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Chapter 11
1. A generalized version of formula (11.2) would be
d=
+ tn v tn Rtn
+ v tn Rtn
t
where 0 < t1 < t2 < < tn . Now multiply numerator and denominator by (1 + i ) 1 to
obtain
d=
t1 Rt1 + t2 v t2 t1 Rt2 +
Rt1 + v t2 t1 Rt2 +
v 0
t1 Rt1
Rt1
+ tn v tn t1 Rtn
+ v tn t1 Rtn
= t1.
2. We can apply the dividend discount model and formula (6.28) to obtain
P (i ) = D (i k ) .
1
= ( i k ) = (.08 .04 ) .
Finally, we apply formula (11.5)
d = v (1 + i ) =
1.08
= 27.
.08 .04
d=
n
0
n
0
tv t dt
tv t dt
( I a )n
an
v=
d
v ( I a )n
=
.
1+ i
an
126
Chapter 11
1
a = .
i
The modified duration of the perpetuity is
v=
d
=
1+ i
v tv t
t =1
v ( Ia )
a
t =1
v / id v v 1
= = = .
1/ i
d iv i
d=
=
6. (a) We have v =
so that
10 ( Ia )8 + 800v8
at i = 8%
10a8 + 100v8
P ( i )
d
=
P (i ) 1 + i
650
d
and d = 6.955.
=
100 1.07
(b) We have P ( i + h ) P ( i ) [1 hv ]
so that P (.08 ) P (.07 ) [1 .01v ]
7. Per dollar of annual installment payment the prospective mortgage balance at time
t = 3 will be a12 .06 = 8.38384 . Thus, we have
tv R
d=
v R
t
26.359948
= 2.71.
9.712246
127
8. We have P ( i ) = R (1 + i )
Chapter 11
P ( i ) = R (1 + i )
3
P ( i ) = 2 R (1 + i )
3
2
P ( i ) 2 R (1 + i )
2
and c =
=
= 2 (1 + i ) =
= 1.715.
1
P (i )
(1.08 )2
R (1 + i )
9. (a) Rather than using the definition directly, we will find the modified duration first
and adjust it, since this information will be needed for part (b). We have
1
2
P ( i ) = 1000 (1 + i ) + (1 + i )
2
3
P ( i ) = 1000 (1 + i ) 2 (1 + i )
3
4
P ( i ) = 1000 2 (1 + i ) + 6 (1 + i ) .
2
3
P ( i ) (1.1) + 2 (1.1)
1.1 + 2
=
=
Now, v =
1
2
P (i )
(1.1)2 + 1.1
(1.1) + (1.1)
and d = v (1 + i ) =
1.1 + 2 3.1
=
= 1.48.
1.1 + 1 2.1
(b) We have
3
4
P ( i ) 2 (1 + i ) + 6 (1 + i )
=
c=
P (i )
(1 + i )1 + (1 + i )2
4
and multiplying numerator and denominator by (1 + i )
2 (1 + i ) + 6
2 (1.1) + 6
8.2
=
=
= 3.23.
3
2
3
2
2.541
(1 + i ) + (1 + i ) (1.1) + (1.1)
10. When there is only one payment d is the time at which that payment is made for any
dd dv
force of interest. Therefore,
=
= 2 = 0.
d d
1
2
3
11. (a) P ( i ) = 1000 (1 + i ) + 2 (1 + i ) + 3 (1 + i )
1
2
3
= 1000 (1.25 ) + 2 (1.25 ) + 3 (1.25 ) = $3616.
1
2
3
1000 (1.25 ) + 4 (1.25 ) + 9 (1.25 ) 7968
=
= 2.2035.
(b) d =
1
2
3
1000 (1.25 ) + 2 (1.25 ) + 3 (1.25 ) 3616
128
(c) v =
Chapter 11
d
2.2035
=
= 1.7628.
1+ i
1.25
3
4
5
P ( i ) 2 (1 + i ) + 12 (1 + i ) + 36 (1 + i )
(d) c =
=
P (i )
(1 + i )1 + 2 (1 + i )2 + 3 (1 + i )3
3
= 4.9048.
P ( i ) = (1 + i ) + (1 + i ) +
+ (1 + i )
P ( i ) = (1)( 2 ) (1 + i ) + ( 2 ) ( 3)(1 + i ) +
+ ( n )( n + 1)(1 + i )
n2
If i = 0, the convexity is
c=
=
P ( 0 ) 1 2 + 2 3 + + n ( n + 1)
=
P (0)
1+1+ +1
(12 + 22 + + n 2 ) + (1 + 2 + + n )
n
1 (
1
n n + 1)( 2n + 1) + n ( n + 1)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 3n ( n + 1)
2
=6
=
n
6n
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 4 ) 1
=
= ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) .
6n
3
13. We have
P (i ) = D (i k )
P ( i ) = 2 D ( i k )
so that c =
3
P ( i ) 2 D ( i k )
2
2
=
=
=
= 1250.
2
1
P (i )
( i k ) (.08 .04 )2
D (i k )
dv
2
2
= v 2 c or 800 = ( 6.5 ) c or c = 800 + ( 6.5) = 842.25.
di
129
Chapter 11
h2
P ( i + h ) P ( i ) 1 hv + c
(.01)2
( 842.25 )
P (.08 ) 100 1 (.01)( 6.5 ) +
2
= 97.71.
15. (a) From formula (11.19)
P ( i h ) P ( i + h ) 101.6931 100.8422
=
2hP ( i )
2 (.001)(101.2606 )
= 4.20.
de =
P (i h ) 2P (i ) + P (i + h )
h2 P ( i )
101.6931 2 (101.2606 ) + 100.8422
=
= 139.24.
(.001)2 (101.2606 )
ce =
h2
P ( i + h ) P ( i ) 1 hd e + ce
(.0075 )2
(139.24 )
= 101.2606 1 (.0075 )( 4.20 ) +
2
= $98.47.
16. We have:
P (.09 ) =
100, 000
10
a10 .08 + (1.08 ) a10 .09
a20 .08
= 98, 620.43.
P (.08 ) = 100,000.00.
10
100, 000 (1.08 )10 100,000
s10 .08 a5 .07 (1.08 )
a
100, 000
20 .08
P (.07 ) =
a10 .08 +
a20 .08
a5 .08
= 100,852.22.
130
Chapter 11
(a) We have
P ( i h ) P ( i + h ) 100,852.22 98,620.43
=
= 1.12
2hP ( i )
2 (.01) (100,000 )
de =
(b) We have
P (i h ) 2P (i ) + P (i + h )
h2 P ( i )
100,852.22 2 (100, 000 ) + 98, 620.43
=
= 52.73
(.01)2 (100, 000 )
ce =
(.01)
P (.09 ) 100,000 1 (.01)(1.116 ) + 2 ( 52.734 ) = $98, 620
(.01) (
(
)
(
)(
)
P .07 100,000 1 .01 1.116 + 2 52.734 ) = $100,852
P ( i )
. Let i = h.
P (i )
P ( i )
, so that
i
P ( i )
=
P ( i ) 2 P ( i )
=
i i
( i )2
[ P ( i + h ) P ( i )] [ P ( i ) P ( i h )]
and c =
( i )2
P (i h ) 2P (i ) + P (i + h)
.
h2 P ( i )
131
Chapter 11
d=
(1) (1.1)1
d=
= 1.0000
(1.1)1
Jump = 1.0000 .4762 = .524.
(c) The numerator is the same before and after the jump. The denominator is one
less after the jump than before. The effect is greater when the numerator is greater.
21. Treasury bills have a stated rate at simple discount, which can be considered to be a
discount rate convertible quarterly as they rollover from quarter to quarter. We have
2
( )
d ( 4)
i2
1
1
=
+
4
2
( 2)
i
.06
1
=1+
4
2
( )
i 2 = .0613775.
( )
d ( 4)
.0513775
( )
, so d L4 = .0504.
1
=1+
4
2
d ( 4)
.0713775
( )
, so d H4 = .0695.
1
=1+
4
2
132
Chapter 11
22. Macaulay convexity equals to the square of Macaulay duration for single payments.
Thus, we have
Macaulay
Duration
Convexity
2
4
5
25
10
100
Bond 1
Bond 2
Bond 3
Amount
10,000
20,000
30,000
1000 2000
+
= $2503.48.
1.1 (1.12 )2
26. Let F1 and F2 be the face amount of 1-year and 2-year bonds. At the end of the
second year
F2 = 9433.96.
133
Chapter 11
9071.12 (104 )
= 8984.73.
105
The price of the 2-year bond is
1.06
.06
9433.96
+
= 9609.38.
2
1.05 (1.05 )
The total price is 8984.73 + 9609.38 = $18,594 to the nearest dollar.
2000
= 1951.220
1.025
in order to meet the payment due in one year. The amount of Bond A is
1.025
.025
PB = 1951.220
+
= 1914.153.
2
1.035 (1.035 )
The cost of Bond A is
1.04
PA = 914.634
= 923.514.
1.03
Thus, the total cost to the company is
v=
d
1
=
= .090909
1 + i 1.10
Chapter 11
(b) We have
P ( i ) = 1100 (1 + i )
1
3
P ( i ) = 2200 (1 + i ) .
Thus, the convexity of the liability is
3
P (.10 ) 2200 (1.1)
=
c=
P (.10 ) 1100 (1.1)1
2
=
= 1.65289
(1.1)2
5
Now multiplying by (1 + i ) and setting i = .1
4
3
1
A1 (1.1) + A5 = 100 (1.1) + 1.1 + (1.1)
or 1.4641A1 + A5 = 334.01.
From formula (11.28) we have
2
6
3
5
7
P ( i ) = A1 (1 + i ) 5 A5 (1 + i ) + 100 2 (1 + i ) + 4 (1 + i ) + 6 (1 + i ) .
135
Chapter 11
6
Now multiplying by (1 + i ) and setting i = .1
4
3
1
A1 (1.1) + 5 A5 = 100 2 (1.1) + 4 (1.1) + 6 (1.1)
or 1.4641A1 + 5 A5 = 1251.65.
Solving two equations in two unknowns, we have A1 = $71.44 and A5 = $229.41
(b) Testing formula (11.29) we have
3
7
4
6
8
P ( i ) = 2 A1 (1 + i ) + 30 A5 (1 + i ) 100 6 (1 + i ) + 20 (1 + i ) + 42 (1 + i )
and
3
7
P (.10 ) = ( 2 ) ( 71.44 )(1.1) + ( 30 )( 229.41)(1.1)
4
6
8
100 ( 6 )(1.1) + ( 20 )(1.1) + ( 42 ) (1.1)
= 140.97 > 0.
5 A (1.1) 5 B (1.1) = 0
5
or
a
aA (1.1) = 9917.36
a
A (1.1) = 5041.32.
9917.36
= 1.967 .
5041.32
136
Chapter 11
137
Chapter 11
or p1 > .7767 .
Thus, no solution exists.
35. The present value of the liability at 5% is
822,703 + 41,135s4
.045
= 998,687
822,703 + 41,135s4
.055
= 1, 001,323
(1.11) 2
= .1201 , or 12.01%.
1.10
PL (i ) = 85,000(1.08)10 (1 + i ) 10 .
138
Chapter 11
PA (i ) = 5(35,000)(1.08)5 (1 + i ) 6 4000i 2
PL (i ) = 10(85,000)(1.08)10 (1 + i ) 11
PA(i ) = (5)(6)(35, 000)(1.08)5 (1 + i )7 + 8000i 3
PL(i ) = (10)(11)(85,000)(1.08)10 (1 + i ) 12 .
If i = .08 , we have the following:
PA '(.08) 787,037.04
=
= 9.2593
PA (.08) 85,000.00
vL =
cA =
cL =
PL ''(.08) 8,016,118
=
= 94.31.
PL (.08)
85, 000
PA (.10) = 37,908
v A = 2.7273
PL (.10) = 37,908
v L = 2.5547
139
Chapter 11
d=
=
i (v + 2v 2 + 3v 3 +
i (v + v 2 + v 3 +
i ( Ia ) n + nv n
ian + v n
+ nv n ) + nv n
+ vn ) + vn
an nv n + nv n
1 vn + vn
= an .
1+ i
P (i + h ) P ( i )
1+ i + h
so that
d
1.08
1.08
P (.09) P (.08)
= (1)
1.09
1.09
(b) The error in this approach is
140
7.2469
= .9354.