recommend it at all. In real life, readers often look at the last paragraph of a review first to
see what the general verdict is. Make sure your review gives a clear verdict.
Example of a film review.
Crazy Plumber Plaza Cinema
If you have seen the advance publicity, you might imagine that this was a funny film. Wrong. Its
a film which tries very hard to be funny and fails consistently. The story concerns a plumber who
isnt very good at his job. When his customers desert, and he cant pay his bills, he decides to
turn to crime. He tries a little shoplifting (he isnt very good at it, of course) but then he gets
involved in bigger things.
Wayne Gibson, who plays the hero, has one or two good lines but most of the time hes
struggling with a terrible script. There are a few good moments the car chase sequence is
memorable but the storyline is very slight and the director seems to have run out of ideas very
quickly. As the film progresses, the level of violence increases. Despite the publicity, this is not a
film for young children.
A great deal of money went into the making of Crazy Plumber but in the end spectacular
effects are no substitute for real humour.
Useful language
Overview
The book / film / programme concerns
deals with
shows
describes
tells the story of
It contains
It includes
a study of
a survey of
a history of
a chapter on
a section on
extraordinary
fascinating
amazing
beautiful
stunning
superb
brilliant
quite interesting
amusing
fairly entertaining
exciting
informative
attractive
successful
really
completely
boring
unimaginative
humourless
hopeless
amateurish
over the top
predictable
Verdict
All in all
balance
In conclusion
To sum up
On
Lesson
Quiz
Course
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Instructor: Bethany Davis
Bethany has taught college business courses and has a master's degree in organizational and human
resource development.
Facial expressions are a very important part of communication. Though nothing is said
verbally, there is much to be understood about the messages we send and receive through
the use of nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions.
We also recommend watching Understanding the Nonverbal Communication of Group
Members and What is Communication? - Definition & Importance
Communication
Communication involves two or more people exchanging both verbal and nonverbal cues to
reach a point of shared understanding. When communicating with another person, we
typically use verbal communication (words and sounds) that we are accustomed to from our
own language and experience. The communication process involves both a sender and a
receiver. The sender is sending a message, and the receiver is hearing and seeing the
message.
This process is complicated by many factors, such as parties who are trying to
communicate while speaking different languages. Other complications are often affected by
the personal 'screens' we all process communication through. These screens include things
like experience, faith, values, background, gender, education, and more. We both send
messages and receive messages through these screens, making the ability to understand
one another more difficult. Often we make assumptions about the message being
communicated to us because of these screens. Another way in which we make
assumptions is through observing, analyzing, and assigning meaning to the facial
expressions we see in others.
Facial Expressions
In today's business world, much of our communication takes place via electronic methods
such as email and text messages. Often, employees report that it is hard to understand the
context or meaning behind a message that is received electronically. In person, this is often
easier to do because of visual cues from facial expressions.
Facial expressions include such actions as smiling, frowning, eye rolling, eye contact,
scowling, and appearing bored or interested. Other facial expressions might indicate
interest or excitement or even shock, like opening one's eyes or mouth widely. Winking
might indicate that we are joking about the remark we made, or flirting with the person to
whom we are speaking! Raising our eyebrows often indicates that we are surprised or do
not believe the statement we are hearing.
The interpretations we assign to these facial expressions vary greatly, so we must be
careful when using them to prepare ourselves for the way in which they may be assigned
meaning. Many of the facial expressions we make are ones we are accustomed to from our
own cultural, familial, and business backgrounds. Because we understand facial
expressions differently based on our background and experience, we can easily
misunderstand the intent behind such nonverbal cues. Eye contact is an example of a facial
expression that can easily be misunderstood. Different cultures assign different meanings
to eye contact. In America a moderate level of eye contact is expected in business dealings,
while in other countries such as Libya, eye contact between men and women is impolite.
Continue reading...
s to communicate
Staying connected
Ways to communicate
Grieving
I have dementia
Understanding behaviour
BrainBooster activities
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Ways to communicate
Aphasia
Although each person is unique, dementia has a profound effect on the language
abilities of people living with the disease and therefore on the way they communicate.
This language degeneration is known as aphasia.
People with aphasia have difficulty expressing themselves, finding the right words,
understanding the words they hear, reading and writing. As the disease progresses,
communication can become increasingly challenging. Recognizing those changes will
help the person with the disease, and her family and friends, find ways to communicate
more effectively.
In the middle stage, more and more words become lost, and the person needs to think
longer before expressing thoughts. The person loses spontaneity, vocabulary is more and
more limited and sometimes the person repeats the same word over and over again.
At this stage, the person may:
Not be able to interpret facial expressions (like a wink or the nod of the head)
Have trouble explaining or understanding abstract concepts (e.g. "I feel blue")
In the late stage, individuals appear to lose the capacity for recognizable speech,
although words or phrases may occasionally be uttered.
Non-verbal communication will become increasingly important as, at this stage, the
person may:
Lose the capacity for recognizable speech, although words or phrases may
occasionally be uttered. Language often does not make sense to others.
Meeting people with dementia where they are and accepting their reality
Quality of life for people with dementia is largely dependent on their connection with
others. Maintaining a relationship can be a complex and challenging process, especially
when verbal communication is affected.
Methods of communication
The best communication methods succeed in putting across the right message
in a clear, unambiguous way that gets noticed by the target audience, whilst
also saving on time and cost. Good communicators succeed in choosing the
best medium of communication for the particular purpose in mind. For external
communications, the Inland Revenue typically uses:
Written communications dispatched by mail e.g. statements detailing tax
liabilities and payment schedules. Paper-based items sent by mail have the
advantage of providing a clear, fileable statement that is likely to reach its
intended recipient.
Oral communications: customers can 'phone in' with their queries. They
can also speak directly to the employee who is managing their account. Oral
communication allows most misunderstandings to be resolved immediately.
Face-to-face communications e.g. a visit to the local office by
arrangement. This can save time and subsequent communications.
Online communications. Today consumers can complete their Tax
Return, claim tax credits and do a variety of other business with the Inland
Revenue directly online, thereby saving a great deal of time. An important
advantage of this method is that ongoing 'help' is provided by pop-up help
facilities. This is a cheap, quick and efficient means of communication.
Advertising on TV and in the press e.g. to alert people to tax payment
deadlines or to eligibility for tax credits. By this method the Inland Revenue is
able to communicate with millions of customers cost effectively.
The Inland Revenue uses similar methods for internal communications e.g.
Written communications - internal memos, staff magazines, notices or
posters on staff notice boards.
Oral communications - phone conversations between employees.
Face-to-face - team briefings, meetings and presentations.
Online - internal e-mails and intranet.
Face-to-face conversations and oral communications make possible more
detailed discussions to clarify issues. Written communications provide clear
statements of discussions and their outcome can be recorded and filed. Online
communications have revolutionised ways of working by providing fast, cheap
and efficient ways of interacting that can easily be stored within files.
Online communications can also be easily edited and shared between teams of
employees working together. For example, a customer's account details can be
accessed both in a local office and in the central tax-paying department in
Glasgow, simultaneously.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Cuando deseas hablar acerca de una "posible" situacin y sus resultados, debes
utilizar una oracin condicional. Observa estos ejemplos:
If people invite you to a party, they expect you to come properly dressed.
(Si te invitan a una fiesta, se espera que vayas correctamente vestido/a)
If I wear the green jacket, it'll go with my new shoes.
(Si uso la chaqueta verde, sta har juego con mis zapatos nuevos)
En este tipo de oraciones condicionales existe una posibilidad real de que suceda lo
CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL
present simple
Se usa este tipo de oracin condicional para hablar acerca de algo que siempre
sucede. Es como una ley. En este tipo de condicin if (si) tiene un significado similar
a when(cuando):
If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.
(Si colocas agua en el congelador, sta se congela)
(= When you put water in a cooler, it freezes)
(Cuando colocas agua en el congelador, sta se congela)
If you heat ice, it melts.
(Si calientas hielo, ste se derrite)
(= When you heat ice, it melts)
(Cuando calientas hielo, ste se derrite)
CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL
IF + present simple
CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL
WILL / 'LL / WON'T + infinitive
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
Many visitors and subscribers ask us: I was told there are four con
English, but I suppose I know just one. It is true, there exist FOUR
types of conditional sentences in English. Let's study them here...
Used for threats and promises (usado para expresar amenazas y promesas
Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not po
present or the future. It is generally used for things which don't
happen. It is generally used for things which may happen (utiliza
o futuro para expresar situaciones hipotticas, que normalmente
imposibles).
IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oracin es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las pe
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, thing
happen in the past. (utilizado para expresar situaciones irreales
sucedieron en el pasado y, en general, dentro de un contexto d
remordimiento). En espaol tienes una construccin similar por lo
condicional no debera resultar complicado.
IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see y
Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habra ido a ver.
The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had know
talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a lapto
Si hubieses ahorrado tu dinero, podras haberte comprado una c
The real situation was that you didn't save your money. So they say If you had
are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (you had saved) after IF.
If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have
Si no hubieses llegado tarde al trabajo tan seguido, no te habran
The real situation was that you wasn't early for work. So they say If you hadn't bee
you are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (you hadn't been late) aft
Conditionals - Unit 17
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
EXERCISE A
Examples:
If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep (keep) it.
They'd be very angry if you didn't visit (not / visit) them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(take) it.
I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she
(close) do
(no
6.
7.
8.
9.
If someone
EXERCISE B
Make questions.
Examples:
Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money.
What would you do if someone gave you a lot of money?
2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.
What would you do if
EXERCISE C
Examples:
Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we / arrive too early)
No. If we took the 10:30 train, we would arrrive too early.
2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I / have to invite Linda too)
No. If I
4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she / not / get it)
No.
6. took
7. would be
8. walked
9. didn't go
10. would understand
Conditionals - Unit 18
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
EXERCISE A
Examples:
If I knew (know) her number, I would call her.
I wouldn't buy (not/buy) that coat if I were you.
1.
2.
3.
If you
(have) more sa
the time.
4.
5.
6.
If I were you, I
(not/marry) him.
EXERCISE B
(not/be) so
Examples:
We don't visit you very often because you live so far away.
But if you didn't live so far away, we would visit you more often.
2. I'm not going to buy that book because it's too expensive.
But if that book
3. She doesn't go out very often because she can't walk without help.
But if
EXERCISE C
Examples:
I don't know many people (and I'm lonely).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
.
9.
I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that's a shame).
3. didn't go
4. were
5. could
6. wouldn't marry
7. weren't
3. But if she could walk without help, she would go out more of
4. But if he got some/more exercise, he wouldn't be (so) fat.
6. But if I didn't have to work, I could (or I would be able to) mee
tomorrow evening.
Simple Conditional
What would you do? Qu haras?
go
went
gone
subject + would + 1
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I would go
I wouldn't go
Would I go ?
You would go
You wouldn't go
Would you go ?
He would go
He wouldn't go
Would he go ?
She would go
She wouldn't go
Would she go ?
It would go
It wouldn't go
Would it go ?
We would go
We wouldn't go
Would we go ?
You would go
You wouldn't go
Would you go ?
They would go
They wouldn't go
Would they go ?
Affirmative
subject + would + 1
subject + wouldn't + 1
Would + subject + 1 ?
Progressive Conditional
What would you be doing? Qu estaras haciendo?
go
went
gone
Negative
Interrogative
I would be going
Would I be going ?
He would be going
Would he be going ?
It would be going
Would it be going ?
We would be going
Would we be going ?
Affirmative
I wouldn't... if I had...
go
went
gone
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
go
went
gone
Negative
Interrogative
Affirmative
I would have been going to New York - Yo habra estado yendo a N.Y.
He would have been going to New York - El habra estado yendo a N.Y.
Negative
I wouldn't have been going to New York - No habra estado yendo a N.Y.
He wouldn't have been going to New York - El no habra estado yendo a N.Y.
Interrogative
Would I have been going to New York ? - Habra yo estado yendo a N.Y. ?
Would he have been going to New York ? - Habra l estado yendo a N.Y. ?
Simple Modals
What (can/could) you do? Qu (puedes/podras) hacer?
What (may/might) you do? Qu (puedes/podras) hacer?
What (must/should) you do? Qu (debes/deberas) hacer?
go
went
gone
subject + modal + 1
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I can go
I can't go
Can I go ?
I could go
I couldn't go
Could I go ?
I may go
I may not go
May I go ?
I might go
I might not go
Might I go ?
I must go
I mustn't go
Must I go ?
I should go
I shouldn't go
Should I go ?
Affirmative
subject + modal + 1
modal + subject + 1 ?
om personal english
ndice de om verbs
Progressive Modals
What (can/could) you be doing? Qu (puedes/podras) estar haciendo?
What (may/might) you be doing? Qu (puedes/podras) estar haciendo?
What (must/should) you be doing? Qu (debes/deberas) estar haciendo?
go
went
gone
subject + modal + be
+ 1 > "ing"
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I can be going
I can't be going
Can I be going ?
I could be going
I couldn't be going
Could I be going ?
I may be going
May I be going ?
I might be going
Might I be going ?
I must be going
I mustn't be going
Must I be going ?
I should be going
I shouldn't be going
Should I be going ?
Affirmative
I can be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (posib. fsica, conocimiento)
I could be going to New York - Podra estar yendo a NY (alternativa)
I may be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (permiso)
1) To wait
the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something
-Basically to wait is when you pass time until something else happens or occurs.
To wait is usually related to something physically. For example: You wait at the
bus stop for the bus. Imagine sitting or standing at the bus stop. You are there
(physically) waiting for the bus.
2) To expect
3)To hope
the general feeling that some desire will be fulfilled
-Hope is close to expect but the difference is that hope involves emotions. When
you expect something it is a mental process whereas hoping for something to
happen is more of an emotional desire.
If you are waiting for the bus you could say that you hope the bus is on time
because you have a plane to catch.
expe
This website
My new job
My trip to Canada
1) This website
This website is the perfect topic for this grammar point. There are many things
that I hope for.
I hope that this website teaches you a lot. I think that learning English needs to
be fun and interesting and I hope that you enjoy this website.
I expect that people will not think it is perfect though.
When you don't think something works or you have a better idea I hope that
you tell me via the suggestions form.
Feedback from you, the user, is the best way for me to improve the site to meet
your needs. I hope you have some good and bad things to say about it.
That might take a while, so I will write more articles in the mean time. Seriously,
I am looking forward to hearing what you have to say.
2) My new job
I moved to Huelva in 2008 and I expected it to be difficult to find a job here.
Huelva is much smaller than Madrid and I didn't know if an English teacher
could find work here. I waited a couple of months before looking for a job.
Then I got an interview at a local academy. I was a bit nervous but I
was looking forward to meeting the director of the company and learning
New! Comments
What do you think about this page? Leave me a comment in the box below.
- See more at: http://www.helping-you-learn-e
stick out for
insist on
(colloquial)
stick to
adhere to
stick up for
defend, support
(colloquial)
nIs
up
I came across this quote from some popular guy who likes to use big words and I
vote1do was wondering if it's correct.
wn vote
favorite
Their vacuous posturing, pharissaical sanctimonies and sadducceical homilies now has the
tinge of becoming nauseating, megalomaniacal, vexatious and scabrously schizophrenic.
Basically, is it possible for all the adjectives to mean one thing, is there a form or
category of speech (not tautology) that allows you to use multiple adjectives and
still refer to them as one adjective?
grammar word-usage
asked
terdon
Chibueze Opata
11.1k32467
887
All the adjectives in this passage seem to perform a unique function to me (they all denote separate, specific,
characteristics). But maybe I'm overlooking something obvious: which set of adverbs do you find repetitious? BTW
the rule to bear in mind is that English is not algebra, and that repetition (and many other things which would be
considered bad form or even erroneous in an algebraic statement) is not only common and permissible, but in many
cases useful. Repetition can be used for emphasis, clarity, humor, etc. Nothing inherently wrong with it.
3 Bron Sep 30 '14 at 11:49
Hmmmm, interesting opinion. Well, the reason I'm asking is that the has in the sentence seems like an error as it
should be have right? Chibueze Opata Sep 30 '14 at 12:11
That's a bit different than your original question, but the short answer is either has or have would fit (consider: "
vacuous posturing have"? No). Using "has" combines all the activities mentioned (and possibly more like them) in
an undifferentiated mass of behavior which the speaker disdains. Using "have" works fine as well "
homilies have"), but treats each type of activity, and potentially each instance, distinctly. In this context, I would pr
"has", because it better focuses on the "sinners" rather than the "sins". But either works. Dan Bron
1 12:27
Hmmmm, thanks these two perfectly answer my question. Can you put it down? Chibueze Opata
12:48
@DanBron I disagree. It should indeed be have since the verb applies to their vacuous posturing, pharissaical
sanctimonies and sadducceical homilies which are three separate things. terdon Sep 30 '14 at 13:56
add a comment
1 ANSWER
activeoldestvotes
off his or her sesquipedality the author you quote has run aground.
First of all, it should indeed be have since the verb in that sentence applies
to three separate things: their vacuous posturing, their pharissaical
sanctimonies and their sadducceical homilies.
I also don't quite get how something can have the tinge of becoming. It
could have the tinge of but not really the tinge of becoming. At any rate, it
sounds very strange to me.
In short, the whole sentence reads like someone showing off. Badly.
However, there is absolutely nothing wrong with stringing multiple
adjectives with similar meanings together. This has been used to great
effect by many authors over the centuries. To take a bad example from a
great author:
Though the sentence you posted is not really an example of it since the
words are not so similar in meaning, the use of multiple words that mean
the same thing (or which are unnecessary) is calledpleonasm, a type
of tautology. For example, this quote from Becket's Molloy which I found
onWikipedia (emphasis mine):
"Let me tell you this, when social workers offer you, free, gratis and for nothing,
..."
g
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
Pulsa en REPRODUC
DATE
INSIDE ADDRESS
(commercial letters
only)
ENCA
Tu dir
nomb
FECH
The Director
Mr. Walter Burton,
Tourist Information Center
1520 High Street,
New York, 13110
DIREC
(slo c
el nom
perso
la cart
Dear Sir
SALU
Dear S
Dear M
SALUTATION
Ms Jo
BODY
CUER
Yours faithfully
DESP
Yours
es Dea
Yours
es Dea
Yours
americ
Sincer
americ
SIGNATURE
TERESA FERNANDEZ
FIRMA
lish
Formal letter
El autor de esta primera carta (formal letter) utiliza una
redaccin impersonal y trata a su lector con una aparente
muestra de respeto imponiendo cierta distancia:
Dear Sir,
I read your article in Friday's Buenos Aires Times with
amazement. I'm afraid that if, as your article would seem to
suggest, you are seriously proposing that the bullock and human
muscle power be re-introduced as farming methods, the proposal
cannot be given any serious consideration.
There can be no doubt that bullocks do in fact permit savings in
fuel and fertiliser, as well as being non-pollutant, cheap and
Milton Rainier
Burgos 1830
1425 Buenos Aires
(5411) 4821-3618
Informal letter
El autor de esta segunda carta (informal letter) es mucho
ms directo, abierto y franco que el anterior y es evidente
que se dirige a un pblico diferente:
Dear Sir,
When I read your article the other day I was horrified. Are you
seriously suggesting we should start farming with bullocks and
human muscle power again? With all respect, you must be out of
your tiny mind.
Yes, I`m sure we'd save on fuel and fertilisers, and sure that
bullocks are cheap and good for the soil and don`t pollute either,
but do you really think you can make people do back-breaking
work again and call that progress? And, anyway, who do you think
you'd find these days willing to do work like that? Not me, for one!
I'd like to know, too, just how productive a bullock is. How many
fields can it plough in a day? Not half as many as a tractor. I bet!
Apparently you'd be quite happy to send us back to the fields, but
to produce less so we'd have to import more? What's the sense in
all that?
Yours faithfully,
Carlo Pontino
Belgrano 125
3115 Santa Fe
(5411) 3811-2509
Mirtha Muller
Reston 4215
Virginia, VA 31425
200-811-2509
ACTIVITY # 51a
ANSWERS
Government decision to go
with the construction of a
?
I
to say on behalf of my children and myself
?
decision. We
hope that others will join us in this protest
?
ANSWERS
Now at
?
worries about what happens the day coal and gas run
out.
?
.com/
Write your letter to the Principal of the school. (around 120-180 words)
Answer
Click on the underlined words or phrases for comments. The numbers in brackets offer
suggestions. General feedback appears below the essay.
Alejandra
School: Bridges
Dear Sir,
I am writing with regard to your advertisement in the Sunday's{1} edition of
Glamour, in which you offer an English course that meets my own expectations. I
am interested in a twelve-month intensive English course, four or five hours per
week if possible.
I am 18 and have been studying English for ten years, which implies my level is
high. However, I am sure I need to improve lots of things. Despite the fact {***}{2} I
am quite good at grammar and use of English, I must admit I have difficulties in
phrasal verbs and listening exercises. Apart from this, I would also like to improve
my level of comprehension and vocabulary, through dynamic exercises which help
me remember new words. {3}
I am very interested in languages, and my favourite hobbies are reading, writing,
and studying English as well as Italian. I consider all these activities are
worthwhile since they make you develop your intellectual skills. Besides, I enjoy
doing different activities every day in order to take advantage of the experience I
may gain and the things I can learn.
As I am not quite busy next week{4}, I would prefer to start on Monday, and would
appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience.
Yours faithfully,
Alejandra de Picciotto.
Feedback
Alejandra, this is an excellent answer. You address all of the points in the
task clearly and precisely, and your letter is organised appropriately. I also
really like the way that you start and end your letter. This would leave the
reader with an entirely positive impression.
Apart from a couple of minor errors, your control of language is extremely
good. I wish you every success in the exam.
Best wishes
Fiona Joseph
20.03.02
wait.
me and Punishment
an important difference between criminal law and civil law. Criminal law deals with matter
er. Civil law deals with matters such as contracts or divorce. The police are not normally invo
his illegal?
at are my rights?
I call a lawyer?
s of crime
Definition
on/kidnapping
robbery
ted murder
y,
g and entering
use
ic violence
afficking
riving
ng
/homicide
ing
ing
sm
ollar crime
s of punishment
ment
e offence)
Definition
icket
g, parking)
suspension
riving)
out of season)
rrest
g offender who is waiting to go
nity service
that steals a car for the first
e
ho assaults his wife)
rison
n who commits homicide)
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
(de, d)
the
prximo.
e) Delante de nombres abstractos: Life is beautiful, la vida es hermosa
(pero, en cambio: The life of Napoleon, la vida de Napolen).
f) Con nombres propios y ttulos seguidos de nombres: King Louis, el rey
Luis;Queen Elizabeth II, La Reina Isabel II.
g) No llevan artculo tampoco los nombres de las estaciones, idiomas,
fiestas (tomados en sentido general) y deportes: I like Spring, me gusta
la primavera; I speak Spanish, hablo el castellano; I like Christmas, me
gusta la Navidad; Can you play tennis? Sabes jugar al tenis?
4. No se omite, por ejemplo, cuando un sustantivo propio se presenta
precedido por el artculo the, porque el mismo se usa con carcter de
sustantivo comn: He is the Leonardo of today, es el Leonardo de hoy.
Cuando una persona se convierte en famosa --adquiriendo de ese modo
jerarqua internacional-- (como ocurre con los grandes cantantes,
pintores, etc.) suele usarse su nombre como parmetro para otra
persona an no tan famosa.
En ese sentido, puede decirse por ejemplo, This singer is the Sinatra of
Mexico, este cantante es el Sinatra de Mexico, para referirse a que dicho
cantante tiene tan buena voz como la del afamado Frank Sinatra. Y en
ese caso, como ocurre en espaol, el artculo THE no se omite en ingls.
(e, en)
a - an
uno, una
El ingls tiene una sola forma de artculo indeterminado: a book, un libro; a table, una
mesa.
1. Adopta la forma an delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido voclico: an
apple, una manzana; an orange, una naranja.
2. Existen, no obstante, palabras que empezando con vocal piden el artculo a por
presentar esa vocal un sonido semivoclico: a University, una universidad; a European
magazine, una revista europea.
3. Existen 4 palabras que comienzan con h muda y llevan el artculo an: an hour, una
hora;an heir, un heredero; an honour, un honor; an honest boy, un muchacho
honesto. Para los derivados de estas 4 palabras se aplica la misma regla.
4. El plural o, si se quiere, la idea de varios, se expresa con los
indefinidos some y any: I see some books, veo unos libros.
5. En general, se corresponde el uso del artculo indeterminado en ingls y en
castellano. Sin embargo, hay casos en que el castellano lo omite y el ingls no, como
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
REGLA 1
REGLA 2
REGLA 3
REGLA 4
No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de persona:
Jane Fonda, Dr Valladares, Pope Paul.
Utilizamos los artculos 'A' o 'AN' con trabajos y profesiones (un aspe
gramatical que muchos hispano-parlantes no suelen recordar):
Sandra is a doctor, Mike is an engineer.
REGLA 5
REGLA 6
No se utiliza el artculo con determinadas expresiones de tiempo:
at night, at sunset, before sunrise, after sunrise.
REGLA 7
html
Los artculos
en ingls
#s
Articles - Unit 28
C U R S OS D E I N G L E S GR ATI S P R E F E R ID OS P OR L O S H I S PAN O H AB L A
EXERCISE A
Examples: Sue was very helpful. She gave me some good advice / advices ("advice" is r
1.
Margaret has very long black
.
hair
2.
We had
3.
Can I help you with your
?
luggage
4.
I want something to read. I'm going to buy
newsp
a
5.
I want to write some letters. I need
writing paper.
a
6.
It's very difficult to find a
at the moment.
w ork
7.
Bad news
8.
Our
9.
10.
.
a complete chaos
11.
advice.
an
12.
?
experience
EXERCISE B
Examples: The room was very crowded. We had to open the windows for (some) air.
1.
I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got
2. They'll tell you all you want to know. The'll give you plenty of
EXERCISE C
Write what you would say in these situations. Each time begin in t
way shown and use one of these words: NEWS, ADVICE, LUGGAG
INFORMATION, DAY, SCENERY
Examples: Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can't see any suitcases or bag
You say: Do you have any luggage?
1. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see in the tow
You say: I'd like
.
!!!
3. You are a student. You want your teacher to advise you about which exams t
You say: Can you give me
?
4. You want to watch the news on television, but you don't know what time it is
You ask your friend: What time
?
5. You are standing at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It is
You say: What
!!!
thas
3. hair
4. progress or some/a lot of progress
5. any paper or some/a piece of paper
6. permission (not the permission)
7. work / some work (not a work)
8. advice / some advice / his advice
rDyANSWERS
UNIT 28 - Exercise C