Everything you should know about

copyrights
Did you know that computer software and software programmes are
considered as literary work and can be copyrighted?
The Copyright Act of India has several provisions to protect your
unpublished work, logos and more. Read on for details.
Copyright is an exclusive right provided to the creators of original works of authorship,
such as literary, artistic, dramatic and musical works.
It is essential to note that copyright protection begins the minute the work is created,
but legally registering for copyright protection is not automatic.
Filing for copyright protection is not a mandatory procedure, but it is important for
certain industries which have commercial aspects that are short lived.
Some examples of this would be the entertainment industry, any industry involving fast
moving goods, any artistic products, literary publications, etc.
Also, under the Copyright Act of India, computer software and software programmes are
considered as literary work and can be copyrighted under the act.
All original, published or unpublished works can be registered under the copyright act.
Depending on the type of work, there is a different period of protection.
For literary, musical or artistic work (except photography), the protection is for the
lifetime of the author plus 60 years from the year in which the author dies.
In case of anonymous and pseudonymous publications, then the work will be protected
for 60 years from the year in which the work is first published.
For photography, cinematography, or sound recordings, the protection is for 60 years
from the end of the year in which the work is first published.
The next obvious question would be about, what rights a copyright owner holds.
A copyright owner can reproduce the work, may issue copies of the work to the public,
may perform the work in public, may communicate the work to the public, the owner
may also make any translation or adaptation of the work.

It is also important to know that it is the right of the owner to decide whether to publish
the work or not, and the right of the owner to prevent any deformation and other
alterations which may distort the honour and reputation of the author.
Benefits of copyright registration
In few of the industries mentioned above it is advisable to register for a copyright
certificate.
With respect to copyright infringement cases or any disputes on ownership of copyright,
the lawsuit will be stronger if the copyright is registered.
The copyright registration certificate will serve as a prima facie evidence in these
scenarios, and it helps in getting a quick preliminary injunction from the court.
Having a certificate of registration also provides simplicity during licensing and/or
assigning of the rights to others.
In industries where the commercial aspects of the work are short-lived, it is highly
advisable to register for a copyright, as it is very important to get a preliminary
injunction.
The entertainment industry is the biggest example here; musical compositions,
cinematography, photography, art, etc are successful only due to the exclusivity in the
work that is released to the public, therefore it is essential for such industries to preserve
their rights through copyright protection.
Should start-ups register for copyrights?
Now, we come to the question of start-ups and how relevant copyrights are to them.
Firstly, it needs to be understood that a copyright is nothing but a protection towards
the 'expression of an idea', so any form of expression may fall under the category of a
copyright.
This could include:

a product snapshot,
website design,

promotional advertisements,

software programmes,

jingles for merchandise,

graphics for an app,

interface for a game, etc.

Whether to register a copyright under such aspects can be assessed on a case to case
basis and an expert opinion is always encouraged.
Therefore, the product/industry that the start-up is working on, will determine whether
there is a need for copyright protection or not.
Let us assess copyright protection of a software programme.
Primarily, the start-up needs to assess whether the programme is susceptible to
copyright infringement, or not.
Can the copyright be rewritten to provide the same output?
Is this software programme short-lived, or does it have a long shelf life?
As per the answers to these questions, one may decide whether it is worth getting a
copyright or not.
Even though obtaining a copyright registration certificate is not a costly affair, it is
always better to go for registration only if there is a threat for commercial exploitation of
the authored work.
In the present day scenario, the number of start-up companies is on the rise.
For some of these companies their websites are the face of their services or
merchandise.
Many start-ups put in abundance of creativity in developing the most attractive yet
productive website, which surely has a cost involved.
Why allow others to use your creative ideas?
A good step would be to opt for copyright protection of your website design in order to
protect your exclusivity.
The same way, several companies come up with special promotional advertisements,
brochures, visiting cards, etc to represent their company.
All of these may be protected under the copyright act for a meagre investment.

Here is another interesting fact. It is also possible to copyright your logo, as it is

considered as an expression of an idea and a form of artistic work.
In some cases where a start-up is not completely convinced on the product categories it
aims to target, it is better to go for copyright registration of the logo.
As and when the products or services are determined, the logo can be trademarked
under the specific classifications in which the particular products or services belong to.
Therefore copyright protection can be sought out for several aspects of any business.
There are no strict criteria that have to be satisfied is order for any work to be eligible for
copyright protection, except that the expression of the idea should consist of a novel
element.
So all you start-ups out there, where all has your creativity been utilised?
Get ready to hunt for 'expressions' that can be protected through copyrights.
Photo Courtesy: Irish Typepad/Creative Commons
The author of this piece Gaurav Singhalis director and principal IP Attorneyat
Patracode Services Pvt Ltd, a company that offers techno legal expertise in Intellectual
Property Services.
Ananya Dhuddu is an IP analsyst at the same firm.