Name:

,
First

Aero E 541

Midterm Exam

Last

2010 Fall Semester

1. [30 points]:
(a). State the physical meaning of mass conservation applied to a system.
(b). Use Reynolds Transport Theorem to obtain the mass conservation equation for a
control volume in integral form. Explain the meaning of all the terms.
(c). Reduce the integral mass conservation equation to the differential form, and explain
all the steps involved. Indicate the theorems used in each steps.
(d). Expand above differential form of the mass conversation equation in the cylindrical
coordinate system for an incompressible, steady flow.
Answers: (a).
The physical meaning of mass conservation applied to a system is: the rate
of mass change of a system is zero, i. e. D(m sys ) = 0
Dt

(b).

Reynolds Transport Theorem states:

D
dV = dV + V n ds
=

Dt
Dt volume
t CV
CS
14444424
4444
3 14
444424
4444
3
D ( N system )

lagrangian

Where N system = d m system =

dV , when = 1

Eulerian

N system = m system

system

r
Since D (m sys ) = 0 , therefore, dV + V n ds = 0 .

t CV

Dt

CS

i.e.
(c).

Applying Gauss divergence Theorem:

r
A n ds =

Surface

r
(

A
) dV ,

Volume

we convert the surface integral to volume integral to obtain:

r

dV + V n ds = 0

t CV
CS
r

CV [ t + ( V )]dV = 0
r
r

+ V + V = 0
t

dV + ( V ) dV = 0

t
CV
CV
r

+ ( V ) = 0
t
r
D

+ V = 0
Dt

For an incompressible flow, D = 0 , therefore, the differential form of the mass

Dt
r
conversation equation will be V = 0 . Expand it in cylindrical system will be:
(d).

1 (rVr ) V (rV z )
+
+
[
]=0
r r

(rVr ) V (rV z )
+
+
=0

r
z

2.
[30 points]:
A horizontal air jet exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of V1 = 50 m/s, strikes a vane, and is
turned through an angle of = 45 o . The flow is
assumed to be steady, and one-dimensional. The
Fy
exit area of the nozzle is A = 0.01 m2. The
3
2
density of the air is = 1.4 kg/m . Neglect
A1=0.01m
gravity and viscous effect. As a free jet, the static
Fx
pressure of the jet flow equals to atmosphere
Y
pressure.
X
(a). Determine the magnitude of the reactant force
Fx and Fy acting on the vane if the vane is held

stationary.
Solution:
The integral form of the momentum equation is:
r
r r r
r

V dV + V V dA = F

t C .V .
C .S .
r

Steady flow
V dV = 0 .

t C .V .
Since the static pressure of the jet flow equals to atmosphere pressure, gauge pressure will be
zero everywhere, and all the pressure forces were cancelled out.
According to Bernoullis equation, since pressure of the flow at section 1 is equal to that at
section 2, the magnitude of the velocity vector at section 2 should be the same as that at the
section 1., i..e, V1 = V2 .
Along X-direction:
r r r
r
V
x V dA = Fx
C .S .

Fx = V1 ( V1 ) A1 + V1 cos ( V1 ) A1
= (cos 1) V1 A1 = (0.707 1) * 1.4 * 50 * 50 * 0.01
2

= 10.25 N

Then, along Y-direction:

r
r r
r
V

d
A
=
F

y
y

C .S .

Fy = V1 sin ( V1 ) A1 = V1 A1 sin
2

= 0.707 *1.4 * 50 * 50 * .01

= 24.75 N

(b). If the vane moves with a constant velocity V0 = 10 m/s. Determine the magnitude of the
reactant force Fx and Fy acting on the moving

Fy

vane.
2

A1=0.001m

Fx

The integral form of the momentum equation

Y
X
is:
r
r
r r
r

V dV + (V V ) dA = F

t C .V .
C .S .
Since the static pressure of the jet flow equals to atmosphere pressure, gauge pressure will be
zero everywhere, and all the pressure forces were cancelled out.
We choose a control volume as shown in the figure. If
you stand on the ground, you will see the Control
Volume is moving. Then, the flow is unsteady.
If you stand on the moving vane, then, the Control
Volume will not be moving. The flow will become
steady flow.
r

Steady flow
V
dV = 0 .
t C.V .
Along X-direction:
r r r
r
V

d
A
=
F
x
x
C .S .

Fx = (V1 Vo )() (V1 Vo ) A1 + (V1 Vo ) cos (V1 Vo ) A1

= (cos 1) (V1 V0 ) 2 A1 = (0.707 1) *1.4 * 40 * 40 * 0.01

= 6.56 N
Then, along Y-direction:
r
r r
r
V y V dA = Fy
C .S .

Fy = (V1 V0 ) sin (V1 V0 ) A1 = (V1 V0 ) 2 A1 sin

= 0.707 *1.4 * 40 * 40 * .01
= 15.84 N

[20 points]:

Consider a fully developed flow in a circular pipe, as shown in the figure. The flow velocity
r2
inside the pipe can be expressed as U (r ) = U c.l . (1 2 ) , where U c.l . is the magnitude of the
R
velocity at the centerline (or axis) of the pipe. Neglect the weight if the fluid (body force) in the
control volume, and assume the fluid properties are constant.
Question: If the radius of the pipe ( R ) were
doubled while the mass flux through the pipe is
held constant at the value of m& , how the
dp
pressure drop per unit length (i.e.,
) would
dx
change. (Please show details of your work)
Solution:
The integral form of the momentum equation is:
r
r
r r
r
r

V dV + (V V ) dA = ( Fsurface + Fbody )

t C .V .
C .S .
r

Steady flow
V
dV = 0
t C.V .
r
r r
Fully developed flow (V V ) dA = 0

U(r)

U c.l .

1
R

r
X

U(r)

U c.l .

C .S .

r
Ignore the body force Fbody = 0

Therefore
r
( Fsurface ) x = 0
P1 A1 P2 A2 w A3 = 0 ( P1 P2 )R 2 w 2Rx = 0
( P1 P2 )
R dp
P
R=
R=
2x
2x
2 dx
R dp
i.e. w =
2 dx
2 U c.l
r
u
For Newtonian fluid: w =
=
r = R = U c .l ( 2)
2 r=R
R
r
R
dp 4 U c.l
=
Therefore:
dx
R2
Since
R
R
R
r2
r2
r2
r2 1 r2
m& = U (r )dA = U c.l . (1 2 )2 r dr = U c.l . R 2 (1 2 ) d ( 2 ) =U c.l . R 2 [ 2 ( 2 ) 2 ]
0
2 R
R
R
R
R
0
0
w =

U c.l . R 2
2

8 m&
dp 4 U c.l 4 2m&
=
=
=
dx
R2
R 2 R 2 R 4

if R = 2 R0

8 m&
8 m&
dp
1 dp
=
=
=
4
4
dx r R
16 dx
16 R0

R0

Therefore, If the radius of the pipe ( R ) were doubled while the mass flux through the pipe is
dp
) would change to 1/16 of
held constant at the value of m& , pressure drop per unit length (i.e.,
dx
this original value.

4.

[20 points] Given an incompressible, steady flow, where the velocity field is

r
V = 2 x i 2 y j

(a). Is the flow physically possible?

(b). Is the flow irrotational?
(c). State the Stokess theorem.
(d). Rectangular is determined with points (0,0), (1,0), (1,1)
and (0,1). Calculate the left hand side and right hand side
of the Stokess theorem over the rectangular given to see
whether the results are consistent with Stokes Theorem?

D
(0,1)

A
(0,0)

C (1,1)

B
(1,0)

Solution to Question (a):

The continuity equation for a incompressible is :
r
V = 0

u v
+
=0
x y

=2
u v
x

Since

+
=0

y
= 2

y
Therefore, the flow is physically possible.

Solution to Question (b):

j
i
k
r

(2 y ) (2 x)
Since V =

0 = 0 i + 0 j + (
)k = 0 i + 0 j + 0 k = 0
x y
x
y
2x 2 y 0

Therefore, the flow is irrotational.

Solution to Question (c):

Stokess theorem states:

Solution to Question (d):

r r
r r
= V dl = ( V ).dA

Left side
r r
r r
= V dl = [ V dl +
A B

r r
V
dl +

B C

r r
V
dl +

C D

r r
V
dl ]

D A

= [ (2 x i 2 y j ) (i)dx + (2 x i 2 y j ) ( j )dy + (2 x i 2 y j ) (i)dx + (2 x i 2 y j ) ( j )dy ]

0

= [ 2 x dx + (2 y ) dy + 2 x dx 2 y dy ] = [ x 2

y2

+ x2

0
y2 ] = 0
1
1

0
0
1
1
r
Since irrotational flow: V =0
r
r r
Therefore the right side of the stokess theorem: = ( V ).dA = 0.dA = 0
0

The results are consistent with Stokes theorem.