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/i#b2 /2p2HQTK2Mi T`QD2+ibX h?2 +Hbb +`2i2/ i?`22 /i#b2b
7Q` i?2b2 Q`;MBxiBQMb BM+Hm/BM;,  pQHmMi22` /i#b2 iQ ?2HT QM2
Q`;MBxiBQM #2ii2` KM;2 Bib pQHmMi22`b M/ b+?2/mH2 pQHmMi22`b
7Q` +iBpBiB2b-  pBbBiQ` /i#b2 iQ ?2HT QM2 Q`;MBxiBQM KM;2
pBbBiQ`b BM7Q`KiBQM 7Q` [m`i2`Hv `2TQ`i- M/  +QHH2+iBQM /i#b2
iQ ?2HT QM2 b2H7@Q`;MBx2/ ;`QmT iQ `+?Bp2 M/ b?`2 mb27mH BM@
7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 +QHH2+iBQMX h?`22 bim/2Mi ;`QmTb r2`2 7Q`K2/
#v i?2 BMbi`m+iQ` ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 bim/2Mib i2+?MB+H #+F;`QmM/;`QmT rQ`F M/ H2/2`b?BT ?BbiQ`v- b+?2/mH2 7Q` ;`QmT K22iBM;- M/
T`272`2M+2b QM i?2 /i#b2 T`QD2+ibX
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M2`b BM i?2 T`QD2+i M/ 7Qbi2` +iBp2 T`iB+BTiBQM Q7 i?2 +QKKmMBiv
T`iM2`bX h?Bb rb KMB72bi2/ #v `2[mB`BM; i?2 bim/2Mib iQ +QHH2+i
M/ /Q+mK2Mi i?2 +QKKmMBiv T`iM2`b 722/#+F QM i?2 bim/2Mib
+iBpBiB2b i /Bz2`2Mi bi;2bX h?2 bim/2Mib r2`2 HbQ `2[mB`2/ iQ
r`Bi2 `2~2+iBp2 DQm`MHb #Qmi i?2B` H2`MBM; 2tT2`B2M+2b r?B+? BM@
+Hm/2/ MQi QMHv i?2B` `2~2+iBQMb QM i?2 /i#b2 +QM+2Tib M/ i?2
/i#b2 /2bB;M M/ BKTH2K2MiiBQM Bbbm2b- #mi HbQ i?2B` 722/#+Fb
QM i?2 MQM@i2+?MB+H +?HH2M;2b i?2v `M BMiQ BM i?2 ;`QmT T`QD2+iX

Data Collection and Analysis

HH i?2 i?`22 `2T`2b2MiiBp2b Q7 i?2 +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb +?Qb2 iQ
T`iB+BTi2 BM i?2 bim/vX h?2v r2`2 BMi2`pB2r2/ #Qmi i?2B` 2tT2`@
B2M+2b Q7 rQ`FBM; rBi? i?2 bim/2Mi ;`QmTbX 1B;?i bim/2Mib +?Qb2
iQ T`iB+BTi2 BM i?2 bim/vX 6Qm` Q7 i?2K +?Qb2 iQ #2 BMi2`pB2r2/
#Qmi i?2B` 2tT2`B2M+2b Q7 rQ`FBM; rBi?  `2H mb2` BM i?2 T`QD2+i
M/ i?2B` 2tT2`B2M+2b Q7 rQ`FBM; rBi? i?2 Qi?2` bim/2Mib BM i?2
;`QmTX h?`22 BMi2`pB2r22b r2`2 7`QK i?2 bK2 ;`QmTX h?2 BMi2`@
pB2rb r2`2 b2KB@ bi`m+im`2/X HH BMi2`pB2rb r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ +HQb2 iQ
i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 ;`QmT T`QD2+iX h?2v r2`2 +QM/m+i2/ BM  7+2@iQ@7+2
b2iiBM; M/ Hbi2/ #2ir22M k8 M/ 98 KBMmi2bX h?2 BMi2`pB2rb r2`2
`2+Q`/2/ M/ i`Mb+`B#2/X

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h?2 T`iB+BTiBM; bim/2Mib +Qm`b2rQ`F rb HbQ +QHH2+i2/ b T`i

Q7 i?2 `2b2`+? /iX h?Bb BM+Hm/2b i?2B` #+F;`QmM/ bm`p2v mb2/
7Q` 7Q`KBM; i?2 ;`QmTb M/ i?2B` `2~2+iBp2 DQm`MHbX

Findings
h?2 BMi2`pB2r /i bm;;2bi i?i i?2 bim/2Mib MQi QMHv H2`M2/
#Qmi /i#b2 +QM+2Tib M/ /i#b2 i2+?MQHQ;v #mi HbQ TT`2@
+Bi2/ i?2 QTTQ`imMBiv Q7 rQ`FBM; rBi? `2H mb2`b M/ ;BM2/ 2tT2`@
B2M+2b Q7 ?Qr iQ iF2 i?2B` T2`bT2+iBp2b BMiQ ++QmMi M/ BMi2;`i2
i?2K BMiQ i?2 /i#b2 /2bB;MX PM2 ;`QmT rb bbB;M2/ iQ +`2i2
i?2 +QHH2+iBQM /i#b2X h?2 +QHH2+iBQM BM+Hm/2/ Tm#HBb?2/ `iB+H2b#QQFb- 2i+X i i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 i?2 T`QD2+i- i?2 bim/2Mib i?Qm;?i
i?2v rQmH/ /2p2HQT  HB#``v +iHQ;m2 7Q` i?2 +QHH2+iBQM rBi? #B#@
HBQ;`T?B+ /i HBF2 mi?Q`b- Tm#HB+iBQM v2`- Tm#HBb?2`- 2i+X M
BMi2`pB2r rBi? i?2 `2T`2b2MiiBp2 iQiHHv +?M;2/ i?2 ;`QmTb pB2rX
PM2 K2K#2` `2~2+i2/ QM i?Bb M/ bB/- qQ`FBM; rBi?  +HB2Mi Bb
`2HHv BMi2`2biBM;- M/ i?2 T`QD2+i i?i r2 ;Qi- i?2 +iHQ;mBM; Q7
`2bQm`+2bXXXr2 ?p2 iQ #2  HBiiH2 #Bi +`2iBp2 BM ?Qr r2 TT`Q+?
i?2 T`QD2+i #2+mb2XXX?2 rMib Bi iQ #2 TH+2 r?2`2 T2QTH2 +M +QK2
M/ [mB+FHv }M/ `2bQm`+2b rBi?Qmi ?pBM; iQ ivT2 BM b2`+? rQ`/bX
h?2 +QKKmMBiv T`iM2`b HbQ TT`2+Bi2/ i?2 +iBp2 T`iB+BT@
iBQM T`Q+2bbX h?2v r2`2 TH2b2/ i?i i?2 bim/2Mib iQQF i?2 Q`;M@
BxiBQMb T2`bT2+iBp2 b2`BQmbHv BM i?2 /2bB;M T`Q+2bbX PM2 `2T`2b2Mi@
iBp2 bB/, h?2v /Q MQi +QK2 BM rBi? T`2+QM+2Bp2/ B/2b Q7 r?i
b?QmH/ #2 /QM2- r?i M22/b iQ #2 /QM2X h?2v HBbi2M iQ r?i A ?p2
iQ bvXXX M/ A i?BMF i?ib i?2 `B;?i rv iQ /Q Bi- Bib MQi #2BM;
`2+iBp2XXXAp2 b22M bQK2 T`Q72bbBQMH +QMbmHiMib i?i `2Mi b r2HH
T`2T`2/ M/ b i?Q`Qm;? b i?Bb ;`QmT Bb- bQ i?2vp2 #22M p2`v
;QQ/X >2 7m`i?2` +QKK2Mi2/ i?i- XXX h?2v /Q +`2 #Qmi M
Q`;MBxiBQM i?2vp2 ?/ MQ +QMM2+iBQM iQX h?ibXXXbQK2i?BM; i?i
/QMi Hrvb ;2i rBi? i?2 +QMbmHiMi i?i HQQFb i Bi vQm FMQr- i?Bb
Bb  #mbBM2bb T`QD2+i QM2 Qz i?2M AHH KQp2 QM iQ bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2XXX
PM2 `2T`2b2MiiBp2 rb ?TTBHv bm`T`Bb2/ r?2M ?2 7QmM/ ?2 rb
2KTQr2`2/ iQ Qz2` 722/#+F /m`BM; i?2 /2bB;M T`Q+2bbX _2~2+iBM;
mTQM ?Bb H2`MBM; 2tT2`B2M+2- ?2 bB/- A ?/Mi `2HBx2/XXXi?i vQm
/QMi Dmbi im`M bQK2i?BM; Qp2` iQ T2QTH2 M/ bv /Q BiX h?2v`2

7RZDUGV7UDLQLQJ/LEUDULDQ

;QMM +QK2 #+F rBi? [m2biBQMb- M/ i?2v`2 ;QMM 7Q`+2 K2 iQ

i?BMF #QmiXXXM/ bQ Bib MQi  Kii2` Q7- P? ?2`2b  #mM+? Q7 bimzX
:Q rv M/ ?p2 7mM rBi? BiX Ai K2Mi i?i A ?/ iQ i?BMF #Qmi
r?i i?BbXXX/i#b2 rb 7Q`- M/ Bi K2Mi r?i T2QTH2 rQmH/ rMi
Bi 7Q`- M/ A ?/ iQ +H`B7v Kv QrM i?Qm;?ib #Qmi BiX M/XXXi?i
rb  p2`v BMi2`2biBM; 2tT2`B2M+2XXX
h?2 +b2 bim/v T`2b2Mi2/ irQ +?HH2M;2b Q7 T`+iB+BM; i?2 T@
T`Q+? BM +Hbb`QQK i2+?BM;, bQHB/B7vBM; T`QD2+i pBbBQM rBi? i?2
+QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb M/ HH2pBiBM; i?2 bim/2Mib T`2bbm`2 #Qmi `2H
BKT+i Q7 i?2 T`QD2+iX a2p2`H bm;;2biBQMb `2 K/2 iQ //`2bb i?2b2
+?HH2M;2bX 6B`bi- i?2 BMbi`m+iQ` /2p2HQTb M ;`22K2Mi rBi? i?2
+QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb QM T`QD2+i 2tT2+iiBQM, i?2 +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb
`2 MQi Q#HB;i2/ Q` MiB+BTi2/ iQ /QTi i?2 T`QD2+i Qmi+QK2 #mi
mM/2`biM/ i?i i?2 T`QD2+i Qmi+QK2 ?b i?2 TQi2MiBH #2M2}i iQ
i?2 ;`QmTbX a2+QM/- i?2 BMbi`m+iQ` `2[mB`2b i?2 bim/2Mi ;`QmTb iQ
/2p2HQT  mb2` M22/ /Q+mK2Mi iQ;2i?2` rBi? i?2 +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb
b  rv 7Q` #Qi? T`iB2b iQ B/2MiB7v i?2 b?`2/ T`QD2+i ;QHb M/
bT2+B7v i?2 +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb M22/bX h?B`/- i?2 bim/2Mib `2 2/m@
+i2/ #Qmi i?2 +mHim`2 Q7 MQM@T`Q}i +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb iQ ?2HT
i?2 bim/2Mib #2ii2` TQbBiBQM i?2B` `QH2b BM i?2 +QKKmMBiv ;`QmTb
T`+iB+2X

Bibliography

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iQ i?2 T?BHQbQT?v Q7 2/m+iBQM URNee 2/XV- L2r uQ`F, 6`22
S`2bbX
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aT+2- h?2 P*G* L2rbH2ii2`X _2i`B2p2/ m;mbi kj- kyRy7`QK ?iiT,ffrrrXQ+H+XQ`;fM2tibT+2fyykfjX?iK

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IS THE QUESTION
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Introduction
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kyyk- aQHQp2 kyykV ?b #22M `Bb2/ iQ  7mM/K2MiH ;QQ/ i?i
T2`K2i2b HH bT2+ib Q7 KQ/2`M /2KQ+`iB+ bQ+B2iB2bX h?2 ;QH Q7
i?Bb TT2` Bb iQ 2tTHQ`2 i?2 `QH2 Q7 i?Bb T`BM+BTH2 BM `2HiBQM iQ HQ+H
mi?Q`BiB2b ii2KTib iQ BM+`2b2 +BiBx2M T`iB+BTiBQM pB BM+`2b2/
H2p2Hb Q7 bQ+BH K2/B mb;2X q2 `;m2 i?i bQ+BH K2/B TQHB+v
rQ`F `Bb2b  +QM~B+i pBb@@pBb i?2 2bi#HBb?2/ MQ`Kb Q7 6`22/QK
Q7 AM7Q`KiBQM M/ i?2 B/2QHQ;B+H mM/2`TBMMBM;b Q7 i?2 i2+?MQHQ;v
BM mb2X Pm` MHvbBb #mBH/b QM  ar2/Bb? +b2 bim/v M/ BHHmbi`i2b
i?2 +QM~B+i #2ir22M +BiBx2M@;Qp2`MK2Mi BMi2`+iBQM pB bQ+BH K2/B
i2+?MQHQ;B2b M/ i?2 2bi#HBb?2/ MQ`Kb Q7 6`22/QK Q7 AM7Q`KiBQMX

Freedom of Information
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6QAV ?2 rb `;mBM; 7Q` M mM?2`/ Q7 H2p2H Q7 QT2MM2bb M/ i`Mb@
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HB+ b2`pMib +QmH/ #2 Q#b2`p2/ M/ i`+2/X AM+`2b2/ ++QmMi#BHBiv
H2/b iQ BM+`2b2/ +QMi`QHX >Bb `;mK2Mib +M #2 b22M iQ #2 6Qm@



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Technology and State

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i?2 TQbbB#H2X h?2 i2+?MQHQ;v Bib2H7 Bb MQi BM?2`2MiHv /2KQ+`iB+ #mi
Kv #2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ iQ bmTTQ`i T`iB+BTiQ`v T`Q+2bb2bX

E-government or E-democracy
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h?mb 7` i?2 KBM i?`mbi Q7 i2+?MQHQ;B+H BKTH2K2MiiBQM ?b
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K2Mi2/X h?Bb KBM/b2i ?b HbQ #22M TQbbB#H2 iQ /Bb+2`M BM KMv
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From information to interaction

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HB2b H`;2Hv QmibB/2 i?2 +QMi`QH Q7 i?2 ;Qp2`MK2MiH mi?Q`BiB2b M/
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K2/B Bb BM i?2 ?M/b Q7 i?2 THi7Q`K QrM2`bX S?vbB+H +QMi`QH Q7
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M/ ++2bb iQ i?2B` BM7Q`KiBQM M/ mb2 `2 `2;mHi2/ #v HB+2MbBM;

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/BiBQMb T`2b2Mi T`iB+mH` T`Q#H2Kb 7Q` 7Q`KHBbiB+ `2;mHiBQM M/
+QMi`QH #v i?2 KmMB+BTHBiB2b M/ +BiBx2Mb b mb2`b Q7 i?2 BM7Q`K@
iBQM BM7`bi`m+im`2X PM2 +QmH/ bF B7 i?2 6QA +imHHv +QmH/ 7+BHBii2
i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM ;i?2`BM; +iBpBiB2b Q7 KmHiB@MiBQMH +Q`TQ`iBQMb\

Empirical Study
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MB+BTHBiB2b T`BQ` iQ .2+2K#2` kyRyX
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iBQM2M kyRyVX
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Results
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KF2`b M/ `2b2`+?2`bX
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+QKKQM ;`QmM/ i?i `2 BMi2`2biBM; iQ TQBMi QmiX
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Analysis
Is Social Media a public or private space?
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Discussion: The next stage?

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T`Q+2bbBM; i?2 ;K2b i`Bib M/ +QMi2Mi 7i2`r`/b UGBM2K 
a`BM2M- kyyNVX
PM2 +m``2Mi 2tT2`BK2Mi Bb b h?2v a?QmH/ "2-  #2M2pQH2Mi /i
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BM; 2MpB`QMK2Mib BM r?B+? i?2 H2`M2`b `2 ;Bp2M i?2 QTTQ`imMBiv
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BM; i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM Ki2`BH #2BM; bim/B2/ M BMi2;`H T`i Q7 i?2
/2bB;M- MQi M //@QMX

Conclusions
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+QMi`QHH2/ bQ+BH BM7Q`KiBQM 2MpB`QMK2Mib- BMiQ r?B+? i?2 Q`;M@
Bx2` +M BMTmi /i r?BH2 FMQrBM; i?2 F2v p`B#H2bX h?2v `2
Q#b2`p#H2 /m`BM; i?2B` `mM@iBK2- M/ +M B7 M2+2bb`v #2 `2+Q`/2/b +M i?2B` /2#`B2}M;bX "v +?M;BM; BM+2MiBp2b- M/ BM+2MiBp2 BM@
i2MbBiv H2p2Hb- i?2 /2bB;M2` +M HbQ Q#b2`p2 +?M;2b BM BM7Q`KiBQM
#2?pBQ` Tii2`MbX 6m`i?2`KQ`2- B7 i?2 ;K2 Bb ;QQ/- i?2 THv2`b
rBHH rMi iQ bT2F #Qmi Bi iQ ;`2i 2ti2Mi 7i2`r`/b- b r2HH b
bT`2/ i?2 ;K2 iQ M2r m/B2M+2bX q?BH2 MQi `2HB#H2 b 2tT2`@
BK2Mib iQ  ;`2i 2ti2Mi- i?2 M2r `mMb iQQ T`QpB/2 /i QM ?Qr
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}M/BM;b `2X
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b22K iQ TQBMi iQr`/b i?2`2 #2BM; /2}MBi2 i2KTHi2b- Q` Tii2`MbQ7 BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ`- ;Qp2`M2/ #v bQ+BH +QMi`+ib M/ 2tT2+i@
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bBKBH` ;K2bX GBF2 Qi?2` H#Q`iQ`v 2tT2`BK2Mib- i?2b2 ;K2@i2bib

d JMv

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BM;, .QM2 r2HH- i?2v `2 ;`2i 2tT2`B2M+2b 7Q` HH BMpQHp2/X S2QTH2
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iQ`v 2tT2`BK2Mi QM BM7Q`KiBQM +iBpBiv- M/ ;Qi i?2 T`iB+BTMib
iQ b?Qmi h?Bb rb ;`2i5 A rMi iQ iF2 i?Bb ?QK2 rBi? K2 M/
`mM Bi 7Q` Kv 7`B2M/b5 r?2M Bi 2M/2/\ A ;2i i?i HH i?2 iBK2- THmb
i?2 +imH /i `2bmHibX

Funding
h?Bb TT2` rb r`Bii2M rBi? i?2 ?2HT Q7  ;`Mi 7`QK i?2 lMB@
p2`bBiv Q7 hKT2`2X

Bibliography

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Findings and contributions

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HOW TO STUDY SOCIAL MEDIA

PRACTISES IN CONVERGING LIBRARY
SPACES
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Introduction
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About the study

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rQ`F2`b r2`2 bF2/ iQ r`Bi2 HQ;#QQFb /2b+`B#BM; i?2B` rQ`F +iBp@
BiB2bX //BiBQMHHv- BMi2`pB2rb rBi? HB#``v KM;2`b QM /Bz2`2Mi
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"v HQ+HBxBM; i?2 kXy@T?2MQK2MQM BM  T`iB+mH` b2iiBM; Bi Bb TQb@
bB#H2 iQ mM/2`biM/ Bib T`Q/m+iBQM b 2K#2//2/ BM HQ+H BMbiBimiBQMH
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Q7 Bib +QMb2[m2M+2bX >2M+2- i?2 2KT?bBb QM 2p2`v/v- bBimi2/ +@
iBQMb- r?B+? i?2 2i?MQ;`T?B+ TT`Q+? bm;;2bib- T`QpB/2b Aa rBi?
i?2 QTTQ`imMBiv 7Q` MQp2H BMbB;?ib BMiQ i?2 kXy@im`M BM HB#``v /2p2H@
QTK2MiX "2`BM; i?2b2 #2M2}ib BM KBM/- M Mbr2` iQ i?2 +?HH2M;2b
i?2 kXy@2MpB`QK2Mib T`QpB/2 7Q` Aa@`2b2`+?2`b Bb +HH2/ 7Q` b iQ #2
#H2 iQ +QMiBMm2 /2p2HQTBM; i?Bb K2i?Q/QHQ;B+H TT`Q+? 7Q` i?Bb
Q#D2+i Q7 `2b2`+?X

Converging library spaces

/DmbiBM; i?2 +K2` #27Q`2 }HKBM; r?i rb BMi2M/2/ iQ #2 
uQmim#2 +HBT Q7  +QHH2;m2 ;BpBM;  #QQF T`2b2MiiBQM- QM2 Q7 i?2
T`iB+BTMib BM Kv bim/v M Ah@HB#``BM im`M2/ iQ K2 M/ bB/,
uQm FMQr- r2 HBF2 iQ 2tTQb2 i?2 +iBpBiB2b i?i iF2 TH+2 ?2`2 b
Km+? b r2 TQbbB#Hv +MX Aib MQi Qm` bi`i2;v iQ T`Q/m+2 b2T`i2
r2# +QMi2MiX AMbi2/ r2 i`v iQ T`2b2Mi r?i ;Q2b QM BM ?2`2 fXXXf
rBi?  /Bz2`2Mi irBbi /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 +?MM2H r2 mb2X
h?Bb 2TBbQ/2 2t2KTHB}2b  b2i Q7 T`+iB+2b i?i A Q#b2`p2/ BM Kv
bim/v- r?B+? `2M2;QiBi2/ mM/2`biM/BM;b Q7 TH+2 BM M/ 7Q`
HB#``v rQ`FX h?2 mb2 Q7 KQpB2b- T?QiQb M/ i2ti iQ K2/Bi2 /B7@
72`2Mi HB#``v 2p2Mib M/ +iBpBiB2b BM /Bp2`b2 QMHBM2 2MpB`QMK2Mib
T`272`#Hv i?Qb2 +i2;Q`Bb2/ b bQ+BH K2/B +QMi`B#mi2/ iQ im`MBM;
HB#``v bT+2 BMiQ M bb2K#H;2 Q7 K2/Bi2/ M/ MQM@K2/Bi2/ b2i@
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+QMM2+i2/ b2iiBM;b //2/ iQ +QMi2biBM; i?2 #QmM/`B2b /2}MBM; HB#@
``v bT+2X >Qr2p2`- Hi?Qm;? #Q`/2`b r2`2 7`2[m2MiHv +`Qbb2/- 
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BM; T`+iB+2 T`Q/m+2/  bQ`i Q7 +QMp2`;2M+2X
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fXXXfi?2 ~Qr Q7 +QMi2Mi +`Qbb KmHiBTH2 K2/B THi7Q`Kb- i?2 +Q@
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?pBQm` Q7 K2/B m/B2M+2b r?Q rBHH ;Q HKQbi Mvr?2`2 BM b2`+?
Q7 i?2 FBM/b Q7 2Mi2`iBMK2Mi 2tT2`B2M+2b i?2v rMi fXXXf AM i?2
rQ`H/ Q7 K2/B +QMp2`;2M+2- 2p2`v biQ`v ;2ib iQH/- 2p2`v #`M/ ;2ib
bQH/- M/ 2p2`v +QMbmK2` ;2ib +Qm`i2/ +`Qbb KmHiBTH2 K2/B THi@
7Q`Kb fXXXf h?Bb +B`+mHiBQM Q7 K2/B +QMi2Mi +`Qbb /Bz2`2Mi K2@
/B bvbi2K fXXXf /2T2M/b ?2pBHv QM +QMbmK2`b +iBp2 T`iB+BTiBQMX
C2MFBMb kyy3- TTX k@j
h?2 biQ`vi2HHBM; #v Kv BM7Q`KMib +QmH/- 7`QK i?Bb T2`bT2+iBp2#2 BMi2`T`2i2/ b M 2M+iK2Mi Q7  K2/B +mHim`2 Q7 +QMp2`;2M+2
7`K2/ #v i?2 T`iB+mH` bQ+BQ@Ki2`BH b2iiBM; Q7 i?2 HB#``vX h?2
2i?MQ;`T?B+ TT`Q+? /2bB;M2/ iQ bim/v bQ+BH M/ +mHim`H T?2@
MQK2M BM 2p2`v/v +iBQM UJm`+?BbQM kyRyV T`QpB/2/ K2 rBi?
i?2 #bB+ iQQHb i?i 2M#H2/ K2 iQ ;2i +HQb2 iQ i?2b2 2p2MibX >Qr@
2p2`- Bi `2[mB`2/  `2M2;QiBiBQM Q7 i`/BiBQMH 2i?MQ;`T?B+ mM/2`@
biM/BM;b Q7 Kv `2b2`+? }2H/- Kv ++2bb iQ Bi- b r2HH b Kv `QH2
b  `2b2`+?2` rBi?BM BiX

Ethnography and convergence

h?2 }`bi iBK2 A ++2bb2/ Kv `2b2`+? }2H/ A bT2M/  +QmTH2 Q7
?Qm`b QM Kv HBpBM; `QQK bQ7 `2/BM; i?`Qm;? i?2 HQ;@`+?Bp2 QM
i?2 HB#``vb 6+2#QQF T;2X h?2 r22Fb i?i 7QHHQr2/ A K/2 Bi Kv
/BHv ?#Bi iQ +?2+F M/ `2bTQM/ iQ i?2 HB#``vb hrBii2` 722/b- i?2B`

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#HQ; mT/i2b M/ i?2B` biimb mT@/i2b QM 6+2#QQFX qBi?Qmi 2p2M

pBbBiBM; i?2 HB#``v A ?/ 2Mi2`2/ bQK2 Q7 i?2 +QMp2`;BM; bT+2b Q7
i?2 `2b2`+?@}2H/ M/ bi`i2/ Kv 2i?MQ;`T?B+ bim/vX
h?2 MQiBQM Q7 }2H/ b 2[miBM;  bT2+B}+ TH+2 r?2`2 i?2 `2@
b2`+?2` ?b iQ #2 T?vbB+HHv T`2b2Mi ?b ivTB+HHv #22M  `2[mB`2@
K2Mi 7Q` 2i?MQ;`T?B+ BMp2biB;iBQM U>KK2`bH2v  iFBMbQM kyyd"2mHB2m kyy9c kyRyVX AM HBM2 rBi? i?Bb- 7+2@iQ@7+2 BMi2`+iBQMb
?p2 Q7i2M #22M i`2i2/ b  T`2`2[mBbBi2 7Q` ;BMBM; i?2 2p2`v/v
M/ BMiBKi2 FMQrH2/;2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? 2i?MQ;`T?B+ bim/B2b UJ`@
+mb RNN3VX *QMb2[m2MiHv- K2/Bi2/ `2HiBQMb iQ i?2 }2H/ Q7 bim/v `2
bQK2iBK2b TT`Q+?2/ b  #``B2` iQ 2i?MQ;`T?B+ `TTQ`i U"2m@
HB2m kyRyVX >Qr2p2`- b 2tTHBM2/ #Qp2- T?vbB+H TH+2 rb #mi QM2
Hi?Qm;? 2[mHHv BKTQ`iMi iQ +QMbB/2`i2 Q7 KMv +QMp2`;BM;
bT+2b +QMbiBimiBM; Kv `2b2`+? }2H/X qBi? QMHBM2 2MpB`QMK2Mib
b BKTQ`iMi +QMbiBim2Mib- K2/Bi2/ T`+iB+2b r2`2 +`m+BH 7Q` K2
#Qi? iQ 2M;;2 BM M/ BMp2biB;i2X 6BM/BM; M 2TBbi2KB+ bi`i2;v iQ
2K#`+2 i?2 T`iB+mH`BiB2b Q7 Kv `2b2`+? }2H/- r?B+? rQmH/ 2M#H2
K2 iQ /2+QMbi`m+i i?2 MQiBQM Q7 K2/Bi2/ BMi2`+iBQMb b T2`+2Bp2/
Q#bi+H2b- rb i?2`27Q`2 T2`iBM2MiX

From co-location to co-presence

A 7QmM/ Kv bi`i2;v BM `2+2Mi TT`Q+?2b ++2MimiBM; M2i@
rQ`Fb- ~Qrb Q` bi`2Kb Q7 T`+iB+2b b Q#D2+ib Q7 2i?MQ;`T?B+
bim/v U+X7X JQH  Gr RNN9- .2 G2i  JQH kyyy- "2mHB2m kyRyVX
LQi 2[miBM; }2H/ rBi? T?vbB+H TH+2 T2`KBii2/ K2 iQ bim/v T`+@
iBb2b M/ 2M;;2 rBi? BM7Q`KMib BM KmHiBTH2 b2iiBM;b- MQi ;BpBM;
T`BQ`Biv iQ Mv QM2 b2iiBM; BM T`iB+mH`X .2bB;MBM; Kv bim/v BM i?Bb
rv im`M2/ Qmi iQ #2 #Qi? T`272`#H2 M/ M2+2bb`v iQ ;2i +HQb2 iQ
i?2 2p2`v/v rQ`F@`2Hi2/ T`+iB+2b A BK2/ iQ bim/vX h?mb- 7Q` 
bim/v Q7  HB#``v Q7 +QMp2`;BM; bT+2b- i?BMFBM; +Q@T`2b2M+2 `i?2`
i?M +Q@HQ+iBQM T`Qp2/ iQ #2 M BKTQ`iMi KQp2X "2mHB2m UkyRyTX 989V /2b+`B#2b i?2 2TBbi2KB+ bi`i2;v b 7QHHQrb,
*Q@T`2b2M+2 /2+2Mi`HBx2b i?2 MQiBQM Q7 bT+2 rBi?Qmi 2t+Hm/BM;
BiX Ai QT2Mb mT i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv i?i +Q@T`2b2M+2 KB;?i #2 2bi#HBb?2/
i?`Qm;?  p`B2iv Q7 KQ/2b- T?vbB+H +Q@HQ+iBQM #2BM; QM2 KQM;
Qi?2`bX LQi QMHv /Q2b Bi 2M#H2 i?2 `2b2`+?2` iQ iF2 K2/Bi2/ b2i@



,6620( 

iBM;b p2`v b2`BQmbHv UBMbQ7` b i?2v `2 K2Mb Q` `2bQm`+2 7Q` #2BM;
+Q@T`2b2MiV- #mi Bi HbQ /Q2b MQi 2t+Hm/2 7+2@iQ 7+2 bBimiBQMbX *Q@
T`2b2M+2 b  bi`iBM; TQBMi 2M#H2b  KQ`2 bvKK2i`B+H i`2iK2Mi
Q7 7Q`Kb Q7 BMi2`+iBQMX
.2THQvBM; i?2 2TBbi2KB+ bi`i2;v Q7 +Q@T`2b2M+2 M/ 7Q+mb QM
bi`2Kb Q7 T`+iB+2b `i?2` i?M  bBM;H2 T?vbB+H TH+2- HHQr2/
K2 iQ +HQb2Hv 7QHHQr i?2 +iBQMb Q7 BM7Q`KMib i?`Qm;? /Bz2`2Mi
b2iiBM;b M/ TH+2bX JQ`2Qp2`- i?Bb 2M?M+2/ i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 mM@
/2`biM/BM; i?2 +QMM2+iBQM #2ir22M i?2 HB#``v 2MpB`QMK2Mi M/
Qi?2` b2iiBM;b- i?mb 2bi#HBb?BM; i?2 HBMFb iQ KQ`2 rB/2Hv /BbT2`b2/
K2/B T`+iBb2b b A bm;;2bi2/ #Qp2X AM i?Bb rv +Q@T`2b2M+2 /`rb
i?2 ii2MiBQM iQ r?i +M #2 b22M b BMi2`b2+iBM; rQ`H/b T`2b2Mi BM
HB#``B2b +QMbiBimi2/ #v +QMp2`;BM; bT+2bX

Concluding remarks
MHvbBM; M/ +QKT`2?2M/BM; +QMb2[m2M+2b Q7 i?2 kXy@im`M BM
Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b mbBM; 2i?MQ;`T?v T`QpB/2b Aa rBi? MQp2H TQbbB#BH@
BiB2b Q7 ;BMBM; Q`B;BMH BMbB;?ib BMiQ i?Bb b?B7i BM HB#``v /2p2HQT@
K2MiX TTHvBM; `2+2Mi bi`i2;B2b- bm+? b i?2 MQiBQM Q7 +Q@T`2b2M+2?p2 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 7m`i?2` 2M`B+?BM; i?2b2 BMbB;?ibX 6Q+mbBM; QM
bi`2Kb Q7 T`+iB+2b- b r2HH b 7QHHQrBM; i?2 rQ`F Q7 BM7Q`K@
Mib i?`Qm;? /Bz2`2Mi bT+2b- T`QpB/2b i?2 7QmM/iBQM 7Q`  #2ii2`
mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 M2r bFBHHb `2[mB`2/ #v HB#``BMb r?2M i?2B`
rQ`FTH+2 Bb MQi `2bi`B+i2/ iQ  T?vbB+H TH+2 #mi /BbT2`b2/ BM KMv
+QMp2`;BM; bT+2bX

Bibliography

(R) "2mHB2m- MM2 UkyRyVX _2b2`+? LQi2, 6`QK +Q@HQ+iBQM iQ

+Q@T`2b2M+2, a?B7ib BM i?2 mb2 Q7 2i?MQ;`T?v 7Q` i?2 bim/v
Q7 FMQrH2/;2X aQ+BH aim/B2b Q7 a+B2M+2- oQHX 9y- MQX j- TTX
98j@9dyX
(k) "2mHB2m- MM2 Ukyy9VX J2/BiBM; 1i?MQ;`T?v, P#D2+iBpBiv
M/ i?2 JFBM; Q7 1i?MQ;`T?B2b Q7 i?2 AMi2`M2iX aQ+BH 1TB@
bi2KQHQ;vX oQHX R3- MQX k@j- TTX RjN@RejX
(j) .2 G2i- J`BMM2 M/ JQH- MM2K`B2 UkyyyVX h?2 wBK#@
#r2 "mb? SmKT, J2+?MB+b Q7  6HmB/ h2+?MQHQ;vX aQ+BH
aim/B2b Q7 a+B2M+2X oQHX jy- LQX k- TTX kk8@kejX
(9) >KK2`bH2v- J`ivM  iFBMbQM- SmH UkyydVX 1i?MQ;`T?v
(1H2+i`QMB+ `2bQm`+2), T`BM+BTH2b BM T`+iB+2X j`/ 2/X GQM/QM,
_QmiH2/;2X
(8) C2MFBMb- >2M`v Ukyy3VX *QMp2`;2M+2 +mHim`2, r?2`2 QH/ M/
M2r K2/B +QHHB/2X (L2r 2/X) L2r uQ`F, L2r uQ`F lMBp2`bBiv
S`2bbX
(e) ED2HH#2`;- a` UkyRyVX 6Q`bF`#HQ;;`, p2i2MbFTHB; FQK@
KmMBFiBQM Q+? FmMbFTbT`Q/mFiBQM B #HQ;;Qb7`2M- AMbiBim@
iBQM2M 7` FmHim`p2i2MbFT2`- GmM/b mMBp2`bBi2i- .BbbX GmM/,
GmM/b mMBp2`bBi2i- kyRy- GmM/- kyRyX
(d) J`+mb- :2Q`;2 1X URNN3VX 1i?MQ;`T?v i?`Qm;? i?B+F M/
i?BMX S`BM+2iQM- LXCX, S`BM+2iQM lMBp2`bBiv S`2bb



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(3) JQH- MM2K`B2 M/ Gr- CQ?M URNN9VX _2;BQMb- L2irQ`Fb

M/ 6HmB/b, M2KB M/ aQ+BH hQTQHQ;vX aQ+BH aim/B2b Q7
a+B2M+2X oQHX k9- LQX 9- TTX e9R@edRX
(N) Jm`+?BbQM- CmHBM JX UkyRyVX 1i?MQ;`T?v 2bb2MiBHb (1H2+@
i`QMB+ `2bQm`+2), /2bB;MBM;- +QM/m+iBM;- M/ T`2b2MiBM; vQm`
`2b2`+?X >Q#QF2M, CQ?M qBH2v  aQMb- AM+X
(Ry) amM/BM- PHQ7 M/ 6`M+F2- >2H2M UkyyNV 6Q`Ki ;MQbiB+b
Q` 6Q`Ki "2HB2p2`b\ >Qr bim/2Mib BM ?B;? b+?QQH mb2 ;2M`2
iQ bb2bb +`2/B#BHBivX S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 K2`B+M aQ+B2iv 7Q`
AM7Q`KiBQM a+B2M+2 M/ h2+?MQHQ;vX oQHX 9e- LQX R- TTX R@dX
(RR) amM/BM- PHQ7 M/ 6`M+F2- >2H2M UkyyN#VX AM b2`+?
Q7 +`2/B#BHBiv, SmTBHb BM7Q`KiBQM T`+iB+2b BM H2`M@
BM; 2MpB`QMK2MibX AM7Q`KiBQM _2b2`+? R9U9V TT2` 9R3X
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AND INFORMATION
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b2`pB+2b #v MHvxBM;  KT Kb?@mT b2`pB+2 pB`imHBTQHFmX}UAM
6BMMBb?- l_G MK2 pB`imHBTQHFm 4 pB`imH Ti?V /2p2HQT2/ #v
>K22MHBMM Tm#HB+ HB#``v BM 6BMHM/X h?2 }`bi BK Q7 i?2 T@
T2` Bb iQ /2KQMbi`i2 UZRV r?i Bb i?2 +QK#BMiBQM Q7 AMi2`M2i
i2+?MQHQ;B2b i?2 b2`pB+2 THi7Q`K TTHB2bX h?2 b2+QM/ [m2biBQM Bb
iQ bb2bb UZkV ?Qr i?2 TTHB+iBQM Q7 ;2Q@2M+Q/BM; i2+?MQHQ;B2b
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mHiBM;  THi7Q`K 7Q` +BiBx2Mb 7Q` +`2iBM; M/ /Bbi`B#miBM; mb2`@
;2M2`i2/ M/ ;2Q@2M+Q/2/ /B;BiH +QMi2MiX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 +b2
T`QpB/2b BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi ?Qr i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 Q7 AMi2`M2i i2+?@
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Framework
h?2 TT2` BKb iQ +QMi`B#mi2 i?2 2KTB`B+H HBi2`im`2 QM GB#@
``v kXy /2p2HQTK2Mi U*b2v  apbiBMmF kyye- >QHK#2`; 2i HX
kyyN- kyyN#V #v MHvxBM; i?2 7mM+iBQMHBiB2b M/ mb2b Q7  M2r
/B;BiH Tm#HB+ HB#``v b2`pB+2X :2Q@2M+Q/BM; Q7 HB#``v b2`pB+2b ?b
#22M T`2pBQmbHv bim/B2/ 2X;X #v *2`pQM2 Ukyy3V M/ SQr2HH 2i HX
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,6620( 

iBQM #2?pBQ` `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 mb2 Q7 HB#``v b2`pB+2b Bb #b2/ QM

i?2 TT`Q+? Q7 +Q;MBiBp2 +QMbi`m+iBpBbK UAM;r2`b2M RNNN- EmHi?m
K/ hK kyyRXV

Methods and materials

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Results
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Functionalities and uses of information

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cultural events and significant historical locations around the town, the
map themes are not limited to include cultural events and sites only.
Instead, after the launch of the service, other activities have emerged to
be included to the service.

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The service provides currently7 74 entitled maps and/or routes
featuring information about various sites, services and activities in
Hmeenlinna town and the surrounding region. Information provided in
the service ranges over the following themes: history (11), adventure (2),
nature and environment (15), art (10), literature (7), events (1), public
services (21) sports and recreational activities (7). The amount of maps
has increases 246 % from 30 to 74 maps in eight months, app. one new
map being published every week.

F igure 1. A mount of maps in Virtuaalipolku.fi

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Bibliography

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Introduction
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Method
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iBQMHBiv BM `2HiBQM iQ KmHiBTH2 pB2rTQBMib BM i;;BM; Bb i?2 [m2b@
iBQMBM; Q7 B/2b #Qmi 2t+HmbBp2 +i2;Q`B2bX *i2;Q`B2b `2 BMbi2/
b22M b BMi2`b2+iBM;- ~mB/ M/ bQ+BHHv +QMbi`m+i2/X AMi2`b2+iBQMH
i?2Q`B2b HbQ #`BM; 7Q`i? i?2 BKTQ`iM+2 Q7 i?i T2QTH2 7`QK /Bz2`@
2Mi BMi2`b2+iBQMH +i2;Q`B2b b?QmH/ #2 #H2 iQ 2tT`2bb i?2Kb2Hp2bX
a2H7@2tT`2bbBQM Bb b22M b BKTQ`iMi #Qi? BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2B` B/2MiBi@
B2b M/ QTBMBQMb BM ;2M2`H- M/ BM `2HiBQM iQ B/2MiBiv +i2;Q`B2bX
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i?2 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 Qi?2` B/2MiBiv +i2;Q`B2b i?i Kv#2 `2 iF2M 7Q`
;`Mi2/ U2bT2+BHHv B7 i?2v `2T`2b2Mi KDQ`BiB2bV M/ ?B//2MX
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HB#``BMb iQ `2H2b2 bQK2 Q7 i?2 i`/BiBQMH +QMi`QH M/ 2KTQr2`
mb2`b- K`;BMHBb2/ Q` MQi- iQ +`2i2 i?2B` QrM bi`m+im`2b Q7 Q`;M@
BbBM; FMQrH2/;2X PHbQM M/ 6Qt (Ry) bbQ+Bi2 b2H7@`2T`2b2MiiBQM
rBi? bm+? mb2`@+2Mi`2/ i2+?MQHQ;B2b b bQ+BH i;;BM; (i?i) Kv
2tBbi b  K2Mb 7Q` bBM;mH` mb2`b iQ B/2MiB7v rBi? KmHiBTH2 `2HKb+`2iBM;  /vMKB+ M/ mb2`@Q`;MBx2/ bQ+BH +HbbB}+iBQM bvbi2KX
AM bTBi2 Q7 i?2 QT2M T`iB+BTiBQM M/ mb2 Q7 / ?Q+ F2vrQ`/bb  r?QH2- 7QHFbQMQKB2b i2M/ iQ `2T`2b2Mi KDQ`Biv pB2rb b Mv
Qi?2` EP bvbi2Kb U2X;X (j)VX >mpBH (e) T`QTQb2b b  +QM+HmbBQM
Q7  bim/v Q7 2bi?2iB+ `2T`2b2MiiBQM BM 6HB+F` 7QHFbQMQKv i?i i;
+Hmbi2`b +M #2 mb2/ b +M/B/i2 `2T`2b2MiiBQMb Q7 T`2/QKBMMi

&ULWLFDODERXWFOXVWHULQJRIWDJV



pB2rTQBMibX h?2 `2Hi2/ i;b Q7  +2`iBM i; 7Q`K  i2MiiBp2 `2T@

`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 K2MBM; Q7 i?i T`iB+mH` i;X 6Q` BMbiM+2- B7
/D2+iBp2 +mi2 Bb `2Hi2/ iQ i;b ;B`Hb- +ib M/ /Q;b- i?2b2 +i2;Q`@
B2b Kv #2 b22M b i2MiiBp2Hv +mi2 BM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 i?2 T`iB+mH`
7QHFbQMQKvX

Discussion
PM i?2 #bBb Q7 i?2 2`HB2` HBi2`im`2 Bi Bb +H2` i?i i?2 THm`HBbiB+
TQi2MiBH Q7 7QHFbQMQKB2b ?b KDQ` HBKBiiBQMbX b  r?QH2- 7QHF@
bQMQKB2b ?p2  i2M/2M+v iQ 2KT?bBb2 KDQ`Biv pB2rTQBMib 2p2M
B7 i?2v HHQr THm`HBbK QM i?2 H2p2H Q7 BM/BpB/mHb M/ ;`QmTbX q2
bm;;2bi- ?Qr2p2`- i?i  +`BiB+H `2/BM; Q7 i; +Hmbi2`b Kv T`QpB/2
 T`+iB+#H2 7`K2rQ`F 7Q` HH2pBiBM; bQK2 Q7 i?2 i?2Q`2iB+H M/
T`+iB+H b?Q`i+QKBM;bX q2 ;`22 rBi? i?2 +QM+HmbBQMb Q7 >mpBH
(e) i?i i; +Hmbi2`b `2 `2Hi2/ iQ pB2rTQBMib #mi 2KT?bBb2 i i?2
bK2 iBK2 i?i i?2 `2HiBQM Q7 i?2b2 irQ MQiBQMb `2[mB`2b 7m`i?2`
2H#Q`iBQMX
6B`biHv- r2 bm;;2bi i?i i?2`2 `2 MHviB+HHv mb#H2 T`HH2Hb
#2ir22M i; +Hmbi2`b M/ BMi2`b2+iBQMH +i2;Q`B2b BM i?2 b2Mb2 bm;@
;2bi2/ #v M BMi2`b2+iBQMH T2`bT2+iBp2X 6`QK M BMi2`b2+iBQMH
TQBMi Q7 pB2r- +Hmbi2`b +QK#BM2 +i2;Q`B2b- TQBMi iQ /Bz2`2Mi /B`@
2+iBQMb rBi?BM i?2 i;;BM; bvbi2K M/ KBt /Bz2`2Mi H2p2Hb Q7 `2T@
`2b2MiiBQM BM+Hm/BM; T2`bT2+iBp2b UM/ QTBMBQMbV- 7Q`K M/ +QM@
i2MiX h?2 T`+iB+H #2M2}i Q7 M miQKiB+ B/2MiB}+iBQM Q7 i;
+Hmbi2`b Bb i?i Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ 2tTQb2 M2r K`;BMHBb2/ +i2;Q`B2b
rBi?Qmi T`BQ` FMQrH2/;2 Q7 i?2B` 2tBbi2M+2X h?2 2KTB`B+H MHvbBb
Q7 i?2 i; +Hmbi2`b BM 6HB+F` /i ;Bp2b 2pB/2M+2 Q7 i?2 THmbB#BH@
Biv Q7 i?2 T`QTQbHX h?2 +Hmbi2`BM; Q7 i;b `2Hi2/ iQ /D2+iBp2b HBF2
;`+27mH 2tTQb2b i?`22 KDQ` +i2;Q`B2b Q7 ;`+27mHM2bb U#B`/b- /M+2
M/ rQK2MVX M2+/QiH 2tT2`BK2Mib rBi? Qi?2` ivT2b Q7 i;b bm+?
b 6BMMBb? UirQ +Hmbi2`b `2Hi2/ iQ /2bB;Mf`+?Bi2+im`2 M/ KmbB+V
M/ ar2/Bb? U7Qm` +i2;Q`B2b, ~;f7QQ/fBF2f#Hm2fv2HHQr- KmbB+rQK2M M/ +`bV `2p2H bBKBH`Hv BMi2HHB;B#H2 +Hmbi2`bX ++Q`/BM; iQ
i?2 MHvb2/ Ki2`BH- i?2 TQbbB#BHBiB2b iQ /Dmbi +i2;Q`B2b +QmH/
T`Q##Hv // iQ i?2 BMi2`b2+iBQMH TQbbB#BHBiB2b Q7 7QHFbQMQKB2bX
h?2 MHvbBb Q7 i; +Hmbi2`b KB;?i #2 `2}M2/ #v i`MbT`2M+v Q7



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i`mbi `2HiBQMb BM EP bvbi2Kb (3) M/ #v mbBM; +2`iBM 2tTHB+Bi mb2`@

T`Q/m+2/ 2tT`2bbBQMb Q7 B/2MiBiv M/ pB2rTQBMiX
i i?2 bK2 iBK2- Bi Bb M2+2bb`v iQ +QMbB/2` i?2 TQbbB#H2 HBK@
BiiBQMb Q7 T2`+2BpBM; i; +Hmbi2`b b 7mM+iBQMH +i2;Q`B2bX 6B`bii?2 +Q@Q++m``2M+2 Q7 +2`iBM i;b Bb MQi M2+2bb`BHv M BM/B+iBQM
Q7 i?2 2tBbi2M+2 Q7  pB2rTQBMiX a2+QM/Hv- i?2 miQKiB+ +QMbi`m+@
iBQM Q7 +Hmbi2`b UBX2X +Hmbi2`BM; H;Q`Bi?KV ?b  KDQ` BM~m2M+2 QM
i?2 b2+iBQMb i?i #2+QK2 pBbB#H2 M/ i?2 QM2b i?i `2 K`;BMH@
Bb2/X AM i?2 2bb2M+2- i?2 +Hmbi2`BM; H;Q`Bi?K Kv #2+QK2  M2r
TQQ`Hv mM/2`biQQ/ 7Q`+2 Q7 K`;BMHBbiBQM rBi?Qmi +`BiB+H MHvbBb
Q7 i?2 `2bmHib M/ mb2 Q7 Qi?2` +QKTH2K2Mi`v K2i?Q/b Q7 2tTQb@
BM; Qi?2`rBb2 ?B//2M +i2;Q`BbiBQMbX h?B`/Hv- BM +QMi`bi iQ i?2
m`;2 Q7 62BM#2`; (8) Q7 KQ`2 i`MbT`2M+v- i?2 ?2i2`Q;2M2Biv Q7 i?2
T`iB+BTMib Q7 i?2 i;;BM; +QKKmMBiB2b M/ i?2 `2HiBp2 MQMvK@
Biv Q7 BM/BpB/mHb +M KF2 Bi /B{+mHi iQ Dm/;2 r?i pB2rTQBMib
`2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ M/ ?QrX 1p2M B7 i?2 i;b M/ mb2` T`Q}H2b rQmH/
#2 i`MbT`2Mi bBKBH`Hv iQ i?2 +Hmbi2`BM; K2i?Q/b- i?2 KQiBpiBQMb
Q7 i;;BM; `2 MQi M2+2bb`BHv BMi2HHB;B#H2 rBi?Qmi 7m`i?2` 2H#Q`@
iBQMX 6BMHHv- i?2 ii2KTib iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 mb#BHBiv Q7 +Hmbi2`b #v
`2}MBM; +i2;Q`BbiBQMb `2 HbQ +QMi`Qp2`bBHX _2pBbBQMb #b2/ QM
M 2tTHB+Bi ii+?K2Mi iQ  ;`QmT B/2MiBiv Q` i`mbi `2HiBQM +QmH/
`2/m+2 i?2 /Bp2`bBiv Q7 `2T`2b2Mi2/ pB2rTQBMib M/ BKTHv  `BbF Q7
;?2iiQBbiBQM Q7 pB2rTQBMibX HH ii2KTib iQ `2}M2 +Hmbi2`b Kv
HbQ #2 +`BiB+Bb2/ Q7 #2BM; 2pHmiBp2X h?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 MQBb2 (k)i?2 T2`+2Bp2/ 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 r`QM; i;b Q` bm#QTiBKH +Hmbi2`b M/
i?2 bi`Bp2 7Q` `2}MBM; +Hmbi2`b `2 `2Hi2/ iQ +ib Q7 K`;BMHBbiBQM
+QKT`#H2 iQ M BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7  ?2;2KQMB+ +HbbB}+iBQM bvb@
i2KX aBKmHiM2QmbHv rBi? 2tTQbBM; +2`iBM pB2rTQBMib- i?2v +M
K`;BMHBb2 Qi?2`b M/ `2/m+2 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv 7Q` b2`2M/BTBiQmb /Bb@
+Qp2`v Q7 TQi2MiBHHv K2MBM;7mH +i2;Q`B2b Q7 BM7Q`KiBQMX PHbQM
T`QTQb2b M/ /2KQMbi`i2b i?2 TTHB+#BHBiv Q7 M B/2 Q7 b2`2M/BT@
BiQmb +QMb+BQmbM2bb`BbBM; b M MiB/Qi2 iQ ;?2iiQBbiBQM Q7 +2`iBM
iQTB+b Q` T2`bT2+iBp2b (N)X AM ?2` pB2r- b2`2M/BTBiQmb b2`+?2b M/
bvbi2Kb ;Bp2 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv iQ Tmi 7Q`r`/ M/ `Bb2 r`2M2bb Q7
K`;BMHBb2/ pB2rTQBMibX LQi QMHv iQ }M/ bQK2i?BM; i?i T`Qp2b
iQ #2 pHm#H2 #mi HbQ iQ #2 2tTQb2/ iQ Qi?2` pB2rTQBMib M/ #2
b?QrM i?i i?2v 2tBbi +M #2 K2MBM;7mHX

&ULWLFDODERXWFOXVWHULQJRIWDJV



Conclusions
b  +QM+HmbBQM r2 bm;;2bi i?i i?2`2 Bb  ;2M2`H M22/ 7Q` 
+`BiB+H T2`bT2+iBp2 iQ +i2;Q`BbiBQMb bm+? b i; +Hmbi2`b M/ i?2
+QMb2[m2M+2b Q7 i?2 +ib Q7 +i2;Q`BbiBQM BM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 7QHF@
bQMQKB2bX AM +QMi`bi iQ i?2 bbmKTiBQMb i?i 7QHFbQMQKB2b 2K@
TQr2` K`;BMHBb2/ pB2rTQBMib- i?2B` +`2iQ`b M/ mb2`b b?QmH/ #2
BM+`2bBM;Hv r`2 Q7 i?2B` TQi2MiBH iQ 2M7Q`+2 ?2;2KQMB+ +i2;Q`@
B2bX a2+QM/Hv- r2 bm;;2bi i?i 2tTHB+Bi K2bm`2b UbBKBH` iQ PHbQMb
+QMb+BQmbM2bb`BbBM;V `2 M22/2/ BM /2bB;MBM; M/ mbBM; i;;BM; bvb@
i2Kb iQ +QmMi2` i?2B` K`;BMHBbBM; i2M/2M+B2bX
h?2 T`2b2Mi bim/v +M #2 BKTHB+iBQMb #Qi? 7Q` i;;BM; bvbi2K
+QMbi`m+iQ`b- mb2`b M/ BM `2b2`+?X A7 mb2`b `2 ;Bp2M KQ`2 TQr2`
iQ 2tT`2bb QTBMBQMb M/ +i2;Q`Bb2- QM2 [m2biBQM i?i `Bb2b 7`QK 
+`BiB+H TQBMi Q7 pB2r Bb r?2i?2` i?Bb HbQ #`BM;b  H`;2` `2bTQMb@
B#BHBiv 7Q` ?Qr +i2;Q`BbiBQM Bb /QM2 U7Q` 7m`i?2` /Bb+mbbBQMb QM `2@
bTQMbB#BHBiv- i`MbT`2M+v M/ i`mbi- b22 7Q` 2tKTH2 62BM#2`; (8)VX
*`2iQ`b Q7 i;;BM; bvbi2K KB;?i #2M2}i Q7 +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 +QM@
b2[m2M+2b Q7 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi 7mM+iBQMb Q7 i?2 bvbi2Kb- ?Qr iQ ;mB/2
mb2`b iQ mb2 Q` T`272`  T`iB+mH` 7mM+iBQM- ?Qr iQ T`2b2Mi b2`+?
`2bmHib U2X;X ?Qr iQ T`QpB/2 iQQHb 7Q` b2H2+iBM;  T`iB+mH` +`Bi2`B
Q7 `2H2pM+2V b r2HH b ?Qr iQ +QMbi`m+i BMi2`b2+iBQMHHv `2T`2b2Mi@
iBp2 H;Q`Bi?Kb 7Q` +Hmbi2`BM; i;bX hQ 2KT?bBb2 TQTmH`Biv M/
KDQ`Biv Bb QMHv QM2 Hi2`MiBp2 iQ T`2b2Mi  b2H2+iBQM Q7 /Q+mK2MibM/ 2p2M B7 Bi rQmH/ #2 T2`+2Bp2/ i?2 KQbi `2H2pMi QM2- i?2`2 `2
TQbbB#BHBiB2b iQ 2tTQb2 H2bb TQTmH` K`;BMH +i2;Q`B2b i?i KB;?i
#2 `2H2pMi 7Q` bT2+B}+ ;`QmTb Q7 mb2`bX

Bibliography

(R) J2HBbb /H2`X h`Mb+2M/BM; GB#``v *iHQ;b,  *QK@

T`iBp2 aim/v Q7 *QMi`QHH2/ h2`Kb BM GB#``v Q7 *QM;`2bb
am#D2+i >2/BM;b M/ lb2`@:2M2`i2/ h;b BM GB#``vh?BM;
7Q` h`Mb;2M/2` "QQFbX CQm`MH Q7 q2# GB#``BMb?BT- j
U9V,jyNjjR- kyyNX l_G ?iiT,ffrrrXBM7Q`KrQ`H/X+QKfRyX
Ry3yfRNjkkNyyNyjj9RyNNX
(k) LB+?QHb m`vX 6QHFbQMQKv, i?2 L2r qv iQ a2`2M/BTBivX
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(j) /M? #Qv/X [m2biBQMb Q7 +HbbB}+iBQMX JMv@iQ@JMv- jy CM
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(9) CQ?M .2Q/iQX .2+QMbi`m+iBM; i?2 HB#``v rBi? D[m2b /2`@
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2tTHQ`BM; i?2 bQ+BH 7`QK +`Qbb i?2 /Bb+BTHBM2b- T;2b d83dX
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THE USE OF BLOGS IN LIS ONLINE

COURSES
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Introduction
"HQ;b `2  KDQ` THv2` Q7 i?2 q2# kXy rp2X h?2v `2 2bv@iQ@
mT/i2 r2# bBi2 +?`+i2`Bx2/ #v /i2/ 2Mi`B2b /BbTHv2/ BM `2p2`b2
+?`QMQHQ;B+H Q`/2` Uai27M+- kyye- TX kjyV- 2M#HBM; T2QTH2 iQ
[mB+FHv b?`2 rBi? i?2B` 7KBHB2b- 7`B2M/b- Q` 2p2M i?2 2MiB`2 r2#
TQTmHiBQM i?2B` i?Qm;?ib- `2~2+iBQMb- M/ 2KQiBQMb QMHBM2X h?2b2
+?`+i2`BbiB+b ?p2 ;BM2/ #HQ;b TQTmH`Biv BM 2/m+iBQMH b2iiBM;b
U.BpBiBMB- >m;HQFF2M-  JQ`F2M- kyy8c :HQ;Qz- kyydc >m+F- kyydc
GBM 2i HX- kyyeVX S`2pBQmb bim/B2b ?p2 +FMQrH2/;2/ i?i #HQ;b
7mM+iBQM b `2~2+iBp2 /2pB+2b M/ BMi2`+iBp2 /2pB+2b rBi? `2bT2+i
iQ i?2B` T2/;Q;B+H #2M2}ib U.2M;  um2M- kyyNVX 6Q` 2tKTH2"`2b+B M/ JBHH2` UkyyeV b 62`/B; M/ h`KK2HH Ukyy9V ?p2 7QmM/
i?i 2/m+iBQMH #HQ;;BM; T`QpB/2b bim/2Mib QTTQ`imMBiB2b iQ 2M;;2
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Social Software and Libraries

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7KH8VHRI%ORJVLQ/,6
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Figure 1. A Screenshot of the Social Software and Libraries Class Edmodo Site
There were 39 students enrolled. The students learning progress and learning outcomes were
evaluated through three aspects: class participation, individual assignments, and group

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1H2+i`QMB+ GB#``v M/ AM7Q`KiBQM avbi2Kb- 9kUjV- kek@kd9X

A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT USERSIMILARITY MEASURES AS BASIS FOR

RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC
COOPERATION
7DPDUD+HFN
+HLQULFK+HLQH8QLYHUVLW\ *HUPDQ\

Introduction
L2r r2#@i2+?MQHQ;B2b +M 7+BHBii2 b+B2MiB}+ M/ #mbBM2bb rQ`F
M/ `2b2`+? BM KMv rvbX h?2 +`BiB+H bT2+i Bb r?B+? bi`m+im`2b
M/ K2i?Q/b `2 iQ #2 mb2/ iQ 2HB+Bi i?2 #2bi Qmi Q7 i?2 2tBbi@
2Mi `2bQm`+2b\ h?2 BM7Q`KiBQM@Qp2`HQ/ Bb T`2b2Mi BM HH@/v HB72
M/ b+B2M+2bX _2+QKK2M/2` bvbi2Kb i`v iQ bQHp2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K M/
?p2 MQi QMHv 2bi#HBb?2/ BM 2@+QKK2`+2- #mi HbQ BM i?2 +QHH#Q`@
iBp2 r2#- bm+? b QM aQ+BH@"QQFK`FBM; THi7Q`Kb (>2+FfS2i2`b
Ry)X AM i?Bb TT2`- r2 MHvx2  /i#b2 Q7 `2+Q`/b 7QmM/ QM "B#@
bQMQKv- *Bi2lGBF2 M/ *QMMQi2 i?`22 aQ+BH@"QQFK`FBM; avb@
i2Kb 7Q` b+B2MiB}+ `272`2M+2b M/ 2tTHQ`2/ i?2 i`BT`iBi2 +QMM2+@
iBQM Q7 mb2`b- /Q+mK2Mib M/ i;b #v i?`22 K2bm`2K2Mi K2i?Q/bX
q2 +QM+2Mi`i2/ QM irQ `2b2`+? [m2biBQMb +QM+2`MBM; i?2 `2+QK@
K2M/iBQM Q7 bBKBH` mb2`b, RV `2 i?2`2 /Bz2`2M+2b r?2M r2 TTHv
/Bz2`2Mi +Q2{+B2Mib U.B+2- *QbBMmb- C++`/@aM2i?V\- M/ kV `2
i?2`2 /Bz2`2M+2b r?2M r2 TTHv b?`2/ /Q+mK2Mib Q` b?`2/ i;b\

Related work
.Bz2`2Mi H;Q`Bi?Kb ?p2 #22M /2p2HQT2/ M/ MHvx2/ iQ ;2i
i?2 #2bi T2`7Q`KM+2 7Q` `2+QKK2M/iBQMX q2 +M /2+B/2 #2ir22M
i?`22 K2i?Q/b, +QMi2Mi@#b2/ M/ +QHH#Q`iBp2 }Hi2`BM; `2+QK@



,6620( 

K2M/2` bvbi2Kb M/ ?v#`B/ 7Q`Kb Q7 i?2b2 irQ (S2i2`b yN- axQKbxQ`
yd)X aQ+BH@"QQFK`FBM; avbi2Kb Ua"aV KBMHv +QM+2Mi`i2 QM i?2
mb2`b +iBpBiB2b M/ i?2`27Q`2 QM +QHH#Q`iBp2 }Hi2`BM; U*6V- KQ`2
T`2+Bb2Hv 7QHFbQMQKv@#b2/ *6, AM  a"a- r?2`2 mb2` #QQFK`F
`2bQm`+2b M/ i; i?2K #v F2vrQ`/b- i?2 i`BT`iBi2 mb2`@`2bQm`+2@
i; +QMM2+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ iQ `2+QKK2M/ bBKBH` `2bQm`+2b M/
HbQ bBKBH` mb2`bX aQ 7` KMv H;Q`Bi?Kb +QM+2Mi`i2 QM +Q+Bi@
iBQM MHvbBb (oM 1+FfqHiKM y3) M/ `2bQm`+2 `2+QKK2M/iBQM
(2X;X GBM; y3- wM`/Bf*T` y3- w?2MfGBfu2mM; yN)- 72r QM mb2`
`2+QKK2M/iBQMb (GmQ 2i HX y3)X *QKT`BbQMb Q7 /Bz2`2Mi bBKBH`@
Biv K2bm`2b M/ H;Q`Bi?Kb +M #2 7QmM/ BM (*+?2/ 2i HX RR)(1;;?2 yN) M/ (>K2`b 2i HX 3N)X (_Q`pB; NN) +QM+2Mi`i2b QM
i?2 pBbmH 2tTHQ`iBQM Q7 K2bm`2b #b2/ QM /Bz2`2Mi b+HBM; K2i?@
Q/bX AM i?Bb TT2` r2 HbQ +QKT`2 /Bz2`2Mi +Q2{+B2Mib- #mi BM i?2
b2+QM/ bi2T +QKT`2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M mb2` `2+QKK2M/iBQM
#b2/ QM `2bQm`+2b QM i?2 QM2 ?M/ M/ #b2/ QM i;b QM i?2 Qi?2`X

Methods
AM i?Bb TT2` r2 mb2 i?2 .B+2- *QbBMmb M/ C++`/@aM2i? +Q27@
}+B2Mi iQ K2bm`2 i?2 bBKBH`Biv #2ir22M mb2`b Q7 i?2 a"a "B#@
bQMQKv- *Bi2lGBF2 M/ *QMMQi2 M/ MHvx2 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi `MFBM;
`2bmHib +QM+2`MBM; i?2 mb2`b BM7Q`KiBQM M22/bX ++Q`/BM; iQ (oM
1+FfqHiKM y3)  bBKBH`Biv K2bm`2 Ui?2v mb2/ Bi 7Q` +Q+BiiBQMbV
b?QmH/ 7mH}HH irQ +QM/BiBQMb,
R h?2 bBKBH`Biv #2ir22M irQ mb2`b b?QmH/ #2 KtBKH B7 i?2
T`Q}H2b /Bz2` #v i KQbi  KmHiBTHB+iBp2 +QMbiMi UTXRe89VX
k h?2`2 b?QmH/ #2 MQ bBKBH`Biv B7 i?2 mi?Q`b ?p2 MQi?BM; BM
+QKKQM- BX2X Mv +Q+BiiBQMb M/ BM Qm` +b2 Mv #QQFK`Fb
Q` i;bX
HH i?`22 +Q2{+B2Mib biBb7v i?2b2 +QM/BiBQMbX AMbi2/ S2`bQMb +Q`@
`2HiBQM +Q2{+B2Mi /Q2bMi biBb7v i?2 +QM/BiBQMb M/ b?Qrb bQK2
r2FM2bb2b Ub22 2X;X oM 1+FfqHiKM y3V- r?B+? rb HbQ /Bb@
+mbb2/ #27Q`2 #v (?H;`2MfC`p2MBM;f_Qmbb2m yj)X AM i?2B` TT2`
i?2v b?Qr2/- KQM; Qi?2` i?BM;b- i?i i?2 S2`bQM +Q``2HiBQM mb2/
7Q` +Q@+BiiBQM MHvbBb ?b b?Q`i+QKBM;b r?2M 2tTM/BM; i?2 /i

$ &RPSDULVRQRI'LIIHUHQW8VHU6LPLODULW\0HDVXUHV

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,6620( 

rBi? H2bb i?2M irQ #QQFK`Fb- r2 ?p2 e-9jy mb2`@TB`b r?Q b?`2
i H2bi QM2 #QQFK`FX

Results
Differences between Coefficients
MHvxBM; Qm` i?`22 +Q2{+B2Mib r2 7QmM/ +Q``2HiBQM #2ir22M
mb2` bBKBH`Biv #b2/ QM `2bQm`+2b M/ mb2` bBKBH`Biv #b2/ QM i;b,
AM #Qi? b+2M`BQb .B+2 M/ C++`/@aM2i? ;p2 bBKBH` `2bmHib
i?2 Hii2` b?QrBM; KBMQ` bBKBH`Biv pHm2 +mb2 i?2 K2bm`2 `2
[mBi2 bBKBH` Ub22 (1;;?2 Ry)VX AM +QMi`bi *QbBMmb ;p2 /Bz2`2Mi
`MFBM; `2bmHib, Ai +M #2 bB/- i?i *QbBMmb /BbiBM;mBb?2b #2ir22M
i?2 HHQ+iBQM Q7 i?2 `2bQm`+2b M/ i;b #2ir22M  mb2`@TB` (>K2`b
2i HX 3N)X h?2 [m2biBQM Bb MQr r?B+? `MFBM; Q7 bBKBH` mb2`b b2`p2b
#2bi 7Q` i?2 i2bi@mb2`b M22/b\ A7 i?2 i2bi@mb2` Bb b2`+?BM; 7Q` M2r
`2bQm`+2b- ?2 KB;?i HBF2  bBKBH` mb2` r?Q ?b #QQFK`F2/ KMv
`2bQm`+2bX
AM i#H2 R mb2` /+?2M- r?Q ?b kR9 #QQFK`Fb- rQmH/ #2 `2+QK@
K2M/2/ mb2` +Q`iBx QM `MF Ry rBi?  .B+2 bBKBH`Biv Q7 yXyR38X
lbBM; *QbBMmb i?2 bBKBH`Biv Bb yXyNed- rBi? r?B+? +Q`iBx rQmH/
#2 QM `MF i?`22 U.B+2V Q` `MF 7Qm` U*QbBMmbVX "mi 7Q` /+?2M
i?2 irQ #QQFK`Fb Q7 +Q`iBx TQbbB#Hv rQmH/Mi Km+? ?2HT ?BK
7Q` 7m`i?2` `2b2`+?- +QMi``v i?2 kR9 `iB+H2b Q7 /+?2M KB;?i #2
 ;QQ/ HB#``v 7Q` +Q`iBxX A7 /+?2M rQmH/ ?p2 H2bb i?M kR9
#QQFK`Fb- ?2 rQmH/ #2 KQ`2 bBKBH` iQ +Q`iBxX *QM+2`MBM; i?2
`2b2`+? bT2+i 7Q` +Q`iBx i?Bb rQmH/ #2  b?Q`i+QKBM; 7Q` ?BKX

Differences between tag- and resource-based similarities

MHvxBM; i?2 mb2` bBKBH`Biv #b2/ QM i;b- i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib T`QpB/2
bBKBH` `2bmHibX h?2 BMi2`2biBM; kR9 ee /+?2M FFBKb yXy8dR yXyedj
bT2+i Bb i?2 /Bz2`2Mi `MFBM; #2ir22M bBKBH` mb2`b #b2/ QM i;b
QM i?2 QM2 ?M/ M/ QM `2bQm`+2b kR9 ke /+?2M F2/KQM/ yXy8 yXy3y9
QM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/X



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Affordances for user-to-user mediation in the whole

information behaviour life cycle
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On this background, the outlined integrative interface comprises all

affordances for how the user in the center of the model can take active part
and interact across social, physical, and digital information spaces in the
library important in a participatory library setting. In other words, the
presented approach suggests thinking affordances, design, usability, user
participation, and behavioural traces across all contact surfaces between
users and information resources and not only such features in digital
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(hum.), physical (phys.) and digital (dig.) information resources. Between resources are
mediation flows (single arrows). See more details and explanations in [1].

3.
A F F O R D A N C ES F O R USE R-T O-USE R
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informational processes.

F igure 2. 6LPSOLILHGOLIHF\FOH model of human information behaviour.

LENNART BJRNEBORN

In Fig. 3 below, more verbs related to human information behaviour have

been added to the five facets. The dots indicate that even more verbs of
course are possible. Some verbs may also overlap different facets in the
model.

F igure 3. Extended OLIHF\FOH model of human information behaviour.

Participatory libraries provide affordances for users to participate actively in all five facets.

Traditionally, libraries have mainly provided affordances for users to

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4.

D I R E C T A N D I N D I R E C T USE R-T O-USE R

M E D I AT I O N A N D SO C I A L N AV I G AT I O N

As already indicated in the introduction, user-to-user mediation and social

navigation are closely connected; user-to-user mediation thus provides
communicative cues including behavioural traces that may guide social

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WUDFHOHDYHU
For example, a user may discover behavioural traces in the shape of books
left behind after use on a table by other users in a physical library (cf. Fig.
4a). This indirect user-to-XVHU PHGLDWLRQ PD\ QRWEH LQWHQGHGE\WKHWUDFH
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navigation.
T able 1. Typology for direct and indirect user-to-user mediation and social navigation.

direct, synchronous, user-to-user mediation and social navigation

! in physical spaces
intended; e.g. face-to-face conversation
unintended; e.g. overhearing conversation
! in digital spaces
intended; e.g. chat
unintended; e.g. overhearing chat in virtual worlds (e.g.
Second Life)
indirect, asynchronous, user-to-user mediation and social navigation
! in physical spaces
intended; e.g. messages on notice boards, physical tags
unintended; e.g. dog-eared pages, left-behind books
! in digital spaces
intended; e.g. links, tags, ratings, comments
unintended; e.g. recommender systems

UkV

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user-recommended books (Fig. 4c). The same library also provided tabs with
smileys and ratings (*LJJOH, 6RE, 6KRFN, <DZQ, etc.) for users to
attach to books they liked or disliked (Fig. 4d). This is an example of an
affordance for indirect and intended user-to-user mediation and social
navigation in the physical library with obvious parallels to tagging and rating
in library online catalogues [e.g. 3, 9, 18] or on social web sites like
%HKDYLRXUDO7UDFHVDQG,QGLUHFW8VHUWR8VHU0HGLDWLRQ

LibraryThing.com.

F igure 4a. Indirect, unintended user-to-user mediation

in physical library: left-behind materials

F igure 4b. Indirect, unintended

user-to-user mediation in
physical library: newly returned
books

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Augmented affordances for user-to- user mediation in the participatory library

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Behavioural Traces and

Indirect User-to-User Mediation
in the Participatory Library


F igure 4c. Indirect, intended

user-to-user mediation in physical
library: reader-to-readerrecommended books

,6620( 

F igure 4d. Indirect, intended user-to-user

PHGLDWLRQLQSK\VLFDOOLEUDU\RSLQLRQWDEV
attached by users to books

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reservation, reference service, etc., to mobile platforms [e.g. 5, 8]. These
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Concluding remarks
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`2+QKK2M/iBQMbX TTX e3@dkX S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 Ryi? AMi2`@
MiBQMH *QM72`2M+2 QM >mKM@*QKTmi2` AMi2`+iBQM- *`2i2:`22+2X Gr`2M+2 1`H#mKX
(R8) >Mb2M- 6XX  :`M#F- EX Ukyy3VX aQ+BH r2# TTHB+iBQMb
BM i?2 +Biv,  HB;?ir2B;?i BM7`bi`m+im`2 7Q` m`#M +QKTmiBM;X
TTX Rd8@RdNX S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 >vT2`i2ti kyy3X *JX
(Re) >BHH- qX*Xc >QHHM- CX.Xc q`Q#H2rbFB- .X  J+*M/H2bb- hX
URNNkVX 1/Bi r2` M/ `2/ r2`X TTX j@NX S`Q+22/BM;b Q7
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TmiBM; bvbi2KbX JQMi2`2v- *X, *J S`2bbX
(Rd) >QHK#2`;- EX- >mpBH- AX- E`QM[pBbi@"2`;- JX 2i HX UkyyNVX
q?i Bb GB#``v kXy\ CQm`MH Q7 .Q+mK2MiiBQM- e8U9V- ee3@
e3RX
(R3) >QHK;`/ G`b2M- CX 2i HX U2/bXVUkyRyVX LQ`/B+ Sm#HB+ GB#@
``B2b kXyX .MBb? ;2M+v 7Q` GB#``B2b M/ J2/BX

%,%/,2*5$3+<



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S`iB+BTiQ`v *mHim`2, J2/B 1/m+iBQM 7Q` i?2 kRbi *2M@
im`vX h?2 CQ?M .X M/ *i?2`BM2 hX J+`i?m` 6QmM/iBQMX
?iiT,ffrrrXM2rK2/BHBi2`+B2bXQ`;f}H2bfrQ`FBM;fLJGq?Bi2ST2`XT/7
(kR) GMF2b- _X .X- aBHp2`bi2BM- CX GX- LB+?QHbQM- aX-  J`@
b?HH- hX UkyydVX S`iB+BTiQ`v M2irQ`Fb, i?2 HB#``v b
+QMp2`biBQMX AM7Q`KiBQM _2b2`+?- RkU9V- TT2` +QHBby8X
?iiT,ffBM7Q`KiBQM`XM2ifB`fRk@9f+QHBbf+QHBby8X?iKH
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7`K2rQ`F, KQiBpiBM; i2+?MQHQ;v@K2/Bi2/ bQ+BH T`iB+BT@
iBQMX Aa h`Mb+iBQMb QM >mKM@*QKTmi2` AMi2`+iBQMRURV- Rj@jkX ?iiT,ffBb2HXBbM2iXQ`;fi?+BfpQHRfBbbRf8f
(k8) a+?`/2`- X  aB2r2F2- "X U7Q`i?+QKBM;VX >v#``v @ i?2 ?v@
#`B/ HB#``v Q7 i?2 7mim`2X AM, CX >b2#`QQF- :X Jm?`  X
a+?`/2` U2/bXVX TTHvBM; .B;BiH J2/B iQ *mHim`2X Kbi2`@
/K , APa S`2bbX
(ke) aBKQM- LX UkyRyVX h?2 S`iB+BTiQ`v Jmb2mKX aMi *`mx,
Jmb2mK kXyX ?iiT,ffrrrXT`iB+BTiQ`vKmb2mKXQ`;f`2/f
(kd) qHx2`- JX URNN8VX SH2bm`2 M/ +Qbi Q7 m`#MBivX TTX jky@jjyX
AM, EbBMBix- S?BHBT U2/XVX J2i`QTQHBb , *2Mi2` M/ avK#QH Q7
Pm` hBK2bX L2r uQ`F lMBp2`bBiv S`2bbX
(k3) q2t2H#Hi- X URNNNVX >BbiQ`v@#b2/ iQQHb 7Q` MpB;iBQMX S`Q@
+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 jkM/ MMmH >rBB AMi2`MiBQMH *QM72`2M+2
QM avbi2Kb a+B2M+2b- >A*aa@jkX



,6620( 

(kN) qBHHBKb- X- E#Bb+?- 1X  .Qm`Bb?- SX Ukyy8VX 6`QK BMi2`+@

iBQM iQ T`iB+BTiBQM, +QM};m`BM; bT+2 i?`Qm;? 2K#Q/B2/ BM@
i2`+iBQMX TTX k3d@jy9X S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 l#B+QKT kyy8- hQFvQCTMX
(jy) qBHbQM- hX.X UkyyyVX >mKM BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQm`X AM7Q`K@
BM; a+B2M+2- jUkV- 9N@8eX

THE CREATION OF A PERSONAL SPACE

ON THE INTERNET
6HOISUHVHQWDWLRQDQGVHOIGLVFORVXUHLQEORJJLQJ
-HQQ\%URQVWHLQ
%DU,ODQ8QLYHUVLW\ ,VUDHO

Theoretical background
*QKTmi2`@K2/Bi2/ 2MpB`QMK2Mib U*J1V BM ;2M2`H M/ i?2 AM@
i2`M2i BM T`iB+mH` HHQr mb2`b iQ +`2i2 M/ /2p2HQT pB`imH B/2M@
iBiB2b M/ bT+2b i?i Q++mTv M2Bi?2` bT+2 MQ` iBK2 UST+?`BbbBkyykVX J+E2MM M/ "`;? UkyyyV T`QTQb2/ 7Qm` /QKBMb BM r?B+?
bQ+BH BMi2`+iBQM pB  *J1 /Bz2`b 7`QK Qi?2` +QMp2MiBQMH K2/B,
`2HiBp2 MQMvKBiv- ii2MmiBQM Q7 T?vbB+H /BbiM+2- `2/m+2/ BK@
TQ`iM+2 Q7 T?vbB+H TT2`M+2 M/ ;`2i2` +QMi`QH Qp2` i?2 iBK2
M/ T+2 Q7 BMi2`+iBQMbX P7 T`iB+mH` `2H2pM+2 iQ i?2 T`2b2Mi
bim/v `2 i?2 MQiBQM Q7 MQMvKBiv M/ i?2 +QMi`QH i?i *J1b bm+?
b #HQ;b HHQr BM/BpB/mHb Qp2` i?2B` BMi2`+iBQMb rBi? Qi?2`bX +@
+Q`/BM; iQ amH2` Ukyy9V- MQMvKBiv Bb i?2 +QM+2HK2Mi Q7 B/2MiBiv
i?i #2+QK2b TQbbB#H2 r?2M T2QTH2 ?p2 i?2 QTTQ`imMBiv iQ b2T@
`i2 i?2B` +iBQMb QMHBM2 7`QK i?2B` BM@T2`bQM HB72 bivH2 M/ B/2M@
iBivc i?2v 722H H2bb pmHM2`#H2 #Qmi b2H7@/Bb+HQbBM; #2+mb2 r?i2p2`
i?2v bv Q` /Q +MMQi #2 /B`2+iHv HBMF2/ iQ i?2 `2bi Q7 i?2B` HBp2bX
a2H7 /Bb+HQbm`2 Bb i?2 +i Q7 `2p2HBM; T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQM iQ Qi?@
2`b U`+?2`- RN3y- TXR3jVX h?Bb T`QT2MbBiv M BM/BpB/mH ?b 7Q`
`2p2HBM; T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQM `2Hi2b iQ i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 b2H7@
T`2b2MiiBQM i?2v +?QQb2 iQ /BbTHv UC2Mb2M *?m  :BHHv- kyyjVX
h?Bb bim/v BMp2biB;i2b b2H7@T`2b2MiiBQM M/ b2H7@/Bb+HQbm`2 BM T2`@
bQMH #HQ;b 7mM+iBQMBM; b pB`imH T2`bQMH bT+2bX



,6620( 

"HQ;b `2 QM2 Q7 i?2 M2r2bi 7Q`Kb Q7 QMHBM2 b2H7@T`2b2MiiBQM M/

b2H7@/Bb+HQbm`2 i?i ?b #22M 7+BHBii2/ #v i?2 AMi2`M2iX "HQ;;BM;
b2`pB+2b Qz2` mb2`b /Bz2`2Mi QTiBQMb BM i2`Kb Q7 MQMvKBivX "HQ;;2`b
+M +?QQb2 iQ #2 iQiHHv MQMvKQmb- Tb2m/QMvKQmb Q` B/2MiB}#H2
UZBM  a+Qii- kyydVX h?2v +M HbQ +?QQb2 i?2 rv i?2v T`2b2Mi
i?2Kb2Hp2b BM i?2B` #HQ;b M/ i?2 Mim`2 Q7 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM i?2v
/Bb+HQb2X "2BM; #H2 iQ +QMi`QH i?2 +QMi2Mi TQbi2/ BM i?2B` #HQ;b
b r2HH b i?2 HBKBi2/ BMi2`+iBpBiv Q7 #HQ;b r?B+? T2`KBib #HQ;;2`b
iQ +QMi`QH +QKK2Mib 7`QK i?2B` `2/2`b HHQrb i?2K iQ +`2i2 
pB`imH bT+2 r?2`2 i?2v 722H b2+m`2 M/ +QK7Q`i#H2 iQ r`Bi2X h?Bb
Bb r?i :mK#`2+?i Ukyy9V +HH2/  T`Qi2+i2/ bT+2X >2 bb2`ib
i?i #HQ;b ?p2 #2+QK2 BM+`2bBM;Hv TQTmH` #2+mb2 mMHBF2 Qi?2`
+QKKmMB+iBQM i2+?MQHQ;B2b bm+? b BMbiMi K2bb;BM;- #HQ;b HHQr
#HQ;;2`b iQ HBKBi i?2 H2p2H Q7 BMi2`+iBpBiv rBi? i?2B` `2/2`bX b
 `2bmHi- #HQ;b i2M/ iQ #2 H2bb /p2`b`BH M/ KQ`2 `2~2+iBp2 BM
Mim`2 M/ `2 T2`+2Bp2/ #v #HQ;;2`b b T`Qi2+i2/ bT+2bX

Methods
h?Bb bim/v 2tKBM2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; [m2biBQMb `2;`/BM; i?2 +`2@
iBQM Q7  pB`imH T`2b2M+2 BM #HQ;b,
R >Qr /Q #HQ;;2`b b2H7@T`2b2Mi BM i?2B` #HQ;b M/ r?i `QH2 /Q2b
i?Bb T2`bQMH bT+2 ?p2 BM i?2 #HQ;;2`b HB72\
k hQ r?i 2ti2Mi i?2 T2`+2TiBQM Q7  #HQ; b  T2`bQMH bT+2
HHQrb #HQ;;2`b iQ /Bb+HQb2 T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQM\
j q?i FBM/ Q7 T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQM Bb BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 #HQ;;2`b
b2H7@/Bb+HQbm`2\
9 hQ r?i 2ti2Mi #HQ;;2`b FMQr i?2B` `2/2`b M/ ?Qr i?2 `2/@
2`b +QKK2Mib BM~m2M+2 i?2 #HQ;;2`b b2H7@T`2b2MiiBQM M/
b2H7@/Bb+HQbm`2\
h?2 bim/v rb +QM/m+i2/ 7Q` QM2 KQMi? U.2+2K#2` R8 iQ CMm@
`v R8- kyRRV mbBM; M QMHBM2 bm`p2vX h?2 #HQ;b BM i?2 bKTH2 r2`2
b2H2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 T2`bQMH #HQ;b +i2;Q`v BM irQ Ab`2HB #HQ; /B`2+i@
Q`B2b M/ Bi +QMbBbi2/ Q7 `2;mH`Hv KBMiBM2/ T2`bQMH #HQ;b r`Bii2M
BM >2#`2rX h?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 2+? #HQ; rb 2tKBM2/ iQ p2`B7v i?i Bi

7KHFUHDWLRQRIDSHUVRQDOVSDFHRQWKH,QWHUQHW



/B/ MQi b2`p2 Mv +QKK2`+BH Q` K`F2iBM; Tm`TQb2X h?`22 ?mM/`2/

#HQ;b Ki+?BM; i?2 #Qp2 bT2+B}2/ +`Bi2`B r2`2 B/2MiB}2/ BM i?2 irQ
/B`2+iQ`B2bX P7 i?2 jyy #HQ;;2`b BMBiBHHv +QMi+i2/- 3k `2bTQM/2/
iQ i?2 bm`p2v `2T`2b2MiBM;  kdXjjW `2bTQMb2 `i2X h?2 KDQ`Biv Q7
`2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 72KH2 #HQ;;2`b U3yX8W M 4 eeV #2ir22M i?2 ;2b
Q7 R3 iQ 98 U3kXNWVX h?Bb }M/BM; +QM+m`b rBi? LQrbQM  P#2`@
HM/2`b UkyyeV bim/v i?i 7QmM/ i?i T2`bQMH #HQ;b `2 /QKBMi2/
#v 72KH2 #HQ;;2`b #mi +QMi`/B+ib }M/BM;b BM T`2pBQmb #HQ;;2`b
bm`p2vb U"`QMbi2BM- BM T`2bbc >2``BM; 2i HX- kyy8cc oB2;b- kyy8c
um- kyydV BM r?B+? i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib r2`2 KH2bX *QM@
+m``BM; rBi? }M/BM;b BM Qi?2` bim/B2b U"`QMbi2BM- BM T`2bbc >2``BM;
2i HX- kyy8c GB- kyy8c oB2;b- kyy8V i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib BM
i?Bb bim/v ?/  +QHH2;2 2/m+iBQM UeNX8 W M 4 8dVX
h?2 /i MHvbBb +QMbBbi2/ Q7 irQ T?b2bX AM i?2 }`bi T?b2 
biiBbiB+H MHvbBb vB2H/2/ [mMiB}#H2 /2KQ;`T?B+ /i #Qmi i?2
T`iB+BTMib- #Qmi /Bz2`2Mi 2H2K2Mib Q7 b2H7@T`2b2MiiBQM M/ b2H7@
/Bb+HQbm`2 M/ #Qmi i?2 2z2+i i?2B` `2/2`b ?p2 QM i?2B` #HQ;;BM;
T`+iB+2bX h?2 b2+QM/ T?b2 +QMbBbi2/ Q7  +QMi2Mi MHvbBb Q7 i?2
#HQ;;2`b i2timH Mbr2`b iQ QT2M@2M/2/ [m2biBQMbX S?`b2b b i?2
KBMBKH BM7Q`KiBQM mMBi r2`2 B/2MiB}2/ M/ i?2M +Q/2/ BMiQ i?2B`
`2bT2+iBp2 +i2;Q`B2b #v +QMbiMiHv +QKT`BM; i?2b2 T?`b2b iQ i?2
T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 2K2`;BM; +i2;Q`v iQ /2p2HQT M/ bim`i2 i?2
+i2;Q`vX

Findings
h?2 rv #HQ;;2`b T`2b2Mi i?2Kb2Hp2b BM i?2B` #HQ;b M/ i?2 Mim`2
Q7 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM i?2v +?QQb2 iQ /Bb+HQb2 `2 +2Mi`H Bbbm2b BM mM/2`@
biM/BM; i?2 +`2iBQM Q7  pB`imH T`2b2M+2 QM +v#2`bT+2X 6BM/BM;b
b?Qr i?i i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 #HQ;;2`b i?i T`iB+BTi2/ BM i?Bb bim/v
+`2i2/ M MQMvKQmb pB`imH T`2b2M+2c i?2v KBMiBM2/ bQK2 FBM/
Q7 MQMvKBiv #v B/2MiB7vBM; i?2Kb2Hp2b mbBM;  p`BMi Q7 i?2B` `2H
MK2 UR3XjW M 4R8V Q`  Tb2m/QMvK UeRW M 4 8yVc QMHv kyXdW
Q7 i?2 #HQ;;2`b /BbTHv2/  T2`bQMH T?QiQX h?Bb i2M/2M+v 7Q` b2H7@
T`2b2MiiBQM /Q2b MQi +QM+m`b rBi? }M/BM;b 7`QK Qi?2` bim/B2b BM
r?B+? i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 #HQ;;2`b B/2MiB}2/ i?2Kb2Hp2b #v i?2B` `2H



,6620( 

MK2b M/ TQbi2/  T2`bQMH T?QiQ;`T? Q7 i?2Kb2Hp2b BM i?2B` #HQ;

U"`QMbi2BM- BM T`2bbc :m/;MQ 2i H- kyy3c oB2;b- kyy8VX
h?2 T2`+2TiBQM #HQ;;2`b ?p2 Q7 i?2B` #HQ; b M 2M+HQb2/ M/
T`Qi2+i2/ bT+2 +QmH/ T`iHv 2tTHBM r?v i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 `2bTQM/@
2Mib /Bb+HQb2/ T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQMX 6BM/BM;b b?Qr i?i 39XRW Q7
`2bTQM/2Mib 7`2[m2MiHv /Bb+HQb2 T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQM BM i?2B` #HQ;bX
:m/;MQ 2i H Ukyy3V 2tTHBM i?i r?2M BM/BpB/mHb T2`+2Bp2 i?2K@
b2Hp2b iQ #2 MQMvKQmb- Bi Kv +?M;2 i?2 rv BM r?B+? BM/BpB/m@
Hb +QKKmMB+i2 QM i?2 r2# #2+mb2 i?2v 2tT2`B2M+2  b2Mb2 Q7
/2T2`bQMHBxiBQMX h?mb- r?BH2 #HQ;;BM;- BM/BpB/mHb Kv /Bb+HQb2
BM7Q`KiBQM i?i Bb KQ`2 `2p2HBM; i?M i?2v `2HBx2X h?Bb bb2`iBQM
Bb bmTTQ`i2/ #v }M/BM;b BM i?Bb bim/v #2+mb2 r?2M bF2/ #Qmi i?2
FBM/ Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM i?2v /Bb+HQb2 BM i?2B` #HQ;b- d8W Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib
`2TQ`i2/ i?i i?2v i2M/2/ iQ 2tTQb2 i?2B` b2MbBiBp2 bB/2- 88W bB/
i?2v 7`2[m2MiHv `2p2H 2K#``bbBM; BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2Kb2Hp2b
M/ 8NXdW ii2bi2/ i?i i?2v iF2 /QrM i?2B` /272Mb2b r?2M #HQ;@
;BM;X h?2 i2timH /2b+`BTiBQM `2bTQM/2Mib ;p2 Q7 i?2 `QH2 i?2B`
#HQ;b ?p2 BM i?2B` T2`bQMH HB72 +QM}`Kb i?2 MQiBQM i?i i?2v T2`@
+2Bp2 Bi b  T2`bQMH bT+2X 6BM/BM;b 7`QK i?2 +QMi2Mi MHvbBb
`2p2H2/ i?i `2bTQM/2Mib /2b+`B#2 i?2B` #HQ;b b, URV  TH+2 iQ 2t@
T`2bb i?2Kb2Hp2b 7`22Hv M/ M QmiH2i 7Q` 722HBM;b M/ 2KQiBQMbc UkV
 iQQH i?i ?2HTb i?2K b?`2 BM7Q`KiBQM M/ +QMM2+i rBi? T2QTH2
rBi? r?QK i?2v ?p2 bQK2i?BM; BM +QKKQMc UjV  TH+2 iQ F22T
`2+Q`/ Q7 i?2B` HBp2bX
a+?BMQ 2i H Ukyy9V +HBK i?i i?2 #HQ;;2`b T`BK`v m/B2M+2 Bb
i?2 #HQ;;2` ?BKb2H7 #2+mb2 #HQ;;BM; Bb Q7i2M mb2/ b M QmiH2i 7Q`
i?Qm;?i M/ 722HBM;bX 6BM/BM;b Q7 i?Bb bim/v bmTTQ`i i?Bb bii2K2MiedXRW Q7 `2bTQM/2Mib bB/ i?i Bi rb MQi BKTQ`iMi 7Q` i?2K iQ
;2i iQ FMQr i?2B` `2/2`b M/ 8kX9W `2TQ`i2/ i?i i?2v /Q MQi
i?BMF #Qmi i?2B` `2/2`b r?2M #HQ;;BM;X :m/;MQ 2i H Ukyy3V
bb2`ib i?i #HQ;;2`b ?p2 ?2B;?i2M2/ T`Bpi2 b2H7@r`2M2bb r?i
#`BM;b i?2K iQ #2 7Q+mb2/ QM i?2B` BMi2`MH bii2b i?mb HBKBiBM;
i?2 `2bQm`+2b i?i +M #2 /2pQi2/ iQ Qi?2`bX h?Bb bm;;2bib i?i
#HQ;;2`b KB;?i /Bb+HQb2 BM7Q`KiBQM rBi? H2bb `2;`/ iQ ?Qr Qi?2`b
T2`+2Bp2 BiX Pi?2` bim/B2b UL`/B 2i HX- kyy9c ST+?B`BbbB  _m#BMkyyyc qHF2`- kyyyV T`QpB/2  /Bz2`2Mi 2tTHMiBQM #v biiBM; i?i
bQ+BH MQ`Kb T`2pBHBM; QM i?2 AMi2`M2i HHQr #HQ;;2`b iQ 2tT`2bb

7KHFUHDWLRQRIDSHUVRQDOVSDFHRQWKH,QWHUQHW



i?2Kb2Hp2b BM  H2bb bi`2bb7mH rv- T2`?Tb 2tTHBMBM; r?v #HQ;;2`b

/B/ MQi iF2 BMiQ ++QmMi i?2 `2+iBQMb Q7 bi`M;2`b r?2M /Bb+HQbBM;
T2`bQMH BM7Q`KiBQMX
6BM/BM;b Q7 i?Bb bim/v rBHH b?Qr i?i #HQ;b ?p2 #2+QK2  +QK@
KmMB+iBQM ;2M`2 bi`QM;Hv `2Hi2/ iQ BM/BpB/mHBiv- b2H7@`2T`2b2MiiBQM
M/ b2H7@/Bb+HQbm`2 i?i b2`p2b i?2 Tm`TQb2 Q7 T2`bQMH 2tT`2bbBQM
r2HH M/ `2T`2b2Mi M/ B/2H K2/BmK 7Q` +`2iBQM Q7 M QMHBM2 T`2b@
2M+2X

Bibliography

(R) `+?2`- CXGX URN3yVX a2H7@.Bb+HQbm`2X AM .X q2;M2` d _X oH@

HM+?2` U2/bVX h?2 a2H7 BM aQ+BH Sbv+?QHQ;vX GQM/QM, Pt7Q`/
lMBp2`bBiv X
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vQm b22 i?2 `2H K2\ +iBpiBQM M/ 2tT`2bbBQM Q7 i?2 h`m2
a2H7 QM i?2 AMi2`M2iX CQm`MH Q7 aQ+BH Bbbm2b- 83URV- jj@93X
(j) "`QMbi2BM- CX JQiBpiBQM 7Q` #HQ;;BM; BM i?2 GiBM K2`B+M
#HQ;QbT?2`2,  mb2b M/ ;`iB}+iBQMb TT`Q+?X AM hX .m@
KQp U2/XV- "HQ;;BM; BM i?2 :HQ#H aQ+B2ivX >2`b?2v- S, AM@
7Q`KiBQM a+B2M+2 _272`2M+2X UAM T`2bbV
(9) :mK#`2+?iJX Ukyy9JvVX "HQ;b b T`Q@
i2+i2/ bT+2X S`2b2Mi2/ i i?2 qQ`Fb?QT QM
i?2 q2#HQ;;BM; 1+Qbvbi2K,
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(8) >2``BM;- aX *X- a+?2B/i- GX X- "QMmb- aX-  q`B;?i- 1X
Ukyy9VX "`B/;BM; i?2 ;T,  :2M`2 MHvbBb Q7 r2#HQ;bX
S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 jdi? MMmH >rBB AMi2`MiBQMH
*QM72`2M+2 QM avbi2K a+B2M+2b U>A*aay9VX _2i`B2p2/ 7`QK
?iiT,ff/QBXB222+QKTmi2`bQ+B2ivXQ`;fRyXRRyNf>A*aaXkyy9XRke8kdR
(e) C2Mb2M a+?m- >X  :BHHv- JX *X UkyyjV q2 `2 r?i q2
SQbi\ a2H7@S`2b2MiiBQM BM S2`bQMH q2# aT+2X CQm`MH Q7
*QMbmK2` _2b2`+?- jy- j38@9y9X



,6620( 

(d) GB- .X UkyydVX q?v /Q vQm #HQ;,  mb2b@M/@;`iB}+iBQMb

BM[mB`v BMiQ #HQ;;2`b KQiBpiBQMbX ST2` T`2b2Mi2/ i i?2
MMmH K22iBM; Q7 i?2 AMi2`MiBQMH *QKKmMB+iBQM bbQ@
+BiBQMX h"- aM 6`M+Bb+Q- * PMHBM2X _2i`B2p2/ 7`QK
?iiT,ffrrrXHH+/2KB+X+QKfK2ifTRdR9Ny BM/2tX?iKH

(3) JBHH2`- *X _X-  a?2T?2`/- .X Ukyy9VX "HQ;;BM; b bQ@

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_2vKM U1/bXV- AMiQ i?2 "HQ;QbT?2`2X _2i`B2p2/ 7`QK
?iiT,ff#HQ;XHB#XmKMX2/mf#HQ;QbT?2`2f#HQ;;BM; b bQ+BH +iBQM  ;2M`2 
b Q7 i?2 r2#HQ;X?iKH
(N) LQrbQM- aX-  P#2`HM/2`- CX UkyyeVX h?2 B/2MiBiv Q7
#HQ;;2`b, PT2MM2bb M/ ;2M/2` BM T2`bQMH r2#HQ;bX ST2`
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?iiT,ffrrrXB+bXK[X2/mXmfbMQrbQMfTT2`bfaayeyjLQrbQMaXT/7
(Ry) ST+?`BbbB- wX UkyykVX h?2 T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 b2H7 BM pB`imH HB72,
+?`+i2`BbiB+b Q7 T2`bQMH ?QK2 T;2bX CQm`MHBbK M/ Kbb
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(R9) amH2`- CX Ukyy9VX h?2 PMHBM2 .BbBM?B#BiBQM 1z2+iX *v#2`Sbv@
+?QHQ;v M/ "2?pBQ` dUjV- jkR@jkeX

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(Re) oB;b- 6X "X Ukyy8VX "HQ;;2`b 2tT2+iiBQMb Q7 T`Bp+v M/
++QmMi#BHBiv, M BMBiBH bm`p2vX CQm`MH Q7 *QKTmi2`@
J2/Bi2/ *QKKmMB+iBQM- RyUjV- `iB+H2 RkX _2i`B2p2/ 7`QK
?iiT,ffD+K+XBM/BMX2/mfpQHRyfBbbm2jfpB2;bX?iKH
(Rd) um- >X UkyydVX 1tTHQ`BM; i?2 *?BM2b2 "HQ;QbT?2`2, h?2 JQ@
iBpiBQMb Q7 "HQ; mi?Q`b M/ _2/2`bX lMTm#HBb?2/ Jbi2`
h?2bBb- LiBQMH lMBp2`bBiv Q7 aBM;TQ`2X

LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL

DIFFERENCES IN CONTENT
MANAGEMENT
,QGH[LQJDQGWLWOLQJLQPXOWLOLQJXDODQGPXOWLFXOWXUDO
EORJRVSKHUH
6XVDQQD1\N\UL
8QLYHUVLW\RI7XUNX )LQODQG

Introduction
h?2 }MH TT2` `2TQ`ib T`i Q7 i?2 `2bmHib Q7 M QM@;QBM; bim/vr?B+? iQTB+ Bb HBM;mBbiB+ M/ +mHim`H /Bz2`2M+2b BM KmHiBHBM;mH M/
KmHiB+mHim`H #HQ;QbT?2`2X h?2 T`2HBKBM`v `2bmHib rBi? i?2 6BMMBb?
HM;m;2 Ki2`BH +H2`Hv b?Qr ?Qr i?2 B/2 Q7 BM/2tBM; /Bp2`;2b
T`iHv 7mM/K2MiHHv #2ir22M BM7Q`KiBQM T`Q72bbBQMHb M/ #HQ;@
r`Bi2`bX
AM i?2 #bi`+i i?2 i?2Q`2iB+H #+F;`QmM/ b r2HH b KQiBpiBQMb
7Q` i?2 bim/v M/ bQK2 ;2M2`H pB2rTQBMib `2 /Bb+mbb2/X

Background and significance

hQ +QMp2v K2MBM; r2 M22/ iQ +QKKmMB+i2- mb2 HM;m;2- M/
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,6620( 

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r2#HQ;bV Bb Q7i2M 7Q`K BMbi2/ Q7 +QMi2Mi Ub22 2X;X "HQQ/ kyyyc
:BHHKQ` kyy9c PDH kyy8VX AM i?Bb bim/v i?2 2KT?bBb Bb bT2+B}+HHv
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HH2H `2bmHiBM; QM i?2 bBKmHiM2Qmb 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 /Bz2`2Mi 7mM+iBQMb
BM /Bz2`2Mi bBimiBQMb M/ HM;m;2 mb2 KMM2`bX UA#B/- kk@kdV

/LQJXLVWLFDQG&XOWXUDO'LIIHUHQFHVLQ&RQWHQW0DQDJHPHQW



h?2 CFQ#bQMb KQ/2H ?b #22M 2bT2+BHHv TQTmH` BM i?2 bim/v Q7

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written in Russia and Finland even samples written in mother tongue and English are selected.
The 
total sample is in all fifty blogs, from which ten most recent updates are
collected.
The
,6620(

analyzed material covers thus 500 text samples.
Country

1. language

2. language

Finland
Russia
United states

Finnish 10 samples
Russian 10 samples
English 10 samples

English 10 samples
English 10 samples

in all
(50)
20
20
10

Table 1: The research material (blogs) by country and language

The material collection bases on theoretical sampling (see Seale 1998, 329; Strauss and
Corbin 1990, 176-179) and its criteria are diary-like content, provision of indexing terms1 for
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the readers,
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This study focuses on examination of the linguistic methods, which are used to describe
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States,
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American
RNNdc G2?iQM2M kyyyc EiM kyy9V M/ i?2`27Q`2 HbQ i?2B`English
/Q+m@and
lingua franca) are explored.

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kyRyVX are:
The ULvFv`B
research questions

Aims,
What kinds
of functions and
the indexing
and titles of blog texts reflect? What kinds of
material
methods
motives are found in the documentation of subjective blog writings?
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versus
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Finnish
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versus American versus Russian versus international material?

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PM #HQ;b
r`Bii2M
BM _mbbB
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Indexing
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is on functions and styles. For example the geographical place of writing or reference is
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information
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Course example: Social media and social interaction

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Theoretical points of departure

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Motivations for participation

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Contexts and applications

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Principal contributions
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7HDFKLQJVRFLDOPHGLDLQ/,6



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M/ +QMi`B#mi2/ iQ  rBFB QM bQ+BH K2/BX

Bibliography

(R) #Qv/- /X KX-  1HHBbQM- LX "X UkyydVX aQ+BH M2irQ`F bBi2b,

.2}MBiBQM- ?BbiQ`v- M/ b+?QH`b?BTX CQm`MH Q7 *QKTmi2`@
J2/Bi2/ *QKKmMB+iBQM- RjURVX
(k) .BM;- uX- 1X EX C+Q#- 2i HX UkyyNVX S2`bT2+iBp2b QM bQ+BH
i;;BM;X CQm`MH Q7 i?2 K2`B+M aQ+B2iv 7Q` AM7Q`KiBQM a+B@
2M+2 M/ h2+?MQHQ;v- eyURkV- TTX kj33@k9yRX
(j) 1HHBb- .X- PH/`B/;2- _X-  ob+QM+2HQb- X Ukyy9VX *QKKmMBiv
M/ pB`imH +QKKmMBivX AM "X *`QMBM U1/XV- MMmH `2pB2r Q7
BM7Q`KiBQM b+B2M+2 M/ i2+?MQHQ;v- j3- TTX R98@R3eX AM7Q`K@
iBQMhQ/vX
(9) 1HHBbQM- LX- GKT2- *X-  ai2BM2H/- *X UkyyNVX aQ+BH L2irQ`F
aBi2b M/ aQ+B2iv, *m``2Mi h`2M/b M/ 6mim`2 SQbbB#BHBiB2bX
AMi2`+iBQMb J;xBM2 ReURVX
(8) >2``KMM- X UkyydVX S2QTH2 ;2i 2KQiBQMH #Qmi i?2B`
KQM2v, S2`7Q`KBM; Kb+mHBMBiv BM  }MM+BH /Bb+mb@
bBQM #Q`/X CQm`MH Q7 *QKTmi2`@J2/Bi2/ *QKKmMB+iBQMRkUkVX
(e) GbbB- JX  aQMM2MrH/- .X UkyRyVX A/2MiB7vBM; 7+iQ`b i?i
Kv BKT+i i?2 /QTiBQM M/ mb2 Q7  bQ+BH b+B2M+2 +QHH#Q`@
iQ`v,  bvMi?2bBb Q7 T`2pBQmb `2b2`+?X AM7Q`KiBQM _2b2`+?R8UjVX
(d) G2v- "X UkyydVX oBp2 H2b `Qb2b5, h?2 `+?Bi2+im`2 Q7 +QKKBi@
K2Mi BM M QMHBM2 T`2;MM+v M/ KQi?2`BM; ;`QmTX CQm`MH
Q7 *QKTmi2`@J2/Bi2/ *QKKmMB+iBQM- RkU9VX



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7`K2rQ`FbX AM S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 kyy9 *J +QM72`2M+2 QM
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i?2 kyRR B*QM72`2M+2 UB*QM72`2M+2 RRVX *J- L2r uQ`F- Lula- TTX 8R9@8kRX
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BMH MHvbBbX CQm`MH Q7 TTHB2/ .2p2HQTK2MiH Sbv+?QHQ;vkNUeV- TTX 9j9@998X

II

DOCTORAL FORUM

INFORMATION-RELATED ACTIVITIES
IN A SOCIAL MEDIA AND PUBLIC LIBRARY
CONTEXT
0DULD.URQTYLVW%HUJ
cER$NDGHPL8QLYHUVLW\ )LQODQG

Introduction
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+QM+2`MBM; bQ+BH K2/B M/ Tm#HB+ HB#``B2bX h?2b2 irQ +QMbiBimi2
M BMi2`2biBM; BM7Q`KiBQM@`B+? +QMi2tiX h?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M
bQ+BH K2/B M/ Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b UHbQ +HH2/ GB#``v kXyV +M #2
b22M b  +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; #mBH/BM; #HQ+Fb, i2+?MQHQ;v
M/ iQQHb- q2# kXy- bQ+BH bT2+ib- mb2`b- T`iB+BTiBQM- HB#``B2b M/
HB#``v b2`pB+2b- M/ BMi2`+iBpBiv U>QHK#2`; 2i HX- kyyNVX aQ+BH
K2/B Bb Q7i2M +i2;Q`Bx2/ b  iQQH 7Q` +QKKmMB+iBQM M/ 2Mi2`@
iBMK2Mi- #mi /Bz2`2Mi BM7Q`KiBQM +iBpBiB2b `2 HbQ M BM?2`2Mi
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Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM- i?2 `i2 Q7 2tTMbBQM M/ i?2 ;i?2`BM; Q7 ?mKM
BM7Q`KiBQM UHH`/- kyyNVX h?2`27Q`2- `2b2`+? BMi2`2bi BMiQ i?2
BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ` M/ T`+iB+2b Bb 2bb2MiBHX 6Bb?2`  CmHB2M
UkyyN- TX j9kV bT2+B}+HHv K2MiBQMb q2# kXy b  bQm`+2 Q7 pbi
Ki2`BH 7Q` BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ` `2b2`+?X apQHBM2M UkyRRV HbQ
BM/B+i2b i?i i?2`2 Bb  M22/ 7Q` KQ`2 `2b2`+? BM bQ+BH K2/B M/
Bib BKTHB+iBQMb BM 2p2`v/v HB72 BM7Q`KiBQM b22FBM; M/ b?`BM;X
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HB#``B2b- M/ QM2 Q7 i?2 KBM Tm`TQb2b Q7 HB#``B2b Bb iQ /Bbb2KBMi2
BM7Q`KiBQM M/ +mHim`2X qBHbQM Ukyy3V /Q2b- ?Qr2p2`- TQBMi Qmi
i?2 H+F Q7 `2b2`+? BMiQ BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ` BM i?2 Tm#HB+ HB#``v
b2iiBM;X



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Research questions and aim

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i2`2bi BM BMi2`+iBM; rBi? i?2 HB#``v i?`Qm;? bQ+BH K2/B M/ r?i
FBM/ Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM +iBpBiB2b M/ T`+iB+2b +QK2 BMiQ [m2biBQMX h?2
7Q+mb Bb HbQ QM i?2 +?HH2M;2b M/ QTTQ`imMBiB2b HB#``v T`Q72bbBQM@
Hb 7+2 +QMbB/2`BM; bQ+BH K2/B BM i?2B` 2p2`v/v rQ`F, i?2 rv
i?2v BMi2`+i rBi? mb2`b i?`Qm;? bQ+BH K2/B M/ iQ r?i 2ti2Mi
i?2v i?BMF HB#``B2b b?QmH/ #2 BMpQHp2/ BM bQ+BH K2/BX aT2+B}+ `2@
b2`+? [m2biBQMb `2, RV q?i `2 i?2 2tT2+iiBQMb- BMi2MiBQMb M/
KQiBpiBQMb Q7 mb2`b +QM+2`MBM; HB#``v +iBpBiB2b M/ bQ+BH T`iB@
+BTiBQM QM i?2 q2#\ kV q?i FBM/ Q7 TQbbB#BHBiB2b- `2bQm`+2b M/
KQiBpiBQMb /Q HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHb ?p2 BM /QTiBM;- /2p2HQTBM;KBMiBMBM; M/ bmTTQ`iBM; bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2b\ M/ jV q?i `2
i?2 BM?2`2Mi BM7Q`KiBQM +iBpBiB2b BM bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2b T`QpB/2/
#v Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b\

Methods and data gathering

h?2 2KTB`B+H rQ`F Q7 i?Bb T`QD2+i Bb /BpB/2/ BMiQ irQ T?b2bX
h?2 }`bi T?b2 Bb  bm`p2v bim/v KQM; HB#``v T`Q722bBQMHb M/
mb2`b M/ rb +``B2/ Qmi BM mimKM kyRyX h?2 ;QH rBi? i?Bb bim/v

,QIRUPDWLRQUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVLQDVRFLDOPHGLDDQGSXEOLFOLEUDU\FRQWH[W 

rb iQ ;2i  #`Q/ Qp2`pB2r Q7 i?2 mb2 Q7 bQ+BH K2/B M/ HB#``B2b
M/ QTBMBQMb #Qmi bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2b BM Tm#HB+ HB#``B2bX
h?Bb bim/v +QMbBbib Q7 irQ [m2biBQMMB`2b- QM2 BK2/ iQr`/b
mb2`b M/ i?2 Qi?2` iQr`/b HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHbX h?2 mb2` [m2b@
iBQMMB`2 rb /Bbi`B#mi2/ i?`Qm;? MQMT`Q##BHBiv [mQi bKTHBM;
i i?2 hm`Fm AMi2`MiBQMH "QQF 6B` M/ i i?2 hm`Fm *Biv JBM
GB#``vX  iQiH Q7 d9R `2bTQMb2b r2`2 +QHH2+i2/X h?2 HB#``v T`Q@
72bbBQMHb BM Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b BM i?2 `2 Q7 6BMHM/ S`QT2` `2+2Bp2/
BMpBiiBQMb iQ T`iB+BTi2 BM  r2# [m2biBQMMB`2X h?2 Mbr2`BM;
`i2 rb jyX9W r?B+? b?QmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ `2/BM; i?2 `2bmHibX
h?2 b2+QM/ T?b2 Bb  +QMi2Mi MHvbBb Q7 6+2#QQF T;2b Q7 Tm#@
HB+ HB#``B2b BM 6BMHM/ S`QT2`X h?2 ;QH Bb iQ bim/v i?2 BM?2`2Mi
BM7Q`KiBQM +iBpBiB2b Q#b2`p#H2 BM i?Bb b2iiBM;X h?Bb bim/v Bb biBHH
BM T`Q;`2bb M/ Bib `2bmHib rBHH MQi #2 /Bb+mbb2/ BM i?Bb TT2`X

Preliminary results
_2bmHib 7`QK i?2 mb2` bm`p2v b?Qr i?i r?2M Bi +QK2b iQ BM7Q`K@
iBQM +iBpBiB2b QM i?2 q2#- mb2`b ;2M2`HHv 2M;;2 BM i?2 7QHHQrBM;,
b22FBM;- `2/BM;fpB2rBM;- +QKKmMB+iBM;- +`2iBM; M/ +QMi`B#mi@
BM;X h?2 KQbi +QKKQM Q7 i?2b2 }p2 +iBpBiB2b `2 i?2 i`/BiBQMH
b22FBM;- `2/BM; M/ +QKKmMB+iBM;X h?2 +`2iBM; M/ +QMi`B#@
miBM; +iBpBiB2b i?i `2 Q7i2M bi`QM;Hv +QMM2+i2/ iQ i?2 MQiBQM Q7
bQ+BH K2/B `2 MQi b rB/2bT`2/ b i?2 i`/BiBQMH +iBpBiB2bX
a22FBM; 2M;;2b mT iQ NjW Q7 i?2 mb2`b QM  7`2[m2Mi #bBb- r?BH2
+`2iBM; 2M;;2b jdW M/ +QMi`B#miBM; jyW Q7 i?2 mb2`bX
Pp2` ?H7 Q7 i?2 mb2`b bmTTQ`i i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 bQ+BH K2/B
b2`pB+2b BM Tm#HB+ HB#``B2bX h?2 `2bmHib /Q- ?Qr2p2`- BM/B+i2 i?i
i?2 mb2`b /Q MQi M2+2bb`BHv b22 bQ+BH K2/B M/ Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b
b T`ib Q7 i?2 bK2 +QMi2tiX lb2`b i2M/ iQ #b2 i?2B` QTBMBQMb QM
i?2B` T`2pBQmb 2tT2`B2M+2b Q7 HB#``B2b M/ MQi M2+2bb`BHv QM i?2B`
2tT2`B2M+2 Q7 bQ+BH K2/BX h?2v /Q- 7Q` 2tKTH2- T`272` +QMi+iBM;
i?2 biz 7+2@iQ@7+2 M/ b?Qr  `2HiBp2Hv HQr BMi2`2bi BM pB`imH
`272`2M+2- Hi?Qm;? i?2v ;2M2`HHv 2MDQv i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM TQbbB#@
BHBiB2b Q7 i?2 q2#X lb2`b HbQ 2tT2+i M/ }M/ i`/BiBQMH 72im`2b Q7
i?2 HB#``v +iHQ; bm+? b T`QKTiM2bb- `2HB#BHBiv M/ mb#BHBiv b
KQ`2 BKTQ`iMi i?M TQbbB#BHBiB2b iQ BM~m2M+2 i?2 +QMi2Mi Q` i?i



,6620( 

i?2 +iHQ; ?b KMv mb2`bX h?2 bQ+BH K2/B +iBpBiv i?i BMi2`2bib
i?2 mb2`b i?2 KQbi ?b iQ /Q rBi? `2/BM; `2pB2rb r`Bii2M #v Qi?2`
mb2`b M/ HB#``v biz- r?BH2 i?2 BMi2`2bi 7Q` +QMi`B#miBM; M/ 2bT2@
+BHHv +`2iBM; +iBpBiB2b Bb Km+? HQr2`X qQ`i?v Q7 MQi2 Bb i?i i?2
mb2`b BM i?2 bm`p2v biBHH Tmi i?2 KQbi r2B;?i QM MQMvKBiv M/ `2;@
mHiBQMbX HKQbi dyW Q7 i?2 mb2`b rMi iQ `2KBM MQMvKQmb r?2M
r`BiBM; +QKK2Mib QM i?2 HB#``v r2# bBi2 M/ Qp2` 3yW +QMbB/2` Bi
BKTQ`iMi i?i i?2 HB#``v ?p2 `mH2b 7Q` r?i i?2 mb2`b r`Bi2 QM
i?2 HB#``v r2# bBi2X
h?2 T`BK2 KQiBpiQ` 7Q` mb2`b iQ 2M;;2 BM HB#``v +iBpBiB2b QM
i?2 q2# b22Kb iQ #2  b2Mb2 Q7 +QKKmMBiv rBi? i?2 HB#``vX h?2v
`2 MQi +QM+2`M2/ rBi? ;2iiBM; Mv `2+Q;MBiBQM Q` `2r`/b 7Q` T`@
iB+BTiBM;X h?2 mb2`b i?i b?Qr i?2 KQbi BMi2MiBQMb M/ BMi2`2bi 7Q`
iFBM; T`i BM bQ+BH K2/B +iBpBiB2b BM i?2 Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b `2 Ry@
Re v2` QH/b- 7`2[m2Mi HB#``v mb2`b M/ i?Qb2 r?Q ;2M2`HHv 2MDQv
+`2iBM; +QMi2Mi QM i?2 q2#X
_2bmHib 7`QK i?2 bm`p2v KQM; HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHb b?Qr i?2v
`2 T`BK`BHv KQiBpi2/ #v i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 /2p2HQTBM; i?2 HB#``v
M/ Bib b2`pB+2bX h?2 pBH#H2 `2bQm`+2b 7Q` bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2b
BM i?2 Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b `2 bm{+B2Mi +QMbB/2`BM; bFBHHb M/ }MM+BH
K2Mb- i?2 #B; 2t+2TiBQM Bb iBK2X Ai Bb 2pB/2Mi i?i i?2 H+F Q7 iBK2
M/ biz `2 i?2 #B;;2bi T`Q#H2Kb +QM+2`MBM; i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7
bQ+BH K2/B BM Tm#HB+ HB#``B2bX h?2 HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHb biBHH b?Qr
BMi2`2bi BM rQ`FBM; rBi? bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2bX h?2v- ?Qr2p2`- b?Qr
KQ`2 BMi2`2bi BM r`BiBM; #HQ; TQbib i?M BM +iBpBiB2b i?i `2 KQ`2
2tTHB+Bi #Qmi BMi2`+iBQM rBi? mb2`b- bm+? b H2/BM; #QQF /Bb+mb@
bBQMb- ;BpBM; pB`imH `272`2M+2 Q` Qz2`BM; mb2`b i?2 #BHBiv iQ +QMM2+i
rBi? i?2 HB#``v QM bQ+BH M2irQ`FBM; bBi2b bm+? b 6+2#QQFX

Conclusions
h?2 bm`p2v `2bmHib BM/B+i2 i?i i?2`2 `2 KMv BM?2`2Mi TQb@
bB#BHBiB2b BM BKTH2K2MiBM; bQ+BH K2/B b2`pB+2b BM HB#``B2bX "Qi?
mb2`b M/ HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHb `2 7KBHB` rBi? bQ+BH K2/B b2`@
pB+2b Qp2`HHX h?2 HB#``v T`Q72bbBQMHb HbQ #2HB2p2 i?i bQ+BH K2/B
b2`pB+2b +QmH/ QT2M i?2 /QQ` 7Q` M2r mb2`b M/ BKT`Qp2 i?2 HB#``v
r2# b2`pB+2bX

,QIRUPDWLRQUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVLQDVRFLDOPHGLDDQGSXEOLFOLEUDU\FRQWH[W 

AMi2`+iBpBiv b22Kb iQ #2 QM2 Q7 i?2 +Q`2 Bbbm2b BM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7

Tm#HB+ HB#``B2b M/ bQ+BH K2/BX GB#``v biz M/ mb2`b `2- BM QM2
rv Q` i?2 Qi?2`- T`2T`2/ iQ T`iB+BTi2 BM GB#``v kXy +iBpBiB2bX
h?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M i?2b2 ;`QmTb Bb biBHH MQi ;Bp2MX GB#``v
T`Q72bbBQMHb b22K iQ #2 KQbi BMi2`2bi2/ BM BM7Q`KBM; +iBpBiB2b M/
KQbi Q7 i?2 mb2`b `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM F22TBM; mT i?2B` `QH2b b `2/2`b
M/ b22F2`bX h?2 +?HH2M;2 7Q` HB#``B2b Bb iQ }M/ bQ+BH K2/B b2`@
pB+2b i?i `2 Q7 mb2 iQ HB#``v mb2`b M/ iQ +iBpi2 i?2 ;`QmT Q7
mb2`b r?Q `2 rBHHBM; iQ T`iB+BTi2X

Bibliography

(R) HH`/- aX UkyyNVX GB#``v KM;2`b M/ BM7Q`KiBQM BM qQ`H/

kXyX GB#``v JM;2K2Mi- jyURfkV- 8d@e3X
(k) 6Bb?2`- EX 1X-  CmHB2M- >X UkyyNVX AM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ`X M@
MmH _2pB2r Q7 AM7Q`KiBQM a+B2M+2 M/ h2+?MQHQ;v- 9j- jRd@
j83X
(j) >QHK#2`;- EX- >mpBH- AX- E`QM[pBbi@"2`;- JX-  qB/M@
qmHz- :X UkyyNVX q?i Bb GB#``v kXy\ CQm`MH Q7 .Q+m@
K2MiiBQM- e8U9V- ee3@e3RX
(9) J+E2MxB2- SX CX UkyyjVX  KQ/2H Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM T`+iB+2b BM
++QmMib Q7 2p2`v/v@HB72 BM7Q`KiBQM b22FBM;X CQm`MH Q7 .Q+@
mK2MiiBQM- 8NURV- RN@9yX
(8) apQHBM2M- _X UkyydVX AM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ` M/ BM7Q`KiBQM
T`+iB+2, `2pB2rBM; i?2 mK#`2HH +QM+2Tib Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM@
b22FBM; bim/B2bX h?2 GB#``v Zm`i2`Hv- ddUkV- RyN@RjkX
(e) apQHBM2M- _X Ukyy3VX 1p2`v/v BM7Q`KiBQM T`+iB+2bX  bQ@
+BH T?2MQK2MQHQ;B+H T2`bT2+iBp2X GM?K UJ/XV, a+`2+`Qr
S`2bbX
(d) apQHBM2M- _X UkyRRVX bFBM; M/ b?`BM; BM7Q`KiBQM BM i?2
#HQ;QbT?2`2, h?2 +b2 Q7 bHBKKBM; #HQ;bX GB#``v  AM7Q`K@
iBQM a+B2M+2 _2b2`+?- jj- dj@dNX
(3) hmQKBM2M- EX- hHD- aX-  apQHBM2M- _X Ukyy8VX h?2 bQ+BH
+QMbi`m+iBQMBbi pB2rTQBMi QM BM7Q`KiBQM T`+iB+2bX h?2Q`B2b



,6620( 

Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM #2?pBQ` Ujk3@jjjVX J2/7Q`/ ULCV, AM7Q`KiBQM

hQ/v- AM+X
(N) qBHbQM- hX .X Ukyy3VX h?2 BM7Q`KiBQM mb2`, Tbi- T`2b2Mi
M/ 7mim`2X CQm`MH Q7 AM7Q`KiBQM a+B2M+2- j9U9V- 98d@9e9X

USERS CULTURAL IDENTITIES, ROLES

AND OPEN ACCESS IN SECOND LIFE
$QQD.DLVD6M|OXQG
8QLYHUVLW\RI7XUNX )LQODQG

#bi`+i

AK S?.@bim/2Mi BM /B;BiH +mHim`2 i i?2 lMBp2`bBiv Q7 hm`FmX

Jv /Q+iQ`H i?2bBb Bb 7Q+mbBM; QM i?2 BM/BpB/mH `QH2b M/ +mHim`H
B/2MiBiv- BM i?2 a2+QM/ GB72 pB`imH rQ`H/ b M QT2`iBM; 2MpB`@
QMK2Mi b r2HH b PT2M ++2bb +iBpBiv BM i?2 pB`imH rQ`H/X Jv
iBiH2 Bb lb2`b `QH2b M/ +mHim`H B/2MiBiB2b BM i?2 lMBp2`bBiv Q7
_Q+F+HBz2 BM a2+QM/ GB72X

Background
Jv `2b2`+? 7Q+mb2b QM mb2`b +mHim`H B/2MiBiB2b- `QH2b M/ i?2
BKT+i PT2M ++2bb +iBpBiB2b BM a2+QM/ GB72 UaGVX lb2`b BM i?`22
/Bz2`2Mi i?2K2b `2 bim/B2/, 2/m+iBQM- 2Mi2`T`Bb2b M/ 2Mi2`iBM@
K2Mi Ui?2 i?`22 1bVX h?2b2 i?`22 1b 7Q`K pbi MmK#2`b Q7 /B7@
72`2Mi `2b M/ 2MpB`QMK2Mib BM pB`imH rQ`H/bX
AM Kv `2b2`+?- 1/m+iBQM GB72 i?2 }`bi 1 `2T`2b2MiiBp2b Q`B@
;BMi2 7`QK _Q+F+HBz2 lMBp2`bBivX h?2 mMBp2`bBivb bT2+BH 72im`2
Bb i?i Bi Bb QT2M iQ HH M/ rQ`Fb QM i?2 AMi2`M2iX 6m`i?2`- Bi Bb 
MQM@T`Q}i- MQM@++`2/Bi2/- BM7Q`KH bbQ+BiBQM Q7 BMbi`m+iQ`b 7`QK
p`BQmb mMBp2`bBiB2b M/ +QHH2;2b `QmM/ i?2 rQ`H/X
A +?Qb2 _Q+F+HBz2 lMBp2`bBiv b Kv `2b2`+? bm#D2+i bBM+2 Bi Bb
QT2M iQ 2p2`vQM2 M/ ?b M 2t+2HH2Mi `2b2`+? HB#``v i?i QT2`i2b
QM M QT2M ++2bb T`BM+BTH2X h?2 HB#``v Bb i?2 ?2`i Q7 mMBp2`bBiv
r?2`2 QM2 +M }M/ `2b2`+? Ki2`BHb- iQQHb- /pB+2 M/ +QMi+ib iQ
bim/v M/ +``v Qmi `2b2`+? Q` Dmbi Tbb i?2 iBK2X



,6620( 

A ?/ i?2 B/2 iQ `2pB2r 2Mi2`T`Bb2 M/ #mbBM2bb HB72 Ub2+QM/ 1V

BM aG i LQFBb BbHM/c ?Qr2p2`- i?Bb ?b #22M Tmi QM ?QH/ 7Q` i?2
T`2b2MiX
Jv i?B`/ 1- 2Mi2`iBMK2Mi- +QK2b 7`QK i?2 "2`HBMRNkyb T`Q@
D2+iX Ai Bb  TQTmH` `QH2@THvBM; ;K2 +`2i2/ #v i?2 .mi+? ?Bb@
iQ`BM CQ u`/H2v r?Q rMi2/ iQ `2+`2i2 i?2 iKQbT?2`2 Q7 "2`HBM
BM i?i 2`X h?2`2 `2 bQK2 8y dy `2bB/2Mib M/ Ryy pBbBiQ`b BM
"2`HBMX
oB`imH rQ`H/b `2  T`i Q7 bQ+BH K2/B-  T`Q+2bb BM r?B+?
BM/BpB/mHb M/ ;`QmTb +QMbi`m+i b?`2/ K2MBM;b BM +QMi2Mi- +QK@
KmMBiB2b M/ M2irQ`FBM;X h?2 T`QD2+i BMp2biB;i2b ?Qr pB`imH +QK@
KmMBiB2b z2+i2/ #v i?2 BM/BpB/mH mb2` `QH2b- +mHim`H B/2MiBiv M/
i?2 PT2M ++2bb T`BM+BTH2 `2 /QTi2/ BM i?2 +mbiQK2`- i2+?2` Q`
bim/2Mi TQbBiBQMbX

Methods
A 2tKBM2 ?Qr i?2 mb2` +QMbBbib Q7  bBM;H2 +mHim`H B/2MiBiv BM
/Bz2`2Mi +QMi2tibc ?Qr i?2 QT2M ++2bb +iBpBiB2b z2+i i?2 +mHim`H
B/2MiBiv 7Q`KiBQMc M/ ?Qr i?2 QT2M ++2bb +iBpBiv TT2`b BM
/Bz2`2Mi `QH2bX Jv Ki2`BH Bb +QHH2+i2/ 7`QK BMi2`pB2rb- pB/2Qb M/
BK;2b 7`QK Kv `2b2`+? `2b BM a2+QM/ GB72X Hi?Qm;? a2+QM/
GB72 Bb HKQbi  +QTv Q7 Qm` `2H rQ`H/- Bi b?QmH/ #2 2tKBM2/ QM
Bib QrM T`2KBb2bX *mHim`2b BM pB`imH rQ`H/b +QKT`Bb2 T2QTH2 @ M/
T2QTH2 `2  `2[mB`2K2Mi 7Q` i?2 +mHim`2 iQ 2tBbiX
q?BH2 A mb2 i2ti +QMi2Mi MHvbBb b  bmTTQ`i K2i?Q/ BM Kv
`2b2`+?- A BK iQ mb2 b2KBQiB+ [mHBiiBp2 pBbmH +QMi2Mi MHvbBb
b Kv KBM `2b2`+? K2i?Q/X a2KBQiB+ pBbmH +QMi2Mi MHvbBb Bb
b2H/QK mb2/ BM +mHim`H `2b2`+?- i H2bi BM 6BMHM/ M/ 1m`QT2c
?Qr2p2`- A BK iQ 2tTHQBi i?Bb K2i?Q/ BM Kv `2b2`+? #2+mb2 Q7 i?2
+H2` pBbmH BKTmHb2 BM pB`imH rQ`H/bX
A K 2bT2+BHHv BMi2`2bi2/ BM BK;2b M/ KQpBM; TB+im`2bX AK;2
Ki2`BH M/ KmHiBTH2 B/2MiBiB2b ?p2 #2+QK2 KQ`2 BKTQ`iMi 7Q`
AMi2`M2i `2b2`+?2`b bBM+2 T2QTH2 `2 iFBM; M/ Tm#HBb?BM; TB+im`2b
QM AMi2`M2i KQ`2 i?M 2p2`X oBbmH Ki2`BH QM i?2 AMi2`M2i ?b
#22M T`2pBQmbHv 2tKBM2/ HKQbi 2t+HmbBp2Hv b  i2+?MB+H 2tT`2b@
bBQMX

8VHUV
FXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHV UROHVDQGRSHQDFFHVVLQ6HFRQG/LIH



a2KBQiB+ pBbmH MHvbBb Bb MQi  M2r K2i?Q/X S?BHBT "2HH- h?2Q

pM G22mr2M M/ _mKBFQ PvK ?p2 T`2b2Mi2/ Bib mb2 BM i?2
>M/#QQF Q7 oBbmH MHvbBb UkyyRVX "2HH /2b+`B#2b T`2+Bb2 ?vTQ@
i?2b2bc +H2`Hv /2}M2/ +QM+2Tib Q7 p`B#H2b M/ pHm2b `2 i?2 bBM2
[m MQM Q7 pBbmH MHvbBb U"2HH kyyRVX ++Q`/BM; iQ pM G22mr2M"`i?2b b2KBQiB+b M/ B+QMQ;`T?v /2Hb rBi? i?2 bK2 #bB+ [m2b@
iBQMb #Qmi r?i M/ ?Qr iQ bm#KBi BK;2b- M/ r?i B/2b M/
pHm2b i?2 BK;2b +QMiBMX h?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M #`i?2bBM b2@
KBQiB+b M/ B+QMQ;`T?v Bb i?i #`i?2bBM b2KBQiB+b QMHv 2tKBM2b
i?2 BK;2 Bib2H7 M/ i?2 +mHim`H K2MBM;b Q7 i?2 +TBiH- r?2`2b
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THE DANISH DIGITALIZED CULTURAL

HERITAGE AND ITS USERS
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The Danish digitalized cultural heritage and its users



Figure 1. User interaction with cultural heritage information embedded

on the web.

4.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Whether, and how, the user finds the cultural heritage information
depends on factors both on the system side (e.g. findability) and the user
herself (e.g. information need, motivation, level of information literacy).
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RQ5. ?p2 irQ H2p2Hb, Q#D2+i M/ `2bQm`+2X
P#D2+ib `2 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM- i?2 bBM;H2 TB+im`2b- pB/2Qb M/ i2tib
+QMiBMBM;
i?2 +mHim`H
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PMdo
i?2
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4.1
RQ1:
What do
the users
in `2bQm`+2
the cultural
MpB;iBQMH
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heritage
resource?
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to
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log file data will, however, be sufficient to explore the moves and tactics,
the two most basic levels of the four levels of interaction (Bates, 1990;
Jansen, 2009). In addition, it is important to study both the navigation
and the queries of the user (Mat-Hassan & Levene, 2005), as the two
behaviors are two sides of the same coin. Several quantitative usage
measures are relevant and interesting, e.g. bouncing rate, depth and
length of visits and the number of object looked at (Nicholas et al.,
2006).



,6620( 

Research questions
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BM7Q`KiBQM HBi2`+vVX h?2 T`QD2+i `2b2`+? [m2biBQMb U_ZV /2Hb
rBi? /Bz2`2Mi bT2+ib Q7 i?2 `2b2`+? T`Q#H2KX _Z R@9 `2 KBMHv
/2b+`BTiBp2 BM Mim`2 M/ H2/b iQ +Q``2HiBQM [m2biBQMb BM _Z8X

RQ1: What do the users do in the cultural heritage resource?

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i?2 pBH#BHBiv Q7 bm{+B2Mi AS@MmK#2` M/ b2bbBQM@A. BM7Q`KiBQM
BM i?2 bT2+B}+ HQ;bX h?2 HQ; }H2 /i rBHH- ?Qr2p2`- #2 bm{+B2Mi iQ
2tTHQ`2 i?2 KQp2b M/ i+iB+b- i?2 irQ KQbi #bB+ H2p2Hb Q7 i?2 7Qm`
H2p2Hb Q7 BMi2`+iBQM U"i2b- RNNyc CMb2M- kyyNVX AM //BiBQM- Bi Bb
BKTQ`iMi iQ bim/v #Qi? i?2 MpB;iBQM M/ i?2 [m2`B2b Q7 i?2 mb2`
UJi@>bbM  G2p2M2- kyy8V- b i?2 irQ #2?pBQ`b `2 irQ bB/2b
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i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#D2+i HQQF2/ i ULB+?QHb 2i HX- kyyeVX

RQ2: How do users find the cultural heritage resource?

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7KH'DQLVKGLJLWDOL]HGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGLWVXVHUV



BM/B+i2 i?2 mb2`b ?p2- BM7Q`KiBQMH- MpB;iBQMH Q` i`Mb+iBQMH

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+QHH2+iBQMb\ P` /Q i?2v ?p2 ;2M2`H BM7Q`KiBQM M22/b M/ ``Bp2b
iQ i?2 ?2`Bi;2 +QHH2+iBQMb BM i`vBM; iQ bQHp2 i?2K- MQi HQQFBM; 7Q`
+mHim`H ?2`Bi;2 BM T`iB+mH`\ 6BMHHv- ?Qr MpB;i2b i?2 mb2`b iQ
i?2 `2bQm`+2b\

RQ3: How findable is the heritage resource and

its objects?
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X

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#X

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MpB;iBQM M/ `2i`B2pHX

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7QHHQrBM; rBHH #2 bim/B2/,



,6620( 

Ab i?2 `2bQm`+2fQ#D2+i +iHQ;m2/- 2X;X BM "B#HBQi2FX/FR \

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}M/#BHBiv Bb KQ`2 i?M HBMF MHvbBbX _2+?#BHBiv i?`Qm;? HBMFb Bb
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Mi T`ib M/ i?2b2 KB;?i MQi #2 +HbbB}2/ b r2#QK2i`B+bX

RQ4: Who are the users and what are their thoughts
on the cultural heritage resources?
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M22/bX
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R ?iiT,ff#B#HBQi2FX/F

"B#HBQi2FX/F Bb  HB#``v +iHQ; +QMiBMBM; HH Tm#HB+Hv 7mM/2/

+QHH2+iBQMb BM .2MK`FX

7KH'DQLVKGLJLWDOL]HGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGLWVXVHUV



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+QMi2ti +QmH/ HbQ #2 Q7 BMi2`2bi U2X;X "vbi`K  C`p2HBM- RNN8VX
PM  KQ`2 i?2Q`2iB+H H2p2H Kv i?2 2p2`v/v T`+iB+2 Q7 /2 *2`@
i2m Ubi`i2;v- i+iB+b M/ `2bBbiM+2V #2 bmBi#H2 7Q` _Z9 M/ b
 K2M iQ +QMM2+i HH i?2 `2b2`+? [m2biBQMb BM  KQ`2 i?2Q`2iB+H
rv U*2`i2m- RN39VX

RQ5: Correlations between the results from RQ14

h?2 KBMHv /2b+`BTiBp2 _ZR@9 `2 Tmi BM `2HiBQM iQ QM2 MQi?2`
BM _Z8X h?2 bim/B2/ +mHim`H ?2`Bi;2 `2bQm`+2b `2 Q7 /Bz2`2Mi
ivT2b M/ 7`QK /Bz2`2Mi BMbiBimiBQMb- M/ +QMiBM /Bz2`2Mi FBM/b Q7
Q#D2+ib- 2X;X i2ti M/ pB/2QX h?i Bb #Qi?  bi`2M;i? M/  r2F@
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KB;?i #2,
Ab i?2`2  +QMM2+iBQM #2ir22M ?Qr mb2`b }M/ i?2 `2bQm`+2b
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/Bz2`2Mi `2bQm`+2b\

Research design
h?2 bim/v Bb [mMiBiiBp2 M/ BM i?2 Qp2`HTTBM; `2 #2ir22M
b2p2`H `2b2`+? }2H/b, r2#QK2i`B+b- BM7Q`KiBQM b22FBM; M/ `2@
i`B2pH M/ r2# b2`+?X _2b2`+? [m2biBQM R M/ k rBHH #2 Mbr2`2/
rBi? MHvbBb Q7 HQ; }H2b 7`QK i?2 bim/B2/ ?2`Bi;2 `2bQm`+2bX h?2
HQ; MHvbBb rBHH #2 +QKTH2K2Mi2/ rBi? r2# bm`p2vb ii+?2/ iQ i?2
`2bQm`+2b b  rv iQ ;2i  #2ii2` TB+im`2 Q7 i?2 mb2`b U_Z9VX hQ
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 }M/#BHBiv b+?2K2 iQ ``Bp2 i +QKT`#H2 }M/#BHBiv b+Q`2bX



,6620( 

The Danish digitalized cultural heritage and its users

Figure 2. Illustration of the interconnections between the project research

questions.
4.5.2

Progress and status

h?2 b2imT 7Q`Kb  K2i?Q/QHQ;B+H i`BM;mHiBQMX h?2 HQ; M@

HvbBb-The
i?2following
r2# bm`p2vb
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cultural
resources will
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iQ i?2 }p2 `2b2`+? [m2biBQMb b BHHmbi`i2/ BM 6B;m`2 k #2HQrX _Z8
x Art
Index
Denmark2 (Kunstindex
Danmark)[m2biBQMb
is a database
a
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+QMM2+iBM;
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i?2 +B`+H2bX
large part of the holdings in the Danish Art Museums from The
Heritage Agency of Denmark. The website also includes a
dictionary of Danish artists and pictures of some works.
3
Progress
x Bonazaand
is a status
Youtube-like service from Denmarks Radio (DR)
which contains popular videos from the archive of DR.
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +mHim`H ?2`Bi;2 4`2bQm`+2b rBHH #2 bim/B2/,
x Guaman Poma Inca Chronicle at the Royal Library is a widely
used digitized book; maybe the most read online ebook in
Denmark.

https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/
http://www.dr.dk/Bonanza/index.htm
4
http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/info/en/frontpage.htm
3

7KH'DQLVKGLJLWDOL]HGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGLWVXVHUV



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Bibliography

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Data analysis
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Table 1). The data consist of nine interviews as follows:

Project group A (promoting media literature): project manager and
project worker
Project group B (virtual culture path): project manager and two project
workers
Project group C (media lounge): project manager and three project
'HYHORSLQJSXEOLFOLEUDU\VHUYLFHVE\PHDQVRISURMHFWV

workers
Table 1. An overview of the empirical data
Phase
Writing the episodic progress narrative
Throughout the data collection process
(spring 2009 winter 2010)

Collecting of the accounts

At the end of the data collection process
(winter 2010)
Negotiating about the change narrative with
the interviewees

Type of data
Official project meetings - field notes of
researcher
Project planning meetings - part of them
recorded
Follow-up meetings - recorded (a total of 8.5
h)
Blogs of project groups
Other materials project plans, baseline
surveys, memos of official project meetings,
e-mail correspondence with the informants
Nine individual episodic interviews with
informants
(a total of 34 h) - recorded and transcribed.

Development narratives of project groups to

be read and commented for informants

(summer 2011)

5.
DATA ANALYSIS
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7) themes and guiding questions of the study.

researchers
from episode)
For
discussion

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Bibliography

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III

ADDENDUM

WRITING FOR WIKIPEDIA AS A LEARNING

TASK IN THE SCHOOLS INFORMATION
LITERACY INSTRUCTION
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8QLYHUVLW\RI7DPSHUH )LQODQG

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Introduction
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Research Questions
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Data collection and analysis

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Summary of the findings

Influence of Wikipedia
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Collaboration
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Students learning experiences

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Discussion
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