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Chemistry for SG O Level


This blog is dedicated to people who are taking the chemistry O level exams in sg. Hope that through the use of the
summaries/ notes, you will be able you to study for the examination quickly and effectively. Comments on how to
improve the site are welcomed. Good luck for your examinations!

Monday, 2 January 2012

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Qualitative Analysis (testing for cations,


anions and gases)

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Test for aqueous cations


Cations

Effect of adding
aqueous sodium
hydroxide

Effect of adding
aqueous ammonia

Aluminium (Al3+)

White ppt.
Soluble in excess sodium
hydroxide to give a
colourless solution.

White ppt.
Insoluble in excess
aqueous ammonia.

Not ppt.

No ppt.

Ammonium (NH4+)

When heated with sodium


hydroxide solution,
ammonia gas is evolved.
Calcium (Ca2+)

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White ppt.
Insoluble in excess sodium

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hydroxide.
Copper (II) (Cu2+)

Blue ppt.

Blue ppt.

2014 (9)

Insoluble in excess sodium


hydroxide.

Soluble in excess sodium


hydroxide to give a deep

2013 (4)

blue solution.
Iron (II)

(Fe2+)

Iron (III) (Fe3+)

Lead (II) (Pb2+)

2012 (2)
January (2)

Green ppt.

Green ppt.

Insoluble in excess sodium

Insoluble in excess

hydroxide.

aqueous ammonia.

Reddish- brown ppt.

Reddish- brown ppt.

Qualitative
Analysis
(testing for
cations,
anions ...

Insoluble in excess sodium


hydroxide.

Insoluble in excess
aqueous ammonia.

Acid, Bases
and Salts

White ppt.
Soluble in excess sodium

White ppt.
Insoluble in excess

hydroxide to give a

aqueous ammonia.

colourless solution.
Zinc (Zn2+)

White ppt.

White ppt.

Soluble in excess sodium


hydroxide to give a

Soluble in excess ammonia


to give a colourless

colourless solution.

solution.

** White ppt soluble in excess sodium hydroxide are: AlLZ (Aluminium, lead and zinc)
** White ppt soluble in excess aqueous ammonia: Zinc
** Colour ppt soluble in excess ammonia: Copper (II)

Test for Anions


anion

Distinguishing test and


result

Ionic equation

carbonate (CO32-)

Add acid. Carbon dioxide


gas is produced.

2H+ (aq)+ CO32- (aq) ---->


H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
(provided that the
carbonate is a soluble one)

chloride
(Cl-version
)
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(aq) + Cl- (aq) --->

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chloride (Cl-)

Acidify with nitric acid, then


add aqueous silver nitrate.
White ppt formed.
OR
Acidify with nitric acid, then
add lead (II) nitrate.
White ppt formed.

iodide (I-)

nitrate (NO3-)

Acidify with nitric acid, then


add aqueous silver nitrate.
Yellow ppt formed.
OR

Ag

(aq) + Cl- (aq) --->

AgCl (s)

Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) --->


PbCl2(s)
Ag
(s)

(aq) + I- (aq) ---> AgI

Acidify with nitric acid, then


add lead (II) nitrate.
Yellow ppt formed.

Pb 2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) --->


PbI2(s)

Add aqueous sodium

hydroxide, then aluminium


foil and warm carefully.
Ammonia gas produced.
sulfate (SO42-)

Acidify with dilute nitric acid


and then add aqueous
barium nitrate.

Ba2+ (aq)+ SO42-(aq) -->


BaSO4(s)

White ppt formed.


OR
Acidify with dilute
hydrochloric acid and then
add aqueous barium
chloride.
White ppt formed.
Test for Gases

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- If gas is produced from a solution, describe it this way:


Effervescence of (colour), (smell) gas, (effect on damp litmus paper),
distinguishing test.
e.g. Effervescence of colourless, odourless gas, has no effect on both damp
blue and red
litmus paper. Relights a glowing splint. [ for oxygen]
- If a gas is produced from a solid, you will not see any bubbles, so describe this way:
(colour), (smell) gas, (effect on damp litmus paper), distinguishing test.
Gas

Distinguishing test and


result

Effect on damp litmus


paper

Ammonia (NH3)

Turns damp red litmus paper


blue.

(see distinguishing test


and result)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Forms a white ppt with

Turns damp blue litmus

calcium hydroxide solution (or


limewater).

paper red.

Chlorine gas (Cl2)

Bleaches litmus paper.

Turns damp blue litmus


paper red and bleaches
it.

Hydrogen (H2)

Extinguishes a lighted splint

Has no effect on both

with a 'pop' sound.

blue and red damp litmus


paper.

Oxygen (O2)

Relights a glowing splint.

Has no effect on both


blue and red damp litmus
paper.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

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Turns aqueous potasssium


dichromate (VI) from orange

Turns damp blue litmus


paper red (note SO2 also

to green.

can bleach litmus paper).

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Posted by Emily at 16:34


+4 Recommend this on Google

1 comment:
Saima Parveez 10 April 2013 22:52
Thanks a bunch!!^_^
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