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I. I NTRODUCTION
0018-9545 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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Fig. 4.
FHA.
Fig. 5.
MUSAVI et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR LLC RESONANT DCDC CONVERTERS IN BATTERY CHARGERS
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Fig. 7. Shutdown battery current consideration. Ch1 = half-bridge node voltage 100 V/div. Ch2 = battery current 2 A/div. Ch4 = ILr 2A/div.
while operating at fixed frequency fsw_ max . To reduce components stresses during repetitive ONOFF operation, several
precautions have to be considered.
1) Selecting half-bridge topology with split resonant capacitor, as shown in Fig. 5, will ensure that the capacitors are
already charged at the dc steady-state level prior to start
switching, reducing the startup inrush currents.
2) Shorter duration of the first gate drive pulse at startup ensures soft switching condition of the MOSFET switches
at power ON and allows fast transition to steady-state
values of the resonant inductor current. As shown in
Fig. 6, the resonant current reaches steady state in few
switching cycles avoiding high peak current transitions.
3) Energy stored in resonant tank creates minor battery
current tail after gate pulses are stopped, as shown
in Fig. 7, limiting choice of maximum burst frequency
and/or maximum burst duty cycle.
Fig. 10. (Top) VFFOT operation concept. (Bottom) Transition from VFFOT
to FFVOT.
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MUSAVI et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR LLC RESONANT DCDC CONVERTERS IN BATTERY CHARGERS
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Fig. 14. Block diagram representation of the system with an inner current
loop and an outer voltage loop.
Fig. 16. Compensated current plant transfer function phase and magnitude at
Vo = 72 V and FL (resistive and battery loads).
Fig. 17. Closed current loop (voltage plant transfer function) phase and
magnitude at Vo = 72 V and FL (resistive and battery loads).
Fig. 18. Compensated voltage plant transfer function phase and magnitude at
Vo = 72 V and FL (resistive load and battery loads).
MUSAVI et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR LLC RESONANT DCDC CONVERTERS IN BATTERY CHARGERS
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TABLE II
C OMPONENTS U SED IN THE P ROTOTYPE C ONVERTER
Fig. 21. ILr , VCr , and VQ2 for Vo = 48 V, Po = 650 W; Ch1 = VQ2
100 V/div. Ch2 = VCr 100 V/div. Ch4 = ILr 2A/div. (a) Simulation results.
(b) Experimental results.
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Fig. 22. ILr , VCr , and VQ2 for Vo = 72 V, Po = 650 W; Ch1 = VQ2
100 V/div. Ch2 = VCr 100 V/div. Ch4 = ILr 2A/div. (a) Simulation results.
(b) Experimental results.
R EFERENCES
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[2] A. Emadi, S. Williamson, and A. Khaligh, Power electronics intensive
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[3] A. M. Rahimi, A lithium-ion battery charger for charging up to eight
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[4] B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and
D. P. Kothari, A review of single-phase improved power quality AC
DC converters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 962981,
Oct. 2003.
[5] D. S. Gautam, F. Musavi, M. Edington, W. Eberle, and W. G. Dunford,
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IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 34663474, Oct. 2012.
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