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John Gill
August 2014
Abstract: A heuristic note that further explores expansions of continuous complex functions into infinite
compositions. A continuation of A Note on Expanding Functions into Infinite Compositions 1 [1].
R tk (z ) = t1 t2 tn (z ) , T (z ) = lim R tk (z ) .
n
k =1
k =1
k =1
k =1
Convergence theory of each of these is discussed in [1]. Here, the emphasis will be on
converting certain functions into infinite expansions. Figures are simple topographic images.
---------------------------------------Consider functions
(1)
( R could be infinite)
A subclass of these functions can be described as functional equations of the following form:
(2)
F (nz ) = nF ( z ) + F m ( z ), n 2, m 2
zm
z
Fp ( z ) = R z + k ( m1)+1 and z p = npF p z
k =1
n
n
F ( z ) Fp ( zp )
As one possibility, the following can be used to show uniform convergence on compact subsets
of C : Write
(4)
fk ( z ) = z +
zm
nk ( m1)+1
, and Fj ( z ) = f1 f2 f j ( z )
k ( z ) < k ,
R1 r
. Then
(1 + )
k
k =1
G '( z ) (1 + k ) < , k =
k =1
R1
k
r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Does G( z ) = F ( z )
F ( z ) G( z ) Fp ( z p ) G( z p ) + G( z p ) G( z )
show that, indeed, F ( z ) = G( z ) for a region containing the origin (we leave this vague).
Example 1: F (3z ) = 3F ( z ) + 2F 2( z )
z2
F ( z ) = R z + 2 k +1 , -20<x,y<20 n=20
k =1
3
Example 2:
z3
F (2z ) = 2F ( z ) + F 3( z ) F ( z ) = R z + 2k +1 ,
k =1
2
-40<x,y<40
n=20
Restricting
F (nz ) = nF ( z ) + F 2( z )
(5)
We find that
(6) f k ( z ) = z + n,k z 2
where n,k =
nk +1
And
(7)
gk ( z ) = f k1 ( z ) =
1
1 + 4 n ,k z 1
2
n ,k
Convergence of the inverse composition can be determined, for example, by the following
theorem:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theorem 2 (Gill, 2011) Let {g n } be a sequence of complex functions defined on S=(|z|<M) . Suppose
k=1
Example 3:
F(z)
F ( z ): F (3z ) = 3F ( z ) + (1 + i )F 2 ( z ) , F 1 ( z ) = G( z ) -20<x,y<20
G(z)
n=20
Now consider
(9)
F (nz ) = nF ( z ) + T ( z ) F m ( z ), n 2, m 2 and T ( z ) F m( z ) = 2z 2 + 3z 3 + ,
which gives
m
z0 z
Fp ( z0 ) = R z + T k k ( m1)+1 z0
k =1
n n
(10)
z3
Example 4: F (2z ) = 2F ( z ) + z F 3( z ) Fp ( z0 ) = R z + z0 3k +1 z0
k =1
2
-40<x,y<40 n=20
z0
z3
k
Example 5: F (2z ) = 2F ( z ) + e z F 3( z ) F ( z0 ) = R z + e 2 k +1 z0 , -40<x,y<40 n=20
k =1
2
z 0 2 z 2
Example 6: F (3z ) = 3F ( z ) + z F ( z ) Fp ( z0 ) = R z + k k +1 z0 , -45<x,y<45 n=30
k =1
3 3
2
Example 7: F (2z ) = 2F ( z ) +
z3
z3
Fp ( z0 ) = R z + k0 z0
k =1
F( z )
4 z
-50<x,y<50 n=20
z2
Example 8: F (2iz ) = 2iF ( z ) + F 2( z ) F ( z ) = R z +
k +1
k =1
(2i )
F( z ) z
F(z)
-20<x<70
, -40<y<40
-40<x,y<40 n=30
Example 9:
z3
F (2iz ) = 2iF ( z ) + F 3( z ) F ( z ) = R z +
2k +1
k =1
(2i )
z
z2
k
Example 10: F (3z ) = 3F ( z ) + z 2e F ( z ) F ( z0 ) = R z + k0+1 e 3 z0
k =1
3
-40<x,y<40 n=30
-20<x,y<20 n=20
2z
z0
F ( z0 ) = R
z0
k
k =1 1 z / 2
1 F(z )
z
z
z
z
8
2
4
Another way to look at this expansion is as a continued fraction: F ( z ) =
1 1 1 1
z + F(z )
1 + F( z )
z0 + z
F ( z0 ) = R
z0
k =1 2 + z / 2k 1
[1] J. Gill, A Note on Expanding Functions into Infinite Compositions, Comm Anal Th Cont Frac, Vol XX (2014)