Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.

), 8(1): 93 98 (2012)

The Egyptian S ociety of Exp erim ental Biology

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Em a d A. Far a h a t
1
Na s s er A. Sew el a m
2
Eb r a h em M. Ei d

ASS ESSMENT OF AIRBORNE TRACE METAL POLLUTION BY IPO MOE A

CARNEA JACQ. LEAV ES AND ITS PO TENTIAL USE AS ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATOR

ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to assess the concentration
of some trace metals in the leaves of the
invasive plant Ipomoea carnea Jacq. at ElGharbiya and Kafr El-Sheikh Governorates,
Egypt, in order to evaluate the suitability of its
leaves as bio-monitoring of air pollution. Leaf
samples were collected during the main
growing season (summer) from four different
habitats (road side, cultivated land, waste
land and canal bank). Samples were analyzed
for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn using
Inductively
Coupled
Plasma
Mass
Spectrometry. Results indicated that the
metallic elements in the leaves of I. carnea
had the following sequence: Mn > Cu > Zn >
Ni > Pb > Cd. The spatial variability of trace
metals was significant only for Mn, Pb and Zn
(at P < 0.05). Cultivated land and canal bank
showed
insignificant
higher
metal
concentrations in its leaves compared with the
road side and waste land habitats (except for
Cd and Cu). The concentrations of Ni was
positively correlated with the distance from
the main motorway (r = 0.65, P < 0.05). All
the measured trace metals had wide
concentration range between sites. 50% of
the
sampled
sites
had
high
toxic
concentration of Pb (from 7.2 to 17.8 ppm)
more
than
the
permissible
limits
recommended by W HO (> 10 ppm). The
present results suggest the suitability of using
I. carnea as a bio-monitor for trace metal
pollution in the Nile Delta.

KEY WORDS:

Air pollutants, Bio-monitoring, Egypt, Invasive

species, Nile Delta.

CORRESPONDENCE:

Emad A. Farahat
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of
Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: emad23_1999@yahoo.com

ISSN: 1687-7497

Na s s er A. Sew el a m
2
Eb r a h em M. Ei d

Botany Department, Faculty of Science,

Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
2
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr
El-Sheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh,
Egypt.

ARTICLE CODE: 11.02.12

INTRODUCTION:
Ipomoea
carnea
Jacq.
is
an
exceptionally fast growing weed of family
Convolvulaceae, and is useful as a source of
fuel (stem) and fertilizer (green manuring with
bark and leaves) (Singh et al., 1987). It is a
native of Tropical South America. It was
introduced to India at the end of the last
century as a garden and hedge plant (Hooker,
1885). Nowadays, it is spreading rapidly in
many terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming
large naturalized populations throughout India
(Cook, 1987). It is a semi-aquatic, lignose
plant up to 3 m tall. Its large leaves and large
scented rose-purple flowers make it an
attractive plant for cultivation in tropical and
subtropical climates (Frey, 1995). It has a
rapid growth and spreading rate, and
demonstrates adaptability from xeric to
aquatic habitats (Mohanty and Mishra, 1963).
Ipomoea carnea was introduced to
Egypt in 1932 as an ornamental plant, for its
luxuriant vegetative growth and attractive
large pink flowers (Shaltout et al., 2010).
Nowadays, it is recorded as a naturalized
species along canals and drains, road sides,
railways, waste lands and field edges in the

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94

Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 8(1): 93 98 (2012)

Nile Delta (El-Sheikh, 1996; Al-Sodany, 1998;

Boulos, 2000; Eid, 2002; Al-Sodany et al.,
2009; Boulos, 2009; Shaltout et al., 2010) and
propagates vegetatively by stem fragments
which are capable of rooting within a few
days. Farmers use it as an ornamental and
hedge plant along the banks of irrigation and
drainage canals. These uses and its capacity
to reproduce by seeds have resulted in the
dissemination of the plant into new regions
(Chaudhuri et al., 1994). Recently, it has
become widely established in other terrestrial
habitats and may cause obstruction and other
problems in a wide range of habitats in the
Nile Delta. The rapid growth rate, spread
capacity, and adaptability from xeric to
aquatic habitats indicate that such plant may
potentially become a disastrous invasive
species in the Egyptian water bodies (Eid,
2002; Shaltout et al., 2006; Al-Sodany et al.,
2009; Shaltout et al., 2010).
In the present study, the concentration
of some trace metals in the leaves of I.
carnea at El-Gharbiya and Kafr El-Sheikh
Governorates, Egypt, were investigated to
ascertain whether its leaves are characterized
by a differential accumulation, and to test its
suitability as a bio-monitor for certain trace
metals.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Twelve sampling sites were randomly
chosen to represent the growth of I. carnea
along a 40 km transect of Tanta Kafr ElSheikh road. The sample sites represent the
distribution of the plant in four different
habitats: canal bank (3 sites), cultivated land
(4 sites), road side (2 sites) and waste land (3
sites) (Table 1).
In each sampling site,
leaves of I. carnea were collected from 10
individuals within a 100 m 2 , and then mixed
up to form a composite plant sample. Three
plant samples were prepared for each
sampling site, washed thoroughly w ith tap
water and rinsed with deionized water then
dried at 60C in an oven for three days. The
samples were ground into fine powder in an
agate mortar. The samples (0.5 g each) were
ashed at 550C in a muffle furnace for 3
hours, then digested with 10 ml nitric acid
(2.8%) overnight. The sample volume was
brought to 50 ml using ultra pure distilled
water and stored in 50 ml polypropylene
bottles.
Diluted
solutions
(10%)
were
analyzed for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn using
Inductively
Coupled
Plasma
Mass
Spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7500). The
ICP multi-element standard solution (Merck,
VI CertiPUR) diluted to concentrations of 10,
100 and 1000 ppb was used to construct a
linear calibration graph for the analyzed
elements. An internal standard solution
containing 800 ppb indium was added to the
samples during analysis (Faithfull, 2002). The
results were calculated on dry weight basis.
ISSN: 1687-7497

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Table 1. Habitat types and distance from the main

motorway (m) for the sampling sites in the study area.
Sampling
site

Habitat type

Distance from the main

motorway (m)

Canal bank

12.5

Cultivated land

40.0

Road side

1.5

Road side

3.5

Cultivated land

4.5

Canal bank

10.5

Cultivated land

21.0

Canal bank

14.5

Waste land

100.0

10

Waste land

100.0

11

Cultivated land

1500.0

12

Waste land

8.5

Non-parametric Spearman correlation

coefficients between the metal concentrations
for leaves and in relation to the distance away
from the main motorway were calculated.
Differences between sampling sites and their
habitats in terms of metals concentrations in
leaf samples were evaluated using one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS:
The concentrations of the six trace
metals in the leaves of I. carnea had the
following sequence: Mn > Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb >
Cd. Mn, Cu and Zn were the most prevailing
elements in all sites with mean concentration
of 101.4, 69.5 and 61.5 ppm, respectively
(Table 2). The concentrations of all metals,
except Cd, exhibited a wide range between
sites. The concentration of Cu was high in all
the sampled sites with range from 49.0 to
83.5 ppm. Cd, Pb, and Ni were the least
detected elements in the plant leaves with
very low concentrations in all samples.
Table 2. Mean concentration standard deviation (ppm) of
six trace metals in the leaves of Ipomoea carnea
collected from 12 sites. * = significance at P < 0.05.
Site

Cd

Cu

Mn

Ni

Pb

Zn

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mean
SD
F
P

0.51
0.51
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.48
0.59
0.48
0.45
0.43
0.54
0.54
0.50
0.04
0.12
1.00

70.2
72.4
61.3
49.0
73.0
81.6
68.1
62.9
63.5
70.9
77.7
83.5
69.5
9.5
0.64
0.10

158.8
124.1
130.7
87.9
103.3
109.7
129.1
91.0
47.7
56.0
97.0
81.3
101.4
31.9
3.5
0.001*

20.4
13.8
12.9
12.8
14.6
15.1
14.9
11.3
9.5
11.1
23.5
17.2
14.8
4.0
2.05
0.10

17.8
10.9
8.9
7.2
11.1
11.6
11.3
7.8
11.7
7.8
9.3
8.7
10.3
2.9
3.00
0.01*

114.4
64.6
62.5
41.2
70.2
59.0
59.5
52.1
48.1
46.3
57.8
62.8
61.5
18.6
2.70
0.02*

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Farahat et al., Trace Metal Pollution by Ipomoea Carnea Jacq. Leaves and Its Potential Use as Environmental Indicator

than the road side and waste land habitats,

except for Cd and Cu, (Fig. 1). 50% of the
sampled sites had high toxic concentration of
Pb (ranging from 7.2 to 17.8 ppm) more than
the permissible limits recommended by W HO
(> 10 ppm).

The spatial variability of trace metals

was significant (at P < 0.05) for Mn, Zn and
Pb at high probability levels and did not hang
on the traffic burden in each site (Table 2).
The sites representing cultivated land and
canal bank had high, but non-significant,
metal concentrations in the leaves of the plant
160

ppm

140

160

Cu, F = 2.6, P = 0.12

140

160

Mn, F = 3.6, P = 0.06

140

120

120

120

100

100

100

80

80

80

60

60

60

40

40

40

20

20

20

25

ppm

0.6

Cd, F = 1.7, P = 0.24

Zn, F = 0.9, P = 0.46

25

Ni, F = 0.8, P = 0.54

0.4

95

Pb, F = 1.1, P = 0.40

20

20

15

15

10

10

0.2

0.0

CB

CL

RS

WL

CB

CL

Habitat

RS

WL

CB

CL

Habitat

RS

WL

Habitat

Fig. 1. Mean concentration standard deviation (ppm) of six trace metals in the leaves of Ipomoea carnea at different
habitats in the study area. CB: Canal bank, CL: Cultivated land, RS: Road side, WL: Waste land.

Mn, Zn and Pb were positively

correlated with each other in the sampled
sites (at P < 0.05) (Table 3). Ni is the only
element that had positive correlation w ith the
distance from the main motorway (r = 0.65, P
< 0.05).

The comparison between the trace metal

concentrations (ppm) in Ipomoea carnea
leaves in the present study with some other
species in different countries are presented in
table 4.

Table 3. Spearman correlation coefficient between the six trace metals in Ipomoea carnea leaves and distance from the
main motorway. Values in bold are significant at P < 0.05.
Mn

Ni

Cu

Zn

Cd

Ni

0.49

Cu

0.07

0.51

Zn

0.74

0.56

0.29

Cd

0.48

0.63

0.30

Pb

0.59

0.38

0.24

0.86

0.19

Distance

0.10

0.65

0.27

0.09

0.26

Pb

0.28
0.12

Table 4. Comparison between the six trace metals concentration (ppm) in the leaves of Ipomoea carnea in th e
present study and some other species in different countries.
Trace metal

Species

Country

Reference

Cd

Cu

Mn

Ni

Pb

Zn

Ipomoea carnea

0.4-0.6

49.0-83.5

47.7-158.8

9.5-23.5

7.2-17.8

41.2-114.4

Egypt

Present study

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

0.1-9.4

1.0-15.2

0.4-7.7

0.6-20.3

6.1-99.2

Egypt

El-Katony et al. (2006)

Ficus retusa

0.5-6.9

0.9-18.8

1.0-9.4

0.8-29.3

4.9-106.5

Egypt

El-Katony et al. (2006)

2.6-13.1

8.1-46.7

21.4-38.3

22.5-58.7

Jordan

Al-Khashman et al. (2011)

0.5-4.2

1.1-2.7

60.0-680.0

Taiwan

Wu et al. (2010)

20.0-700.0

24.0-104.0

Nigeria

Ukpebor et al. (2010)

0.5-17.5

13.4-34.9

Serbia

Anicic et al. (2011)

Phoenix dactylifera
Bidenens pilosa

0.2-1.7

17.3-19.9

Delonix regia

2.0-16.0

Tilia spp.

6.4-52.2

I ISSN: 1687-7497

130.0-740.0

0.3-2.1

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96

Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 8(1): 93 98 (2012)

DISCUSSION:
Among the many forms of pollution, air
pollution is unique in that it has a widespread
or even global occurrence. The living
organisms have limited capacity to tolerate air
pollutants
and
will
suffer
when
the
concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere
reach certain threshold level. Air pollution in
the last century resulted in changing the
earths
atmosphere
to
an
extent
unprecedented in the human history. Most of
the human-made pollutants emitted to the
atmosphere will sooner or later deposit on the
earths surface either by dry deposition or
precipitation (El-Katony et al., 2006).
Higher plants are considered to function
as bio-monitors for aerial metal contamination
because of their accumulation properties
(Rossini Oliva and Mingorance, 2004&2006;
El-Katony et al., 2006), and some plant
species were reported to assimilate metals
contamination (Ghosh and Singh, 2005 a&b).
The main sources of trace metals pollution in
the present study are traffic exhaust and
biomass combustion (Gatari et al., 2005). In
addition,
the
highest
trace
metal
concentrations occur in air near the main
streets (Zereini et al., 2005). Analysis of I.
carnea leaves indicated that, among trace
metals, the maj or components were Mn, C u,
and Zn. This could be ascribed to the
correlation between the uptake of these
elements and their presence in the roadway
environment (Campo et al., 1996; Denier van
der Gon et al., 2007). However, Mn and Zn
concentrations are below the phytotoxic
range; > 400 ppm and 100 - 400 ppm,
respectively (Kabata-Pendias, 2011). The
concentrations of Cu in all the sampled sites
were above the phytotoxic range; 20 - 100
ppm (Kabata-Pendias, 2011). Ni, Pb, and Cd
concentrations were found to be above the
normal concentrations for plants; 0.5 - 5 ppm,
0.05 - 3 ppm and 0.01 - 0.3 ppm, respectively
(Allen, 1989), and lower than the phytotoxic
range. Moreover, Pb concentrations were
found to be above the permissible limit as
recommended by W HO for plants; > 10 ppm
(Allen, 1989; Kabata-Pendias, 2011).
The trace metal concentrations in plants
collected from the cultivated land and canal
bank exceed that collected along the road
side and waste land. This finding suggests
that these metals are not derived mainly from
transportation emission. This finding is
supported by the significant correlation
between concentration of Ni in the leaves of I.
carnea and the distance from the main
motorway. Mn, Zn and Pb were positively
correlated with each other in the present
study w hich may confirm that Mn, Zn and Pb
are produced from the same source (i.e.
vehicles).

ISSN: 1687-7497

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It is well know n that the significant

natural source of atmospheric Ni is wind
borne dust particles derived from the
weathering of rocks and soils and from the
volcanic eruptions (EPA, 1984). Although Ni
occurs
throughout
the
environment,
industrialization has increased its flux.
Khillare et al. (2004) concluded that the
anthropogenic stationary sources that release
Ni into ambient air include combustion and
incineration sources and high temperature
metallurgical operations. The mobile source
contribution to Ni emission inventories is
small and derived primarily from engine wear
and impurities in engine oil and fuel additives
(EPA, 1984). In Egypt, Shakour et al. (2001)
reported that the main contributors to Ni in
the air are the particulate matters emitted
from gasoline powered vehicles. In addition,
the suspended dust in canal bank and
cultivated land habitats due to biomass
combustion may contribute for more Ni
concentrations in the plant leaves.
Most of Cd comes from anthropogenic
sources (Pacyna, 1998). The important uses
of Cd are alloys, electroplating industry,
pigments as stabilizers in polyvinyl plastics
and in N i-Cd batteries (Pacyna, 1998). Other
important source of Cd is pyro-metallurgical
non-ferrous metal production such as Pb, CuNi, Zn-Cd production and mining (Khillare et
al., 2004). Cd was the least detected metal in
the study area due to the absence of most
sources for the element.
Nriagu (1990) noted that Pb content of
African gasoline is much higher than the 0.15
g l 1 being adopted by the European
Economic Community. It has been reported
that most petroleum industries in Africa add
additives like tetraethyl lead [Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 4 ] to
petrol (gasoline) is believed to be the
cheapest way of boosting the octane number
of gasoline used by large numbers of old cars.
This addition inevitably introduces lead as
pollutants into the environment. In Egypt, the
unleaded gasoline is used mainly in the
private cars where the leaded gasoline is
used more in trucks and public transportation
means for its low price and the nature of
engines in these trucks. This increases the
loads of Pb emissions to air and its
contamination.
Comparing the present results with the
metal concentrations in some countries in the
world, it was found that Mn concentration in I.
carnea is close to the minimum concentration
in Bidenens pilosa L. collected from some
industrial areas and close to the main roads in
Taiwan (W u et al., 2010). On the contrary, the
highest Ni concentration in the study area was
about 4-fold more than that found in B. pilosa
in Taiwan, 4-fold and 3-fold more than that
found in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
and Ficus retusa L., respectively, in Egypt
(El-Katony et al., 2006; W u et al., 2010). Cu
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Farahat et al., Trace Metal Pollution by Ipomoea Carnea Jacq. Leaves and Its Potential Use as Environmental Indicator

concentration was > 5-fold more than that

reported for B. pilosa in Taiwan and Phoenix
dactylifera L. in Jordan and about 10-fold
more than that found in E. camaldulensis and
F. retusa in Egypt (El-Katony et al., 2006; W u
et al., 2010; Al-Khashman et al., 2011).
Meanwhile, Zn concentration was > 1.5 fold
more that reported for Tilia spp. in Serbia
(Anicic et al., 2011) and < 1.5 fold more that
reported for E. camaldulensis and F. retusa in
Egypt but less than Zn concentration in B.
pilosa in Taiwan (W u et al., 2010) and close

97

to the detected concentrations in Delonix

regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. leaves in Nigeria
(Ukpebor et al., 2010). On the other hand, Pb
concentration range was approximately equal
to that found in Tilia spp. in Serbia (Anicic et
al., 2011) and 17-fold that in Taiwan but less
than the Pb concentrations in D. regia leaves
in Nigeria (Ukpebor et al., 2010). In
conclusion, present results suggest the
suitability of using I. carnea as a bio-monitor
for trace metal pollution in the Nile Delta.

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