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MOH

WHO

CMHN

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON
PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION, ALCOHOL DRINKING
PATTERNS AND ALCOHOL RELATED
HARMS IN MONGOLIA

Ulaanbaatar - 2006
Mongolia

Acknowledgement
The EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION,
ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERNS AND ALCOHOL RELATED HARMS IN MONGOLIA
survey was supported by the World Health Organization special fund and successfully
conducted with the support and participation of the following organization and personnel.
Institutional and personnel acknowledgements
Ministry of Health of Mongolia
World Health Organization
Center of Mental Health and Narcology, Mongolia
Public Health Institute, Mongolia
Health Science University of Mongolia
Bayan Ulgii aimag Health Department
Uvs aimag Health Department
Uvurkhangai aimag Health Department
Bulgan aimag Health Department
Dundgobi aimag Health Department
Dornogobi aimag Health Department
Sukhbaatar aimag Health Department
Dornod aimag Health Department
Chingeltei district Health Center
Bayanzurkh district Health Center
New era against drug abuse association
Dr.Hao Wei, professor, Mental Health Insitute, WHO Collaborating Research Center for
Abuse and Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
Dr.Maximilian de Courten WHO consultant Assoc. Prof., Monash University, Australia.
Project coordinator
Dr. G.Tsetsegdary, MD, PhD, senior officer of Health Policy and Coordination Department,
Ministry of Health of Mongolia
Project Team
International consultant
Peter Anderson, MD, PhD, MPH, WHO Public Health Consultant
PhD Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, Netherlands
Local Scientific Consultants
G.Tsetsegdary, MD, PhD, Health Policy and Coordination Department, Ministry of Health of
Mongolia
S.Byambasuren, MD, PhD, Professor, Health Science University of Mongolia
Z. Khishigsuren, M.Sc., Health Science University of Mongolia
L.Erdenebayar, MD. Dr.Sc, Prof., Center of Mental Health and Narcology, Mongolia
N.Demidmaa, MD, PhD, Center of Mental Health and Narcology, Mongolia
B.Aushjav, MD, clinical prof., Center of Mental Health and Narcology, Mongolia
Dr. K.Tungalag, MD, epidemiology M.Sc.,Medical Insurance Council secretary

International contributors
Dr. S.R. Govind, Public Health Specialist, the office of the WHO Representative in Mongolia
Statistical analysis team
Dr. D.Otgontuya, Reseacher, Nutrition Research Center, Public Health Institute
Dr. S.Tsegmid, Reseacher, Nutrition Research Center, Public Health Institute
Nai. Tuya, clinical professor, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
B.Dolgorsuren, statistician, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
O.Soel-Erdene, statistic doctor, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
B.Enkhmaa, Reseacher, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
Local participants
N.Demidmaa, Consultant on narcology, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
G.Bertsetseg, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
S.Munkhtuya, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
B.Dorjmaa, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
D.Ganbat, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
B.Purevjargal, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
O.Byambasuren, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
Z.Tuya, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
D.Chuluunbolor, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
K.Elena, narcologist, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
B.Tuya, psychiatrists, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
S.Dashpilgee, psychiatrists, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
L.Altantsetseg, psychiatrists, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
Sh.Batpurev, clinical professor, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
G.Narantuya, psychiatrists, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
G.Tsogzolmaa, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
P.Ichinkhorloo, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
D.Unursaikhan, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
Ch. Otgonbayar, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
B. Tuul, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
L.Bayarbat, family doctor, Khasagt Erdene family clinic
D.Batsuren, family doctor, Achlakhui family clinic
S.Bayarmaa, family doctor, Achlakhui family clinic
Ts.Enkhtuya, family doctor, Achlakhui family clinic
B.Ounchimeg, family doctor, Achlakhui family clinic
D.Oundelger, narcologist, Chingeltei district Health Center
N.Tuvshinbayar, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
D.Narantsetseg, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
G.Tugsjargal, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
T.Enkhbold, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
N.Ounchimeg, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
O.Luvsanbud, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
B.Nyamaa, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
B.Budsuren, family doctor, Chingeltei district Health Center
D. Bartsetseg, narcologist, Sukhbaatar aimag Health Department
3

S.Unurtsetseg, family doctor, Sukhbaatar aimag Health Department


M. Delkhiitsetseg, family doctor, Sukhbaatar aimag Health Department
D.Erdenetsetseg, family doctor, Sukhbaatar aimag Health Department
U.Ounbat, narcologist, Uvurkhangai aimag Health Department
G.Bundjav, family doctor, Uvurkhangai aimag Health Department
S.Amargargal, family doctor, Uvurkhangai aimag Health Department
N.Ountsetseg, family doctor, Uvurkhangai aimag Health Department
B.Batbold, narcologist, Dornod aimag Health Department
S.Altantuya, family doctor, Dornod aimag Health Department
B.Erdenetsetseg, family doctor, Dornod aimag Health Department
S.Tsetsgee, family doctor, Dornod aimag Health Department
Kh.Nergui, narcologist, Dundgobi aimag Health Department
B.Erdenesuren, family doctor, Dundgobi aimag Health Department
Kh.Tumengargal, family doctor, Dundgobi aimag Health Department
Ts. Saruul, family doctor, Dundgobi aimag Health Department
G.Maira, family doctor, Bayan Ulgii aimag Health Department
N.Mairagul, family doctor, Bayan Ulgii aimag Health Department
A.Zauresh, family doctor, Bayan Ulgii aimag Health Department
A.Erkegul, family doctor, Bayan Ulgii aimag Health Department
Ts.Khandsuren, narcologist, Uvs aimag Health Department
K.Ounchimeg, family doctor, Uvs aimag Health Department
B.Murun, family doctor, Uvs aimag Health Department
S.Orolzodmaa, family doctor, Uvs aimag Health Department
B.Gerelmaa, narcologist, Dornogobi aimag Health Department
Ts.Sainbayar, family doctor, Dornogobi aimag Health Department
P.Dagiimaa, family doctor, Dornogobi aimag Health Department
L.Ariunjargal, family doctor, Dornogobi aimag Health Department
L.Budsuren, narcologist, Bulgan aimag Health Department
L.Oundelger, family doctor, Bulgan aimag Health Department
B.Bayarmaa, family doctor, Bulgan aimag Health Department
B.Batchimeg, family doctor, Bulgan aimag Health Department

Report compiled by
Dr. K.Elena, Center of Mental Health and Narcology, Mongolia
Translators
Dr. K.Tungalag, Medical Insurance Council secretary
Dr. K.Elena, Center of Mental Health and Narcology
Editors
Mongolian editors
S.Byambasuren, MD, PhD, Professor, Health Science University of Mongolia
Z.Khishigsuren, MD, Lecturer teacher, Health Science University of Mongolia

English editor
4

Peter Anderson, WHO Public Health Consultant, MD, PhD MPH


Chapter I. INTRODUCTION
1.1

Geography and population

Mongolia is a very large country with a relatively small population. It faces many difficulties
and challenges in the painful changes of transition from a long-term planned economy to a
market orientated one. Situated in the center of the Asian land mass Mongolia lies between
the Inner Mongolian provinces of China in the south and the Asian part of Russia in the
north, Mongolia covers 1.56 million square kilometres, with an ethnically mixed population
at 2.533.100 people with 49.6 percent living in rural areas, of which about 31% are children
below 15 years of age. Except for the million or so people who live in or near the capital
Ulaanbaatar, the countrys population is sparsely distributed across the vast Mongolian
steppes in nomadic herding communities that are constantly on the move across the vast
plains to find new grazing pastures for their sheep and cattle that form the mainstay of the
food and of economy of Mongolia. The country stretches for about 2500 kilometres from
east to west at its longest and about 1000 kilometres from north to south at its widest. The
Gobi desert covers about a third of the country, and lies to the south along the long border
with the Peoples Republic of China.
Mongolia is divided into 18 aimags or provinces and 4 independent municipalities (such as
the capital city of Ulaanbaatar) that are also sometimes called aimags like the larger
provinces. Each aimag is divided into sums. The capital city of Ulaanbaatar has a
population of about 870,000; the other 1.6 million people are distributed in the other 18
provinces, with some provinces having less than 100,000 people. The average life
expectancy in Mongolia on 2004 year was 64.58 years. The main religious is Buddhism
(80% of population), followed by Islam (10%), Christianity (4.7%), and other religions
(5.3%).
1.2

Current situation of alcohol consumption

1.2.1 World situation of alcohol consumption and alcohol related harms


The misuse of alcohol represents one of the leading causes of preventable death, illness
and injury in many societies throughout the world. However, with the rapid development of
economy, urbanization and westernization, alcohol production, consumption, and numbers
of admitted patients with alcohol-related physical and mental diseases have increased
steadily over the past 25 years (Hao et al., 2003). Alcohol consumption is associated with a
variety of adverse health and social consequences. Adverse effects of alcohol have been
demonstrated for many disorders, including liver cirrhosis, mental illness, several types of
cancer, pancreatitis, and damage to the fetus among pregnant women. Alcohol use is also
strongly related to social consequences such as drink driving injuries and fatalities,
aggressive behaviour, family disruptions and reduced industrial productivity (WHO, Int.
Guide, 2002). Murray and Lopez (1996) estimated that globally in 1990 alcohol
contributed to 773,600 deaths, 19.3 million years of life lost and 47.7 million disability
adjusted life years. Some 82% of this burden of death, illness and injury falls on regions of
the world classified as developing (Murray et al., 1997).
Asian areas other than China and India (OAI) (e.g. Indonesia, Vietnam) also indicated
higher than average levels of death caused by alcohol (1.8%) (WHO, Int. Guide, 2002).
5

Adult per capita consumption data are very useful as an indicator of trends in alcoholrelated problems. Of international sources, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
provide the most reliable data. Studies done primarily in developed countries have found
that per capita consumption is a reliable proxy for the percentage of heavy drinkers in a
population, in the absence of national survey data (Edwards et al., 1994). Per capita alcohol
consumption in pure alcohol for adults is an essential predictor of alcohol related problems,
based on WHO data, the growth rate of per capita alcohol consumption was 402% from
1970 to 1996 (WHO, 1999). The figure for average annual alcohol consumption was still
low compared with that of the developed countries (WHO, 1999), which was about 10.01
yearly. For example, the recorded per capita consumption of pure alcohol per adult 15
years of age and over in 1996 was 11.90 liters in Austria, 11.67 liters in Germany, 11.27
liters in Switzerland, 9.62 liters in Italy, 9.55 liters in Australia, 9.41 liters in the UK and 8.90
liters in the US. The current global trends on alcohol use were that per capita alcohol
consumption in developed countries was decreasing sharply, and increasing steadily in
developing countries. In the countries of the Soviet Union and in many developing
countries, alcohol production for home use or for the informed sector is extremely
important, being as high as 80% of the total alcohol available for consumption.
Per capita consumption figures should be developed for the major categories of alcoholic
beverages available within a country. Most international sources limit these to beer, distilled
spirits and wine.
Ethanol conversion factors differ by country but generally are about 4-5% for beer, about 12
percent for wine and about 40 percent for distilled spirits. Common alcohol conversion
factors: 1 ml ethanol = 0.79 g.
The most commonly used measure of High Risk drinking for acute problems is the volume
of consumption (WHO, Int. Guide, 2002).
Low, Medium and high Risk average daily consumption levels for men and women
long-term of serious illness
LEVEL OF RISK
Gender

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

Male

1-40g

41-60g

61+g

Female

1-20g

21-40g

41+g

In different countries, health educators tend to employ different definitions of a standard unit
supposedly reflecting typical serving sizes in that country. For example, a unit or standard
drink in Canada is usually defined as 13.6 grams, in the UK it is 8 grams, in the USA it is
between 12 and 14 grams and in both New Zealand and Australia it is thought to be 10
grams of alcohol (WHO, Int. Guide, 2002). Turner et al., 1990 analyzed the size of these
units in 125 published studies, while these were mostly between 9 and 14 grams they were
also as low as 6 grams, and as high as 28 grams in one Japanese study.
The results of 2001 review in China showed that 6.7% of adults were heavy drinkers, who
consumed 55.3% of the total alcohol consumption.
The review by Shultz (Shultz et al., 1991) estimated that 50% of unspecified liver cirrhosis
cases in the US were due to alcohol. The study by English concluded that 54% of
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unspecified cirrhosis in males and 43% of such cases among females in Australia could be
attributed to alcohol. However, this estimate will not apply to all countries, for example, it
has been estimated that only 7.6% of liver cirrhosis in China is caused by drinking alcohol
(Zhou et al., 1984).
Alcohol is a causal factor in alcoholic psychosis, alcohol dependence syndrome and
harmful alcohol use. For example, of all alcohol caused deaths in Canada in 1992, 10%
were due to alcohol-related mental disorders. In Russia, officially recorded rates of alcohol
dependence and alcoholic psychosis combined were 1.8% of the population while
epidemiological surveys suggest the higher rate of between 3 and 3.5% (Vroublevsky et al.,
1998).
Alcohol is the prime cause of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. In 1992, about 1.1% of all alcoholcaused deaths in Canada were recorded as due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcohol is
also considered a factor in cardiac dysrhythmias and heart failure, causing 1.5% and 0.18%
of all alcohol-caused deaths, respectively, in Canada in 1992 (WHO, Int. Guide, 2002).
Alcohol consumption is positively related to hypertension (high blood pressure). In
particular, one very recently conducted review (Campbell et all 1999) concluded that
observational studies have almost uniformly found a relationship between heavy alcohol
consumption and increased blood pressure.
Alcohol is the direct cause of a small number of deaths and hospitalizations each year from
gastritis. Alcohol gastritis comprised 1.06% of alcohol-caused deaths for Finland between
1987 and 1993 (Makela et al., 1997). The English et all (1995) review estimates that 24% of
acute pancreatitis and 84% of chronic pancreatitis cases are due to alcohol.
Violence occurs across all kinds of interpersonal relationships including those of relatives,
friends, acquaintances, and strangers. Alcohol is implicated as a factor in assault in two
ways: high alcohol intake represents a risk factor in becoming a victim of assault and
alcohol is also a potential causal factor in committing an assault. Studies in Zambia have
estimated that alcohol is involved in between half and two thirds of all violent deaths
(Haworth et al., 1998). In the Canadian cost study, it was estimated that 160 deaths and
3.175 hospitalizations occurred in Canada in 1992 as the result of alcohol attributable
assault.
1.2.2 Alcohol consumption in Mongolia
Alcohol dependence and the harm done by alcohol have become of major public health and
social concern in Mongolia.
The common alcoholic beverages available in Mongolia are commercially marketed legal
vodka (spirits), beer and wines and homemade milk vodka and fermented horse milk. In
2002, Mongolia produced 4.9 million litres of spirits, 9.4 million litres of vodka, and 3.3
million litres of beer. Fifteen million litres of alcoholic beverages were imported. Per capita
consumption in Mongolia is estimated to be 9.03 litres absolute alcohol per year. According
to 2004 data of the Special Control Division, there are currently 12 spirits factories, 173
vodka factories and 29 beer factories. There are 48 wholesale markets and 3482 shops,
338 restaurants and 1297 bars that sell alcoholic beverages. All aimags (provinces) have
at least one or two factories that produce alcoholic beverages. Traditionally, Mongolians
produce national alcoholic beverages, such as: fermented horse milk (airag) and distilled
milk vodka (nermel).
7

The study on alcohol and alcohol dependence, which was conducted by the Dr. L.
Erdenebayar of the Center of the Mental Health and Narcology in 1997, indicated that over
51% of the population used alcohol more than they should do, 8% of these being women.
UN survey on 1998 identified that 12.7% of adults were classified as heavy drinkers.
The Public Health Institute conducted KAP survey in 2001 (Public Health, 2002) and
indicated that 43.6 percent of respondents consumed 1-3 standard drinkers per week and
47.5 percent consumed more than 3 standard drinks per week, with the frequency of
alcohol use increasing in both high and low-income households.
However, there have been many changes in the country since the survey, and new and
reliable data are urgently needed to give a clearer picture of the problem. We conducted
the national epidemiological survey on alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking patterns and
alcohol related harms, with technical and financial support of the World Health
Organization.
1.3

Survey Goal

The EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION,


ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERNS AND ALCOHOL RELATED HARMS IN MONGOLIA
survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption, alcohol
drinking patterns and alcohol related harms among the population.
1.4

Survey objectives
1. To determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption
2. To identify the alcohol drinking patterns
3. To determine the prevalence of alcohol dependence
4. To identify health alcohol related harms
5. To identify social alcohol related harms

1.5

Survey rationale

The EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION,


ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERNS AND ALCOHOL RELATED HARMS IN MONGOLIA
survey will be used to provide information on the alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking
patterns and alcohol related harms among the population. The survey results will be used
as an evidence based tool for public health alcohol related decision making, will be a main
information source for the rational implementation of the National program on alcohol
prevention and control (2003), and will provide important socio-economic, theoretical and
practical information.

Chapter II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY


2.1

Study sample

The study sample was a quota sample obtained from eight provinces (aimags): Bayan Ulgii
and Uvs aimags in the west, Dornod and Sukhbaatar aimags in the east, Dundgobi and
Dornogobi aimags in the south, Bulgan and Uvurkhangai aimags in the central parts of
Mongolia and in the two districts Chingeltei and Bayanzurkh in Ulaanbaatar city. The
sampling frame used a multistage, area probability design. After the ten sites were
selected, the sampling process continued with the selection of local government areas,
households, and finally, the respondents within the household. For the resident population a
representative sample was used based on households; for the nomadic population a
representative quota sample was used based on households (gers).
All people present in the household, aged 15 to 65 years old were invited for interview.
Face to face interviews were conducted within households, and households were selected
until the predesignated sample size was achieved (650 for each of the eight aimags and
2500 for each of the two districts in Ulaanbaatar. For the nomadic population, interviewers
went from ger to ger (nomadic household) until the predesignated sample size was
achieved (which differed from aimag to aimag, dependent on the estimated size of the
nomadic population). The questionnaire and the study protocol were approved by the Ethics
Committee of Ministry of Health, Mongolia. All respondents completed the questionnaire
voluntarily.
2.2

Study questionnaire

The questionnaire was developed in English, and then translated into Mongolian. Back
translation was undertaken from Mongolian to English to identify and correct any translation
difficulties. All interviews were conducted in the national Mongolian language. The
questionnaire comprised seven parts. Part 1 collected data about the interviewer and the
composition of the household; Part 2 collected demographic data of the respondent; Part 3
comprised the ten questions of the AUDIT; Part 4 comprised a series of graduated quantity
frequency questions to measure alcohol consumption (WHO); Part 5 measured social
harms and alcohol dependence with a 12 month reference period. The questions on social
harms were derived from a series of articles and reviews from the Journal of Alcohol
Studies published, which resulted from a scientific meeting on measures of social harm, as
well as the AUDADIS questionnaire. The alcohol dependence questions were derived from
the CIDI; Part 6 measured harm from someone elses drinking, including domestic violence,
with a 12 month reference period. The questions were derived from a series of articles and
reviews from the Journal of Alcohol Studies published in 2000 which resulted from a
scientific meeting on measures of social harm; Part 7 measured physical harm and
experience of help or treatment for harmful drinking or alcohol dependence with a 12 month
reference period, derived from AUDADIS. The questionnaire was pre-tested with a pilot
survey, held in Ulaanbaatar, 7-8 May, 2005.
2.3

Quality control

Interviewers were psychiatrists and family doctors, who were trained in two stages. A group
of 30 key interviewers were trained for 5 days training in Ulaanbaatar city, including two
days piloting the methodology and the questionnaire. The key interviewers trained a wider
group of interviewers on site. Didactic and participatory and skills based training were used
to explain the aims of survey, the variables of the questionnaires, and interview skills.
9

Instructions focused on guaranteeing the respondents anonymity, public relations with the
community and seeking the help of community leaders and officials from local government.
After each interview, the questionnaire was checked by the key interviewers.
Before of survey implementation an approval was taken from the Ethics Committee of MOH
on 15 of June, 2005
Definition of Mongolian drink A Delphi type technique was used to define a standard
drink, in the absence of empirical research. A group of 20 primary care physicians, 10
narcologists, and 10 scientists of the National Centre of Mental Health and Addictions,
representative of the whole country, met until agreement was reached. It was concluded
that a standard drink was the equivalent of: one 330ml glass, can, or bottle of beer (5%
concentration of absolute alcohol); one 500 ml bowl of fermented horse milk (5%
concentration of absolute alcohol); one 50 ml glass or cup of vodka (40% concentration of
absolute alcohol); one 100 ml glass or cup of milk vodka (15% concentration of absolute
alcohol); or one 100 ml glass of wine (100 ml) (12.5% concentration of absolute alcohol).

2.4

Data collection process

Eight teams each with 5 members collected data in the rural areas. Two teams each with
16 members collected data in Ulaanbaatar city. Each team consisted of a team leader and
4 to 16 interviewers. Data was collected during the period June 15 July 31, 2005.
2.5

Data entry, cleaning and analysis

The data from the completed questionnaire forms was first entered into the Epidata 3.1
created database, a Microsoft Windows based computer program. Data were double
entered and verified in the same Epidata 3.1 database and transferred into SPSS for
Windows 11.5 and analyzed.
Data entry into Epidata 3.1 was prepared by a team of two people under the kindly support
of WHO consultant Assoc. Prof. Maximilian de Courten, Monash University, Australia.
Data analyses were performed by a team of six people under the guidance of WHO Public
Health Consultant Dr. Peter Anderson.
Chapter III. Survey Results
A total of 10,157 respondents were interviewed, of whom 10,145 (99.8%) provided valid
data.
3.1

Demographic characteristics

The demographic characteristics of the sample for each of the eight aimags and two
districts of Ulaanbaatar are shown in Table 1.

10

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents in eight aimags (provinces) and two districts of Ulaanbaatar.
Bayan
Ulgii
aimag
657
n
%
Gender
Male
Female
Age group
15 ~ 19
20 ~ 24
25 ~ 29
30 ~ 34
35 ~ 39
40 ~ 44
45 ~ 49
50 ~ 54
55 ~ 59
60 ~ 64
65
Ethnicity
Khalkh
Kazakh
Buriad
Uriankhai
Dorvod
Bayad
Torguud
Dariganga
Hoton
Burga
Zakhchin

Uvs
aimag

638
%

Bulgan
aimag

632
%

Uvurkhangai Dundgobi Dornogobi


aimag
aimag
aimag
645

612

649

Dornod
aimag

646
%

Sukhbaatar
aimag

Chingeltei
district

649
n

2543
%

Bayanzurkh
district

Total

2456

10145
n
%

336 3.3
321 3.2

311 3.1 377 3.7


327 3.2 255 2.5

321
328

3.2
3.2

343
267

3.4
2.6

332
313

3.3
3.1

321 325
3.2 3.2

355
293

3.5
2.9

1230
1312

12.2
13.0

1190
1265

11.8 5116 50.5


12.5 5006 49.5

103
82
70
68
76
96
80
43
16
19
4

1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0

111
47
58
59
109
87
74
43
26
20
3

1.1
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0

90
80
82
85
71
76
55
53
24
13
3

0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.0

92
65
87
81
104
91
66
34
12
7
10

0.9
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1

58
57
75
64
86
91
65
63
33
15
4

0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.0

45
75
96
105
95
94
57
43
24
8
2

0.4
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0

59
62
78
102
107
87
69
32
22
16
11

0.6
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1

71
60
85
106
88
78
68
48
19
18
8

0.7
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1

357
324
246
233
267
269
255
218
141
148
84

3.5
3.2
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.2
1.4
1.5
0.8

253
318
296
329
330
288
274
174
100
73
21

2.5
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.3
2.8
2.7
1.7
1.0
0.7
0.2

1239
1170
1173
1232
1333
1257
1063
751
417
337
150

17
592
1
13
14
17
1
-

0.2 33 0.3
5.9 3
0.0
0.0 1
0.0
0.1 2
0.0
0.1 161 1.6
0.2 348 3.4
4
0.0
0.0 84 0.8
-

549
3
44
2
10
18
1
-

5.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
-

629
3
1
5
6
3
-

6.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
-

589
1
1
19
1
1
-

5.8
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
-

599
15
6
17
5
1
1

5.9
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0

279
3
289
1
25
11
20
1
7
4

2.8
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0

193
3
5
1
4
32
408
1
1

1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
4.8
0.0
0.0

2203
35
111
8
69
44
16
17
6
5
8

21.8
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1

2096
20
101
22
87
37
9
32
2
5
19

20.7
0.2
1.0
0.2
0.9
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2

7187 71.0
663 6.6
568 5.6
49
0.5
382 3.8
549 5.4
33
0.3
483 4.8
95
0.9
19
0.2
33
0.3

12.2
11.6
11.6
12.2
13.2
12.4
10.5
7.4
4.1
3.3
1.5

11

Oold
Other
Marital status
Married
Never married/single
Divorce/separated
Widow/ widower
Cohabited
Education
None
Primary or below
Middle
Special middle
High
Employment
Currently employed
Unemployed
Retired
Student
Occupation
Lawyer
Governmental worker
Engineer
Doctor, nurse
Teacher
Cattle breeder
Agricultural worker
Service and trade worker
Assistant
Factory worker
Heavy physical worker
Private business owner
Driver
Policeman

0.0

1
1

0.0
0.0

3
2

0.0
0.0

2
-

0.0
-

0.0

1
5

0.0
0.0

0.0

12
6

0.1
0.1

14
7

0.1
0.1

33
25

0.3
0.2

443
179
11
17
6

4.4 440 4.3 422 4.2


1.8 161 1.6 168 1.7
0.1 4
0.0 16 0.2
0.2 13 0.1 10 0.1
0.1 20 0.2 16 0.2

457
161
7
9
15

4.5
1.6
0.1
0.1
0.1

476
115
5
1
15

4.7
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.1

442
135
25
22
21

4.4
1.3
0.2
0.2
0.2

413
156
33
29
14

4.1
1.5
0.3
0.3
0.1

445
144
13
18
28

4.4
1.4
0.1
0.2
0.3

1573
659
99
168
43

15.5
6.5
1.0
1.7
0.4

1636
579
96
98
44

16.2
5.7
0.9
1.0
0.4

6747 66.7
2457 24.3
309 3.1
385 3.8
222 2.2

18
81
333
106
118

0.2 25 0.2 17 0.2


0.8 71 0.7 42 0.4
3.3 282 2.8 287 2.8
1.0 137 1.4 126 1.2
1.2 123 1.2 159 1.6

18
78
282
155
116

0.2
0.8
2.8
1.5
1.1

14
63
310
102
123

0.1
0.6
3.1
1.0
1.2

15
44
258
170
156

0.1
0.4
2.6
1.7
1.5

14
67
280
159
126

0.1
0.7
2.8
1.6
1.2

23
75
276
137
138

0.2
0.7
2.7
1.4
1.4

21
86
762
805
866

0.2
0.9
7.5
8.0
8.6

38
154
938
619
704

0.4
1.5
9.3
6.1
7.0

203 2.0
761 7.5
4008 39.6
2516 24.9
2629 26.0

187
309
35
125

1.8 248 2.5 245 2.4


3.1 230 2.3 262 2.6
0.3 37 0.4 40 0.4
1.2 123 1.2 85 0.8

271
260
22
96

2.7
2.6
0.2
0.9

319
174
53
65

3.2
1.7
0.5
0.6

344
231
25
44

3.4
2.3
0.2
0.4

265
262
49
69

2.6
2.6
0.5
0.7

305
215
45
83

3.0
2.1
0.4
0.8

1135
550
355
501

11.2
5.4
3.5
5.0

1126
755
160
411

11.1
7.5
1.6
4.1

4445 43.9
3248 32.1
821 8.1
1602 15.8

4
33
19
38
45
58
5
28
37
35
32
43
36
2

0.0
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.0

10
34
32
75
35
40
25
62
15
25
9
49
46
4

0.1
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.0

7
48
23
54
39
87
9
34
15
15
2
40
39
3

0.1
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0

15
53
29
35
46
63
7
38
22
16
11
22
37
29

0.2
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.3

9
29
23
79
60
78
14
46
37
24
8
49
40
11

0.1
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.1

6
42
20
65
57
116
10
24
12
13
7
32
54
3

0.1
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.7
1.4
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.0

64
216
224
170
212
27
12
248
92
187
30
197
152
26

0.8
2.5
2.6
2.0
2.5
0.3
0.1
2.9
1.1
2.2
0.4
2.3
1.9
0.3

50
186
160
143
202
53
11
208
100
188
76
224
182
27

0.6
2.2
1.9
1.7
2.4
0.6
0.1
2.4
1.2
2.2
0.9
2.6
2.1
0.3

191
742
576
739
811
624
135
772
372
539
194
715
659
112

10
64
30
44
60
50
23
49
25
19
10
31
36
4

0.1
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.0

16
37
16
36
55
52
19
35
17
17
9
28
37
3

0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.0

2.2
8.7
6.8
8.7
9.5
7.3
1.6
9.1
4.4
6.3
2.3
8.4
7.7
1.3

12

Other
117 1.4 60
Families income per person per month
20.000
411 4.1 297
20.001~
147 1.5 199
30.001 ~
66 0.7 60
40.001 ~
16 0.2 26
50.001 ~
12 0.1 29
60.001 ~
2
0.0
8
70.001 ~
1
0.0 11
80.001 ~
2
90.001 ~
5
100.001
1
0.0
-

0.7

169 2.0

92

1.1

132

1.6

175

2.1

70

0.8

103

1.2

182

2.1

229

2.7

1329 15.6

2.9 275 2.7


2.0 115 1.1
0.6 111 1.1
0.3 51 0.5
0.3 20 0.2
0.1 20 0.2
0.1 23 0.2
0.0
5
0.0
0.0 10 0.1
2
0.0

341
145
48
49
28
13
12
3
7
1

3.4
1.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0

335
81
62
55
32
19
17
2
2
6

3.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1

310
114
67
42
22
28
32
7
10
12

3.1
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1

335
126
77
49
23
12
9
3
8
3

3.3
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0

325
139
64
59
29
21
5
5
2
-

3.2
1.4
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
-

424
677
589
319
179
138
100
40
32
40

4.2
6.7
5.8
3.2
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.4

727
627
382
270
148
107
85
41
36
30

7.2
6.2
3.8
2.7
1.5
1.1
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.3

3780 37.4
2370 23.4
1526 15.1
936 9.3
522 5.2
368 3.6
295 2.9
108 1.1
112 1.1
95
0.9

NOTE: FOR SOME VARIABLES N MAY NOT EQUAL 10145 BECAUSE OF MISSING DATA.

13

In survey 5116 men and 5006 women provided data. The 8.3% of the interviewed women
were pregnant. There were significant differences among 10 areas in gender (2 = 44.101,
d.f. = 9, p<0.0001), age (2 = 444.318, d.f. = 9, p<0.0001), marital status (2 = 234.737, d.f.
= 3.6, p<0.0001), education (2 = 537.815, d.f. = 3.6, p<0.0001), employment (2 = 515.497,
d.f. = 27, p<0.0001), occupation (2 = 1448.143, d.f. = 126, p<0.0001).
The following age groups of respondents predominated from 35 to 39 years (13.2%), 40-44
years (12.5%), 15-19 years (12.2%), 30-34 years (12.2%), and 20-24 years (11.6%).
The Khalkh national constituted 71.0% of the sample, followed by Kazakh (proportion of
Kazakh was higher in the Bayan Ulgii site and composed 6.6% of all sample), Buriad
(5.6%), Bayad (5.4%) and other nationalities (11.4%) (2 = 20913.430, d.f. = 108,
p<0.0001).
The 39.6% of respondents had received middle education, 26.0% high education, 24.9%
special middle education, 7.5% primary education and only 2.0% no education.
Two thirds of respondents were married, 24.3% were single, 3.8% were widowed, 3.1%
were divorced/separated, and 2.2% cohabited (2 = 109.704, d.f. = 4, p<0.0001), Table2.
Table 2. Marital status by gender.
Marital status
Married
Never married/single
Divorce/separated
Widow/widower
Cohabited
Total

Gender of respondent
Male
Female
3545
3212
35.0%
31.7%
1240
1220
12.2%
12.0%
131
178
1.3%
1.8%
101
284
1.0%
2.8%
107
115
1.1%
1.1%
5124
5009
50.6%
49.4%

Number
% of Total
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%

Total
6757
66.7%
2460
24.3%
309
3.0%
385
3.8%
222
2.2%
10133
100.0%

NOTE: FOR SOME VARIABLES N MAY NOT EQUAL 10145 BECAUSE OF MISSING DATA.

Table 3 shows that 18.0% of men were unemployed, compared with 14.1% of women and
general employment status was significantly different among men and women (2 = 79.312,
d.f. = 3, p<0.0001)
Table 3. Employment status by gender.
Employment
Currently employed
Unemployed
Retired

Number
% of Total
N
%
N
%
N
%

Gender of respondent
Male
2229
22.0%
1823
18.0%
354
3.5%

Female
2220
21.9%
1430
14.1%
469
4.6%

Total
4449
43.9%
3253
32.1%
823
8.1%
14

Student
Total

N
%
N
%

719
7.1%
5125
50.6%

885
8.7%
5004
49.4%

1604
15.8%
10129
100.0%

NOTE: FOR SOME VARIABLES N MAY NOT EQUAL 10145 BECAUSE OF MISSING DATA.

The 61.8% of respondents lived in a ger or small shack, 31.4% in an apartment or private
house, and 6.8% in a nomadic ger (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Hosehold types of respondents.

Nomadic ger
6.8%

Apartment or
house31.4%
Ger or small
shack61.8%

Consistent with the sampling methodology, equal numbers of respondents lived in urban
and rural areas, Figure 2.
Figure 2. Distribution of respondents in rural and urban areas.

Rural areas
50.6%

Urban areas
49.4%

The 26% of rural households had a family income of less than 20.000 tugrik per month,
compared with 11.4% of urban households and was different in all sites (2 = 1293.794, d.f.
= 81, p<0.0001), Figure 3.
Figure 3. Family income per family member per month (%).
15

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

20.00 20.001 30.001 40.001 50.001 60.001 70.001 80.001 90.001 100.0
0
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
01

Rural

26

10.5

5.5

3.4

1.9

1.1

1.1

0.3

0.4

0.2

Urban

11.4

12.9

9.6

5.9

3.3

2.5

1.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

3.2
Drinking frequency
The frequency of drinking, as measured by the frequency question of the AUDIT, by age,
gender, educational attainment, marital and employment status and rural-urban residence
is shown in Table 4. The proportion of life time abstainers and last year abstainers was
higher for women than men. The proportion of abstainers did not differ between rural and
urban residents.
Table 4. Frequency of drinking by selected socio-demographic characteristics (%)
Characteristics

Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65
Education
None
Primary or below
Middle

Lifetime
abstainers

Drinking frequency among life


time drinkers
Monthly
or less

2-4
times
a
month

2-3
times
a
week

Last year
abstainers
among life time
drinkers

10145

27.9

64.0

25.1

5.0

4 or
more
times
a
week
3.8

5126
5014

8.9
19.0

28.3
35.7

20.1
5.0

6.0
1.0

3.4
0.4

3.9
7.6

1242
1172
1173
1233
1333
1264
1064
753
418
337
151

74.3
38.5
23.2
18.7
16.3
17.8
16.1
19.5
21.1
21.1
29.8

79.4
76.4
66.7
59.2
60.9
63.0
58.1
55.2
63.5
73.4
73.8

11.4
18.3
25.8
29.9
25.9
25.8
27.9
30.6
21.6
21.7
15.9

5.2
2.5
5.6
7.9
8.9
7.6
8.7
7.6
10.0
2.7
6.5

3.7
2.8
2.0
3.0
4.2
3.7
5.4
6.6
4.9
2.3
3.7

23.8
14.9
10.4
11.6
8.1
8.3
7.7
10.3
12.9
26.9
19.6

204
760
4004

0.7
3.1
14.2

1.1
4.0
21.7

0.5
1.3
9.0

0.1
0.5
2.9

0.2
0.5
1.4

0.3
1.0
4.6

8.3

16

Special middle
High
Marital status
Married
Never
married/single
Divorce/separated
Widow/widower
Cohabited
Residence
Rural
Urban
Employment
Currently
employed
Unemployed

2521
2632

5.4
4.6

17.7
19.5

6.7
7.7

1.8
1.7

0.8
0.9

2.6
3.0

6757
2456

13.6
12.0

47.2
11.4

19.1
3.8

5.1
1.1

2.4
0.9

8.0
2.2

308
384
219

0.4
1.2
0.7

1.7
2.6
1.1

1.1
0.6
0.6

0.4
0.2
0.2

0.4
0.1
0.1

0.3
0.7
0.2

5125
4997

15.7
12.3

30.7
33.3

12.1
13.1

3.4
3.6

2.5
1.3

5.4
6.0

4450

7.8

32.3

13.9

3.0

1.2

4.4

3255

7.5

19.5

8.8

3.4

2.4

3.8

Retired

823

2.3

6.1

1.3

0.4

0.2

1.9

Student

1606

10.4

6.1

1.2

0.3

0.1

1.4

Note: for some variables N may not equal 10145 because of missing data.

3.3 Volume of alcohol consumption


Alcohol consumption as measured by AUDIT ranged from 0 to 132g a day for women
(mean 1.8; median 1.0) and 0 to 132 for men (mean 9.8; median 2.0). Alcohol consumption
as measured by Graduated Quantity Frequency (GQF) ranged from 0 to 242 a day for
women (mean 4.8; median 0.0) and 0 to 242 for men (mean 20.9; median 3.0). The
correlation was 0.402 (p<0.0001) for women (n5014) and 0.503 (p<0.0001) for men (n5126)
for the total sample. For previous year drinkers, the correlation was 0.366 (p<0.0001) for
women (n2095) and 0.488 (p<0.0001) for men (n3712).
The distribution of alcohol consumption by categories of drinking based on the alcohol
questions of the AUDIT is shown in Table 5. Nearly 40% of women and 18% of men
described themselves as abstainers. 1.2% of women and 5.5% of men described
themselves as hazardous or harmful drinkers.
Table 5. Distribution of alcohol consumption based on AUDIT (Qu.3.0-3.2)
Category
Based on AUDIT (Qu.3.0-3.2)
Men
n5121

Women
n5005

Abstinent

18.3%

39.7%

Level I*

76.2%

59.1%

Level II**

1.4%

0.8%

Level III***

4.1%

0.4%

* Non-heavy drinking
** Hazardous drinking
*** Harmful drinking

17

The distribution of alcohol consumption by categories of drinking based on the graduated


quantity frequency questions is shown in Table 6. 4.6% of women and 14.3% of men
described themselves as hazardous or harmful drinkers.
Table 6. Distribution of alcohol consumption by categories of drinking based on the
graduated quantity frequency
Category

Based on graduated frequency approach (Qu 4)


Men
n5126

Women
n5014

Abstinent

18.3%

39.7%

Did not drink in previous year

5.6%

11.1%

Level I*

61.9%

44.7%

Level II**

4.3%

1.8%

Level III***

10.0%

2.8%

* Non-heavy drinking
** Hazardous drinking
*** Harmful drinking
The proportion of respondents who consumed 20g of alcohol or more per day by gender
and age is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Proportion (%) of total population who drink more than 20g alcohol a day on
average
30

30.0

23.824.323.9
23.1

Drinking >20g a day

20.0

24.1
20

20.8

20.5

12.7
10.0

10

10.3
8.5
6.9
5.3

0.0

2.4
15-19

3.3

6.5 7.0

Male

4.5
2.6

25-29

20-24

5.2 4.7
4.5

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

Gender of respondent

1.8

Female

65

60-64

Age of respondent

18

3.4 Episodic heavy drinking


Figures 5, 6 and 7 shows the proportions of all respondents who used >60g of alcohol a
day daily (Figure 5), at least weekly (Figure 6), and at least monthly (Figure 7).
The highest level among males compose 4.9% of men in the age 30-34 years old, and
among females 1.8% of women in the age 45-49 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink daily significantly higher than women in all age groups (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Proportion (%) of total population who binge drink (>60g a day) daily in
entire life
6.0

5.0
4.9
4.0

4.2 4.1

4.1

%Dailybingedrinking

3.8
3.2

3.0
2.6

2.6
2.3

2.0

2.2
1.8

1.0

0.0

1.2

1.0 1.0

Gender of respondent
1.2

.9

Male

.5

.3
15-19

Female

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

65

60-64

Age of respondent

The highest level among males compose 19.7% of men in the age 30-34 years old, and
among females 4.7% of women in the age 45-49 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink at least weekly significantly higher than women in all age groups (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Proportion (%) of total population who binge drink (>60g a day) at least
weekly in entire life

%Bingedrinkingat least weekly

30.0

20.0
19.7
18.5
18.017.617.7
17.0
14.7
10.0

10.6
8.6
5.9
2.0

0.0
15-19

3.7 3.2 3.7 3.6

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

4.7

Gender of respondent
Male

3.8
1.5 2.0

45-49

40-44

7.4

55-59

50-54

Female
65

60-64

Age of respondent

19

The highest level among males compose 55.7% of men in the age 35-39 years old, and
among females 15.4% of women in the age 35-39 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink monthly significantly higher than women in all age groups (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Proportion (%) of total population who binge drink (>60g a day) at least
monthly in entire life

%binge drinking at least once a month

60.0
55.7
50.0

51.7

50.0

48.047.7
44.5

40.0

43.1

30.0
26.525.5

25.6
20.0

10.0

0.0

Gender of respondent

15.4
13.9
13.9
12.5
11.6
10.8
9.6

10.5
2.9

Male
3.0

15-19

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

5.3

55-59

50-54

Female
65

60-64

Age of respondent

Figures 8, 9 and 10 shows the proportions of people who drank in the last year and who
binged drink >60g of alcohol a day daily (Figure 8), at least weekly (Figure 9), and at least
monthly (Figure 10).
The highest level among males compose 7.7% of men in the age 15-19 years old, and
among females 2.7% of women in the age 45-49 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink daily in the last year significantly higher than women in all age groups (Figure
8).
Figure 8. Proportion (%) of people who drank in last year who binge drink (>60g a
day) daily
10.0

8.0
7.7
6.0

%Bingedrinkingdaily

5.8

4.2

4.0
3.5

2.0

4.9

4.5

4.0

3.6

3.2

2.3

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.7 1.5 1.5

1.2

Gender of respondent

2.7

Male
Female

0.0
15-19

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

65

60-64

Age of respondent

20

The highest level among males compose 23.2% of men in the age 30-34 years old, and
among females 9.1% of women in the age 15-19 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink at least weekly in the last year significantly higher than women in all age groups
(Figure 9).
Figure 9. Proportion (%) of people who drank in last year who binge drink (>60g a
day) at least weekly
30.0

23.2
20.0

20.8
20.8
19.9
19.119.7

%Bingedrinkingweekly

18.9

17.8
16.3

10.0

10.9
9.1
6.4
4.8

7.3
5.3 5.5 5.8

6.4

9.6

5.3

Gender of respondent
Male

3.1
0.0

Female
15-19

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

65

60-64

Age of respondent

The highest level among males compose 63.3% of men in the age 35-39 years old, and
among females 24.9% of women in the age 25-29 years old, proportion of men that have
binge drink at least monthly in the last year significantly higher than women in all age
groups (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Proportion (%) of people who drank in last year who binge drink (>60g a
day) at least monthly
70.0
63.3
60.7

60.0

%>Binge drinking monthly

57.1
54.052.9
50.6

53.4

50.0

40.0
39.4
30.0

20.0

34.9

34.8
32.9

24.9
22.6
22.3
21.620.8
20.5
19.3
16.8

Gender of respondent

10.0

12.3
6.2

0.0
15-19

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

8.3

Male
Female

65

60-64

Age of respondent

21

3.5 AUDIT scores


Audit scores ranged from 0 to 38 for women (mean 2.1, SE=0.05) and 0 to 40 for men
(mean 8.5, SE=0.12).
A logistic regression analysis was carried out separately for each gender to identify those
items that minimized the probability of miss-classification between subjects with and without
both category II or more drinking and with or without alcohol dependence. Three items
were consistently retained, questions 1, 5 and 6 of the AUDIT. The full AUDIT (AUDIT-10),
the first three consumption questions (AUDIT-1,2,3) the questions from the logistic
regression analysis (AUDIT-1,5,6) and the first AUDIT question (AUDIT-1) (because this
was consistently the most predictive single question in the regression analyses) were tested
for their sensitivity and specificity, using Category II or more drinking levels as determined
by the GQF and the presence of alcohol dependence as measured by CIDI as the gold
standard. 22% of men and 5% of women scored positive for alcohol dependence, when
measured by the CIDI.
Figure 11 shows the proportion of the total population who scored 8 or more (international
cut off point for hazardous or harmful drinking) on the AUDIT by gender and age.
Figure 11. Proportion (%) of total population who score > 8 on AUDIT

%of population who score >8 on AUDIT.

70.0

60.0

59.6
55.2

50.0

60.4

54.4

53.4
50.0

40.0
38.7

35.7

30.0

26.6

23.5

20.0

Gender of respondent

10.0
8.5

6.8 6.7 7.3

0.0
15-19

25-29

20-24

9.5

Male
Female

35-39

30-34

10.811.6
7.2
45-49

40-44

55-59

50-54

65

60-64

Age of respondent

The 22% of the entire sample scored positive on the AUDIT (i.e. score of 8 or more), 5% of
all women and 39% of all men.
A positive score increased with alcohol consumption: From 0% among abstainers, to 5%
among those who did not drink in the last year, to 26% of those who drink <20g a day, 58%
of those who drink 20-40g a day, 72% of those who drink 40-40g a day and to 77% of those
who drink more than 60g a day, Figure 12.

22

Figure 12. Proportion (%) of population who scored positive for AUDIT by alcohol
consumption
90

Proportion (%)

80

77

72

70

58

60
50
40
26

30
20
5

10
0

<20 g

20-40g

40-60g

>60g

grams alcohol per day

3.5

Prevalence of alcohol dependence

13.6% of the total population meet the criteria of being dependent on alcohol (a score of 4
or more on the CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, instrument), 22% of men
and 5% of women, and the highest proportion composed by the males 32.3% in the age 4549 years old, and among females 6.8% in the age 35-39 years old (Figure 13).
Figure 13. Proportion (%) of total population who score positive for alcohol
dependence (based on CIDI)
40.0

32.3

30.0

29.128.9
28.1

%alcohol dependent

22.1
20.9

21.7

20.0

16.8
10.0

12.2
9.6

0.0

4.3
2.3
15-19

5.1 5.6 5.8

6.8

Male

5.5 5.9 5.5


2.0 2.0

25-29

20-24

35-39

30-34

45-49

40-44

Gender of respondent

55-59

50-54

Female
65

60-64

Age of respondent

23

The risk of dependence increases with alcohol consumption from 0% in non-drinkers to


15% of those who drink, but less than 20g a day, to 35% of those who drink between 20
and 40g a day, to 48% of those who drink between 40 and 60g a day, and to 55% of those
who drink more than 60g a day., Figure 14.
Figure 14. Proportion (%) of population who scored positive for alcohol dependence
by alcohol consumption
60

55
48

Proportion (%)

50
40

35

30
20

15

10
0

0
0

<20g

20-40g

40-60g

>60g

grams per day

3.6 Alcohol consumption by beverage type and consumed volume


The Figure 15 shows that 42% of men mostly consumed vodka, 26% fermented horse milk,
21% beer, 6% milk vodka, 2% wine and 3% other alcohol beverages.
Figure 15. Distribution of alcohol consumed by beverage type by men.

Milk vodka Wine 0ther


6% 2% 3%
Fhm*
26%

Beer
21%

Vodka
42%

* Fermented horse milk

24

The Figure 16 shows that 32% of women mostly consumed vodka, 34% fermented horse
milk, 19% beer, 5% milk vodka, 7% wine and 3% other alcohol beverages.
Figure 16. Distribution of alcohol consumed by beverage type for women.

Milk vodka
5%

Wine Other
7% 3%

Fhm*
34%

Beer
19%

Vodka
32%

* Fermented horse milk


The Figure 17a shows that 10% of the heaviest drinker (of all drinkers) consume about 2/3
of all alcohol consumed.
Figure 17a. Distribution of consumed alcohol.

Alcohol
consumed by
the other
drinkers
33%
Alcohol
consumed by
the 10% of the
heaviest
drinkers
67%

25

The Figure 17b shows that 25% of the heaviest drinkers (of all drinkers) consume over the
4/5 of all alcohol consumed.
Figure 17b. Distribution of consumed alcohol.

Alcohol
consumed by
the other
drinkers
14%
Alcohol
consumed by
the 25% of the
heaviest
drinkers
86%

3.7 Last year abstainers


The Table 7 shows the percentage of the total population who did not drink alcohol in the
previous year by gender. It was highest in Bayan Ulgii (47.3% male, and 82.9% female),
and lowest in Uvurkhangai (15.0% male, and 34.1% female).

Bulgan

Uvurkhangai

Dundgovi

Dornogovi

Dornod

Sukhbaatar

Chingeltei
district

Bayanzurkh
district

47.3

23.8

20.4

15.0

38.8

18.7

17.8

20.0

22.4

18.2

22.9

Female 82.9

59.6

35.3

34.1

71.5

49.2

36.6

47.8

41.7

49.9

48.8

Male

UVS

Total

Location of interview

Bayan Ulgii

Gender of respondent

Table 7. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by aimag and
gender (%).

26

The Figure 18 presents that proportion of population that not drinks in last year was a little
lower in Ulaanbaatar, compared with elsewhere.
Figure 18. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by place of
interview
55.3

60

49.7

Proportion (%)

50

48.9

45.7

40
30

28

22.9

22.9

20.4

20
10
0
Aimag, provincial
centre

Aimag, sum

Male

Ulaanbaatar

Total

Female

The Figure 19 presents that proportion of population that not drink in last year was higher in
gers than in apartments or houses.
Figure 19. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by household
type and gender.
70

58.4

Proportion (%)

60

51.2

50

48.9

42.5

40
30
20

25.5

23.1

18

23

10
0
Apartment or
house

Ger or small
shack
Male

Nomadic ger

Total

Female

The Table 8 presents that proportion of population that not drink in last year was highest in
the younger age groups, and then started to rise again in the older age groups.

27

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

Age of respondent
35-39
40-44
45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65

70.8

35.1

17.4

15.1

12.4

11.1

10.5

15.2

13.2

25.4

22.
3

86.7

58.4

44.9

40.5

32.5

37.5

35.4

41.4

51.0

62.5

78.
9

Female

Male

Gender
of
respondent

Table 8. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by age and
gender (%).

The Table 9 presents that proportion of population that not drink in last year was very high
in Kazakh ethnicity.
Table 9. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by ethnicity and
gender (%).
Gender
of
respondent

Khalkh

Kazakh

Buriad

Uriankhai

Dorvod

Bayad

Torguud

Dariganga

Hoton

Burga

Zakhchin

Oold

Other

Ethnicity

Male

21.7

47.3

16.9

21.7

19.1

21.1

22.2

20.9

28.6

16.7

5.9

20.0

25.0

Female

45.7

83.2

39.2

38.5

53.3

56.4

66.7

50.0

52.4

42.9

31.3

38.5

55.6

The Table 10 presents that proportion of population that not drink in last year was highest
for single people (presumably younger).
Table 10. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by marital status
and gender (%).
Gender of
respondent

Married

Male

16.1

Never married/
single
43.8

Female

42.7

66.6

Marital status
Divorce/
Widow/widower
separated
12.2
13.9
28.7

56.3

Cohabited
32.7
45.2

The Table 11 shows that proportion of population that not drink in last year decreased with
increasing education level.

28

Table 11. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by education
and gender (%).
Gender of
respondent

none

Male

28.6

primary
below
33.6

Female

60.9

69.0

or

Education
middle
special middle

high

29.5

16.3

14.1

60.0

39.4

37.2

The Figure 20 shows that proportion of population that not drinks in last year was highest
for students.

Proportion (%)

Figure 20. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by employment
status and gender.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

79
61.2

59.7

49.0
34.5
25.1

17.6

14.7

Currently
employed

Unemployed

Male

Retired

Student

Female

The Table 12 presents that proportion of population that not drink in last year was not in a
simple relationship with family income, but it tended to be higher for lower income families.
Table 12. Proportion of respondents that Did not drink in last year by family
income and gender (%).

>100.00
1

60.00170.000

90.001100.000

50.00160.000

80.00190.000

40.00150.000

70.00180.000

30.00140.000

20.00130.000

<20.000

Gender of
respondent

Family income per member

Male

26.0

23.8

19.0

24.3

19.3

15.4

20.4

13.1

12.1

13.5

Female

54.4

49.1

45.9

41.9

49.8

33.9

40.3

51.1

48.1

20.9

29

3.8 Mean alcohol consumption among drinkers


The Table 13 presents mean of alcohol consumption among men and women among
drinkers. The mean alcohol consumption g/day of men is higher than in women.
Table 13. Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) by gender for drinkers.
Gender

Mean

95% CI

Male
Female

3892
2491

29.7198
10.0457

27.6967-31.7429
8.7797 11.3117

The Table 14 presents mean of alcohol consumption among men and women among
drinkers by aimags and districts.
Table 14. Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) by gender, aimags and districts for
drinkers.
Male
Mean

Female
Mean

Aimag,
district
Bayan Ulgii

168

30.4739 22.1957-38.7520

48

15.2497

UVS
Bulgan

252
289

29.1025 20.9026-37.3024
69.6569 56.5353-82.7784

148
163

5.5930
25.4716

Uvurkhangai

272

53.9271 44.3703-63.4839

216

24.4162

Dundgovi

208

20.8742 14.6674-27.0810

75

7.1385

Dornogovi

254

52.5038 41.8085-63.1992

136

22.6832

Dornod
Sukhbaatar
Chingeltei
district
Bayanzurkh
district

261
271
950

18.7620 14.2354-23.2886
23.3309 17.2713-29.3905
20.4053 17.5963-23.2143

204
135
757

3.1634
3.9783
7.5048

961

20.1132 17.0121-23.2143

608

5.8025 4.3665-7.2384

95% CI

95%CI

4.460126.0393
2.9090-8.2770
15.745435.1978
16.650032.1824
3.614910.6620
14.539930.8264
1.8389-4.4878
.4606-7.4959
5.9130-9.0967

The Table 15 presents mean of alcohol consumption among men and women among
drinkers by place of interview. The mean alcohol consumption g/day of men is higher than
in women.
Table 15. Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) by gender and place of interview for
drinkers.

M
a
l

Gender of
responde
nt

Place of
interview

Mean

95% CI

Aimag, provincial

1106

36.3955

31.6968 - 41.0941
30

Female

centre
Aimag, sum

872

42.0770

37.2414 -46.9127

Ulaanbaatar

1911

20.2541

18.1627 -22.3456

Aimag, provincial
centre
Aimag, sum

640

9.8499

7.4407 - 12.2592

481

19.7724

15.0467 -24.4980

Ulaanbaatar

1368

6.7305

5.6440 - 24.4980

The Table 16 presents mean of alcohol consumption among men and women among
drinkers by age. The young people in the age 15-19 years old have a highest mean of
alcohol consumption among drinkers.
Table 16. Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) by gender and age for drinkers.
Age
Male
Female
N
Mean
95% CI
N
Mean
95% CI
15-19 161 39.9611
25.2722-54.6499
78
21.2209 9.1065-33.3354
20-24 359 27.4858
19.6808-35.2908
240
8.7631 5.1561-12.3701
25-29 490 26.6434
21.7799-31.5069
303 10.1660 7.1756-13.1563
30-34 528 33.4851
27.8232-39.1469
339
9.8531 6.8161-12.8900
35-39 566 32.6374
27.4510-37.8238
448 10.9020 6.9446-14.8595
40-44 547 26.5768
22.3056-30.8479
394
8.2940 5.8909-10.6970
45-49 493 31.2518
25.0884-37.4151
324 11.1232 7.3802-14.8662
50-54 346 31.8549
24.0035-39.7062
202 11.0062 6.4756-15.5369
55-59 190 30.0877
22.2993-37.8760
91
5.4264
3.0024-7.8503
60-64 139 18.6269
11.2937-25.9601
58
5.6458
.6558-10.6359
65
72 11.7096
5.0301-18.3890
13
3.3987 -2.5065-9.3038
The Table 17 presents mean of alcohol consumption among men and women among
drinkers by ethnicity.
Table 17. Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) by ethnicity and gender for drinkers.
Ethnicity
Khalkh
Kazakh
Buriad
Uriankhai
Dorvod
Bayad
Torguud
Dariganga
Hoton
Burga
Zakhchin
Oold
Other

Male
N
2762
169
254
18
152
227
13
190
47
10
16
16
12

Mean
95% CI
N
30.7823 28.2654 - 33.2992 1896
31.3648 23.3548 - 39.3749
49
31.6617 24.0371 - 39.2862 159
45.4879 9.2713 - 81.7044
16
22.8867 14.4094 - 31.3640
96
23.4312 15.5450 -31.3174
117
31.5682 -4.0916 - 67.2280
5
18.7736 12.6862 - 24.8611
98
48.8201 27.0419 - 70.5983
27
15.1425 -7.4218 - 37.7067
4
21.4750 -.9177 - 43.8678
11
29.8502 3.0828 - 56.6175
8
20.1720 4.5965 - 35.7475
4

Female
Mean
10.5472
23.0249
10.4743
7.9430
4.6936
4.1480
1.7782
1.7629
23.9565
8.3405
5.7780
29.5100
2.0239

95% CI
9.0246- 12.0699
8.8834 - 37.1665
5.6836 - 15.2649
2.7339 - 13.1520
1.7916 - 7.5956
.0945 - 8.2014
-.3793 - 3.9357
1.3271 - 2.1986
10.4160 - 37.4969
-6.9673 - 23.6484
1.6706 - 9.8854
-8.7305 - 67.7506
-.0044 - 4.0522
31

3.10 Harms from other peoples drinking


Tables 18a, b, c shows the proportion of all respondents who had received harms from
other peoples drinking during the previous 12 months.
The harms from other peoples drinking were different among men and women; the 48% of
men had serious arguments or quarrels as a result of someone elses drinking 1-2 times,
and 10.3% three and more times; 44.9% of men been disturbed by loud parties or the
behaviour of other people drinking 1-2 times, and 10.5% three and more times; the 41.2%
of men been insulted or humiliated by someone who had been drinking 1-2 times, and 7.1%
of men more than 3 times. The 44.4% of women been afraid of intoxicated by the people
that their encountered on the street 1-2 times, and 14.8% three and more times; the 40.9%
of women been insulted or humiliated by someone who had been drinking 1-2 times, and
11.1% of women more than 3 times; the 40.5% of women had serious arguments or
quarrels as a result of someone elses drinking 1-2 times, and 13.0% three and more times.
Table 18a. Harms from other peoples drinking (% of all men and % of all women).
Harm
Men
Women
1-2 times
3+ times 1-2 times 3+ times
Been insulted or humiliated by someone
41.2
7.1
40.9
11.1
who had been drinking?
Had serious arguments or quarrels as a
48.0
10.3
40.5
13.0
result of someone else's drinking?
Had friendships break up as a result of
15.9
1.9
12.6
1.7
someone else's drinking?
Had family problems or marriage
7.6
0.8
6.9
0.9
difficulties due to someone else's drinking?
Been a passenger with a driver who had
32.4
3.4
19.3
2.3
too much to drink?
Been in a motor vehicle accident because
10.1
0.8
5.2
0.5
of someone else's drinking?
Had your property vandalized by someone
20.9
2.4
17.4
2.4
who had been drinking?
Been disturbed by loud parties or the
44.9
10.5
38.7
10.7
behaviour of people drinking?
Had financial trouble because of someone
26.9
5.4
20.9
5.7
else's drinking?
Been harassed or bothered by intoxicated
28.1
4.0
21.2
2.6
people on the street or in some other
public place?
Been harassed or bothered by intoxicated
20.6
2.9
16.8
2.2
people at a party or some other private
setting?
Had your clothes or other belongings
20.1
2.8
9.3
1.6
ruined by an intoxicated person?
Been called names or otherwise insulted
40.3
6.9
32.8
6.2
by intoxicated people?
Been afraid of intoxicated people you
30.6
6.0
44.4
14.8
encountered on the street?
Been kept awake at night by drunken
38.7
19.0
39.7
21.7
noises?
32

The harms from someone who was intoxicated were different among men and women.
Table 18b. Harms from other peoples drinking (% of all men and % of all women).
In the past 12 months, has a stranger who was intoxicated:
Beat you up, mugged or attacked you?
10.9
0.9
5.1
0.5
Hit you with something?
11.4
0.9
4.7
0.3
Something from you by force or threat of
4.7
0.7
1.9
0.2
force?
Forced you to have sex with them?
1.2
0.3
1.0
0.1
The harms from family member that was intoxicated were different among men and women.
The women more than men have been exposed for harms from intoxicated family member.
Table 18c. Harms from other peoples drinking (% of all men and % of all women).
In the past 12 months, has a member of your family who was intoxicated:
Beat you up, mugged or attacked you?
6.0
1.2
12.1
Hit you with something?
6.7
0.8
10.7
Something from you by force or threat of
1.2
0.4
1.5
force?
Forced you to have sex with them?
0.9
0.3
2.9

3.4
2.6
0.8
0.6

3.11 Contact with the health care system


Table 19 shows that, in the past 12 months, 18.6% of all respondents were admitted to the
hospital, 2.9% received medical care or treatment in a hospital emergency room, 7.9%
suffered injuries that caused them to seek medical help or cut down their usual activities for
more than half a day, 9.0% were admitted to a sobering up station, 1.8 % received
compulsory treatment for alcohol problems, 3.3% received treatment from a narcologist for
alcohol problems, and 3.9% received advice or treatment from a family doctor for alcohol
problems.
Table 19. Proportion of men and women that received any medical help for alcohol
problems.
Characteristic

Gender of respondent
Male
Female
n
%
n
%
Been admitted to hospital (apart 929
9.2
936
9.4
from delivery of live born child)

Total
n
1865

%
18.6

Received medical care or treatment 206


in a hospital emergency room

2.0

89

0.9

295

2.9

Suffered injuries that caused you to 495


seek medical help or to cut down
your usual activities for more than
half a day
Admitted to a sobering up station
835

4.9

293

2.9

788

7.9

8.3

71

0.7

906

9.0

33

Received compulsory treatment for 155


alcohol problems

1.5

21

0.3

160

1.8

Received
treatment
from
neurologist for alcohol problems

a 298

3.0

33

0.3

331

3.3

Received advice or treatment from 344


a family doctor for alcohol problems

3.4

50

0.5

394

3.9

3.12 Health problems


Table 20 shows that 25.9% of all respondents reported having high blood pressure or
hypertension during the past 12 months , 8.3% cirrhosis of the liver, 30.4% rapid heart beat
or tachycardia, 5.9% a heart attack or myocardial infarction, 9.6% a stomach ulcer, 22,4%
gastritis, 9.6% pancreatitis, 11.1% a head injury, 15.8% depression or low mood, and
29.6% anxiety or stress.
Table 20. Health status of respondents.
Gender of respondent
Health status
Male
Female
n
%
n
%
High blood pressure or 1314
13.2
1264
12.7
hypertension
Cirrhosis of the liver
570
5.7
251
2.5
Rapid heart beat
tachycardia
A
heart
attack
myocardial infarction
A stomach ulcer

Total
n
2578

%
25.9

821

8.3

or 1486

15.0

1525

15.4

3011

30.4

or 315

3.2

267

2.7

582

5.9

557

5.6

404

4.1

961

9.6

Gastritis

1154

11.7

1042

10.6

2196

22.4

Pancreatitis

518

5.2

441

4.4

959

9.6

Head injury

650

6.5

457

4.6

1107

11.1

Depression or low mood

791

7.9

780

7.8

1571

15.8

Anxiety or stress

1400

14.0

1555

15.6

2955

29.6

A figure 21, 22 and 23 shows the proportion of respondents with self-reported adverse
health outcomes by quantity of pure ethanol consuming per day. The proportion with
adverse health outcomes increased with increasing alcohol consumption.

34

Proportion (%)

Figure 21. Proportion of respondents with high blood pressure, cirrhosis of the liver
and rapid heart beat compare by quantity of alcohol consumed per day.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

42.1

38.5
31.2

42.0
37.5

33.1
34.7

17.9

30.2

29.5

26.6

18.8

17.8
4.8

Abstainer

11.9

7.8

6.0

0 last year

<20g

22.1

20-40g

40-60g

>60g

grams alcohol per day


High blood pressure

Cirrhosis of the liver

Rapid heart beat

Figure 22. Proportion of respondents with heart attack and head injury by quantity of
alcohol consumed per day.
40
Proportion (%)

35

22.1

30

15.0

25
20
15

6.8

10

4.3

24.1

10.6

10.8

7.0

5.4

7.7

13.1

4.2

0
Abstainer

0 last year

<20g

20-40g

40-60g

>60g

grams alcohol per day


Heart attack

Head injury

Proportion (%)

Figure 23. Proportion of respondents with depression or low mood and anxiety or
stress by quantity of alcohol consumed per day.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

42.8
35.7
32.7
22.4

17.7

Abstainer

34.0
30.3

28.6

9.1

41.9

13.2

0 last year

15.9

<20g

20-40g

40-60g

>60g

grams alcohol per day


Depression or low mood

Anxiety or stress

35

3.12 Social Problems related to alcohol use


Table 21 shows the proportion of the respondents with social problems that were different
among men and women. The most important social problems among male respondents
were: 28.4% had more to drink than intended to, or drank much longer than intended to;
26.9% had a time when their drinking or being hung over interfered with their work at
school, or a job, or at home; 22.6% had a period of drinking or being sick from drinking with
taking care at home; 21.0% continued their drink even though or knew that it was causing
trouble with theirs family or friends; 20.4% have such a strong desire or urge to drink that
they could not keep from drinking. Social problems among male respondents were different
from males: 10.9% had more to drink than intended to, or drank much longer than intended
to; 8.9% had a time when their drinking or being hung over interfered with theirs work at
school, or a job, or at home; 6.7% of women had a period of drinking or being sick from
drinking with taking care at home; 5.4% of women had a time when they had to drink much
more than they used to get the same effect that they wanted; 5.2% had any emotional or
psychological problems from using alcohol such as feeling uninterested in things, feeling
depressed, suspicious of people, paranoid, or having strange ideas.
Table 21. Social problems related to alcohol use
Social problem
Had a period when your drinking or being
sick from drinking often interfered with
taking care of your home
Driven a car, motorcycle, truck, boat, or
other vehicle after having too much to
drink
Continued to drink even though you
knew it was causing you trouble with
your family or friends
Got into physical fights while drinking or
right after drinking
Got arrested or held at a police station
because of your drinking
Spent money on drinks which was
needed for essentials like food, clothing,
or payments
Was there ever a time when your
drinking or being hung over interfered
with your work at school, or a job, or at
home?
Were you ever under the influence of
alcohol in a situation where you could get
hurt like when driving a car or boat,
using knives or guns or machinery, or
anything else?
Did you have any emotional or
psychological problems from using
alcohol such as feeling uninterested in

Gender of respondent
Male
Female
n
%
n
%
1459 22.6 429 6.7

Total
n
1888

%
29.2

934

14.5

77

1.2

1011

15.7

1356

21.0

178

2.8

1534

23.8

1205

18.7

138

2.2

1145

17.8

924

14.3

94

1.5

869

13.5

1279

19.8

316

4.9

1595

24.7

1735

26.9

576

8.9

2311

35.9

699

10.9

164

2.5

863

13.4

1071

16.6

333

5.2

1404

21.8

36

things, feeling depressed, suspicious of


people, paranoid, or having strange
ideas?
Did you have such a strong desire or
urge to drink that you could not keep
from drinking?
Did you have a period of a month or
more when you spent a great deal of
time drinking
Did you have a period of a month or
more when you spent a great deal of
time getting over the effects of alcohol?
Did you ever have more to drink than you
intended to, or did you drink much longer
than you intended to?
Was there ever a time when you had to
drink much more than you used to get
the same effect you wanted?

1312

20.4

272

4.2

1584

24.7

694

10.8

168

2.6

862

13.4

684

10.6

183

2.8

867

13.5

1822

28.4

702

10.9

2524

39.3

1193

18.6

347

5.4

1540

24.0

3.14 Last month alcohol expenditures of respondents


The Table 22 shows that 5451 or 53.7% of respondents spent in average 15762.5 tugrik
(around 13 US$) for alcohol last month, the average amount of money spent by men in
alcohol was significantly different from women (F =70.414, P<0.0001, 2=437.563, d.f. =
215).
Table 22. Amount of money that respondents spent on alcohol last month by gender.
Gender

Mean

95% CI

Male
Female
Total

3460
1989
5449

18223.1
11482.1
15762.5

17140.3-19305.9
10605.7-12358.4
14999.5-16525.5

37

Chapter IV. Discussion


The possibility of taking specific approaches towards the problem of alcohol consumption,
alcohol dependence and the harm had done by alcohol offers an important advantage,
given the individual and social effects of alcohol. The results of a population survey in
Mongolia reveal many aspects of alcohol drinking that should not be ignored.
In our study, 10155 respondents in eight aimags and two districts of capital city Ulaanbaatar
were interviewed by using questionnaire on drinking behavior, social harms, and health
status related to drinking provided by WHO.
Twenty-two per cent of the entire sample scored positive on the AUDIT (i.e. score of eight
or more (international cut off point for hazardous or harmful drinking)), 5% of all women and
39% of all men. In our study a positive AUDIT score increased with increasing alcohol
consumption from 0% among abstainers, to 5% among those who did not drink in the last
year, to 26% of those who drink <20g a day, 58% of those who drink 20-40g a day, 72% of
those who drink 40-40g a day and to 77% of those who drink more than 60g a day.
Based on the alcohol questions of the AUDIT, we found that nearly 40% of women and
18% of men described themselves as life-time abstainers. Our results were similar to the
findings of the Mongolian Steps Survey on Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors
2006 that found that 25.0% of males and 42.6% of females reported that they never
consumed alcoholic beverages over the past 12 months. Based on the quantity frequency
measure of alcohol consumption, one-year abstention rates in the whole sample were 5.6%
for men and 11.1% for women.
In our survey, heavy drinkers were defined as those who drank 60 g or more alcohol per
day. The proportion of men that binged drink daily, weekly, and monthly in the last year was
significantly higher than of women in all age groups. Our results were similar to the findings
of the Mongolian Steps Survey on Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 that
identified gender difference in alcohol consumption and established that the proportion of
alcohol consumption on a regular basis and binge drinking were 3 times higher in males as
compared to females.
13.6% of the total population met the criteria of being dependent on alcohol (a score of 4 or
more on the CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, instrument), 22% of men
and 5% of women, a rate twice as high as that in the European Union and study of
L.Erdenebayar (1997), and one that cannot be ignored in prevention measures in our
country. The risk of alcohol dependence increases with alcohol consumption from 0% in
non-drinkers to 15% of those who drink, but less than 20g a day, to 35% of those who drink
between 20 and 40g a day, to 48% of those who drink between 40 and 60g a day, and to
55% of those who drink more than 60g a day.
The distribution of alcohol consumed by beverage for men was 42% vodka (high spirits) ,
26% fermented horse milk, 21% beer, 6% milk vodka, 2% wine and 3% other alcohol
beverages and for women was 32% vodka (high spirits), 34% fermented horse milk, 19%
beer, 5% milk vodka, 7% wine and 3% other alcohol beverages. Both men and women
drinkers mostly drank vodka as high spirits and fermentated horse milk. The high proportion
of consumed spirits and the high proportion of binge drinking increased the risk of
developing alcohol dependence. The use of fermented horse milk depended on Mongolian
traditions.
38

The results showed that 10% of the heaviest drinkers (of all drinkers) consumed about 2/3
of all alcohol consumed and 25% of the heaviest drinkers (of all drinkers) consumed over
4/5 of all alcohol consumed.
The proportion of the total population who did not drink alcohol in the previous year by
gender was highest in Bayan Ulgii (47.3% male, and 82.9% female); this is probably due to
religious beliefs, because a most Islamic people live in Bayan Ulgii and the proportion of the
population that did not drink in last year was very high amongst Kazakh ethnic people also.
The lowest proportion of abstainers was in Uvurkhangai (15.0% male, and 34.1% female).
The proportion of the population that not drink alcohol in the last year was a little lower in
Ulaanbaatar, compared with elsewhere, and the proportion of the population that not drinks
in the last year was higher in gers than in apartments or houses, suggesting that
urbanization led to an increase in alcohol consumption. The proportion of the population
that not drink in last year was highest in the younger age groups, and then started to rise
again in the older age groups, and the proportion of the population that not drink alcohol in
the last year was highest for single people (presumably younger). The proportion of the
population that not drinks in the last year decreased with increasing education level, but
was highest among students. The proportion of the population that not drink alcohol in the
last year did not show a simple relationship with family income, but tended to be higher for
lower income families.
The mean alcohol consumption (g/day) was three times higher for men than for women, in
all places of interview such as provincial centers, sums and Ulaanbaatar city. The highest
mean alcohol consumption (g/day) amongst drinking men and women was for the 15-19
year old age group.
The harms from other peoples drinking were different among men and women; most men
had serious arguments or quarrels as a result of someone elses drinking; had been
disturbed by loud parties or the behaviour of other people drinking; and had been insulted
or humiliated by someone who had been drinking. Most women had been afraid of
intoxicated people that they had encountered on the street; had been insulted or humiliated
by someone who had been drinking; and had serious arguments or quarrels as a result of
someone elses drinking.
The harms from family members who were intoxicated were different among men and
women. More women than men have been exposed to harm (domestic violence) from an
intoxicated family member.
The survey showed that, during the previous 12 months, 18.6% of all respondents had
been admitted to the hospital, 2.9% had received medical care or treatment in a hospital
emergency room, 7.9% had suffered injuries that caused them to seek medical help or cut
down their usual activities for more than half a day, 9.0% had been admitted to a sobering
up station, 1.8 % had received compulsory treatment for alcohol problems, 3.3% had
received treatment from a narcologist for alcohol problems, and 3.9% had received advice
or treatment from a family doctor for alcohol problems.
Looking at self-reported health status, the survey found that the largest proportion
respondents reported having high blood pressure or hypertension, rapid heart beat or
tachycardia, gastritis, depression or low mood, and anxiety or stress, the reporting of all of
which increased with increasing alcohol consumption.

39

In relation to social problems, many respondents reported a period of drinking or being sick
from drinking with taking care at home, spending money on drinks which was needed for
essentials, and continued drinking even though they knew that it was causing trouble for
theirs family or friends.
Over half the respondents had spent on average 15762.5 tugrik for alcohol in the previous
month, the average amount of money spent by men in alcohol was significantly different
from women, and it was high when compared with the proportion that show that 37.4% of
population of survey have low family income per family member per month (<20.000 tugrik).
Chapter V. Conclusion
1. This is the first time that a countrywide Epidemiological study on prevalence of
alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking patterns and alcohol related harms in such
big sample as 10,000 of the population aged between 15 and 65 years has been
undertaken in Mongolia.
2. The Epidemiological study on prevalence of alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking
patterns and alcohol related harms in Mongolia used internationally based validated
tools and questionnaires to measure alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking patterns
and alcohol related harms.
3. According to the needs of the Mongolian National program on alcohol prevention
and control (2003) the survey identified the prevalence of alcohol dependence,
harmful and hazardous drinking, episodic heavy drinking and alcohol related harm.
4. In our survey, nearly 1.8% of women and 4.3% of men described themselves as
hazardous drinkers and 10.0% of men and 2.8% of women as harmful drinkers.
5. This survey found that 13.6% of the total population met the criteria of being
dependent on alcohol (a score of 4 or more on the CIDI, Composite International
Diagnostic Interview, instrument), 22% of men and 5% of women.
6. The risk of alcohol dependence increased with alcohol consumption from 0% in nondrinkers to 15% of those who drink, but less than 20g a day, to 35% of those who
drink between 20 and 40g a day, to 48% of those who drink between 40 and 60g a
day, and to 55% of those who drink more than 60g a day.
7. Nearly 40% of women and 18% of men described themselves as life-time abstainers,
and 5.6% of men and 11.1% of women as 1-year abstainers.
8. The level of daily, weekly and monthly episodic heavy drinking was very high.
9. In terms of volume, the highest consumed beverages were vodka, beer and
fermented horse milk.
10. The heaviest drinkers (of all drinkers) consume about 2/3 of all the alcohol
consumed.
11. The mean alcohol consumption (g/day) of men was almost three times higher than
that of women.
40

12. The harms caused from other peoples drinking were different among men and
women, with more women being exposed to domestic violence from an intoxicated
family member.
13. The following figures showed insufficient narcology care in all levels of health
system: 9.0% of all respondents had been admitted to a sobering up station during
the previous year, 1.8 % had received compulsory treatment for alcohol problems,
3.3% had received treatment from a narcologist for alcohol problems, and 3.9% had
received advice or treatment from a family doctor for alcohol problems.
14. Self-reported high blood pressure or hypertension, rapid heart beat or tachycardia,
gastritis, depression or low mood, and anxiety or stress increased with increasing
alcohol consumption and showed harm related to alcohol use.
15. Most respondents reported social problems related to alcohol use, such as having a
time when their drinking or being hung over interfered with their work at school, or a
job, or at home; having a time when they have more to drink than they intended to,
or drink much longer than they intended to; having a period of drinking or being sick
from drinking with taking care at home.
16. The average amount of money that was spent in the last month on buying alcohol
was high compared with an average low family income of respondents in our survey.
Chapter VI. Recommendations
An intersectoral ministerial committee responsible for the implementing of National
program of alcohol prevention and control that set up on 2004 in Mongolia should
be develop policies and programs to reduce the harm done by alcohol
A comprehensive alcohol policy under the National program of alcohol prevention
and control (2003) needs to be drawn up to reduce the harm done by alcohol in
Mongolia, and results of our survey needs to be used in the implementing of
National program on control and prevention from non-communicable diseases
(2005) in the actions that reduce alcohol consumption among population and adopt a
behaviour for responsible drinking.
The plan and program should be evidence based and based on the conclusions and
recommendations of recent scientific publications and those of the World Health
Organization
The plan and program needs to be implemented in stages over several years with
the wide community involvement, to ensure that there is wide spread support by the
population for the plan
Non-governmental organizations should be created and funded to involve civil
society in the implementation and monitoring of policies and programs.
A first important priority is to mount a comprehensive education and information
campaign to inform the public about the alcohol problem facing the country and the
need to do something about it
A second important priority is to ensure that primary health care providers throughout
the country are trained in the recognition of hazardous and harmful alcohol
consumption and are trained in the skills that are needed for delivering brief but
effective advice to hazardous and harmful drinkers to cut down on their drinking
41

A third important priority is to put impact on the developing of narcology care with
comprehensive advocacy and leadership role for all sectors of health system in the
term of constant supporting in the prevention and promotion
The accessibility to receiving narcology care need to be improved and developed in
all levels of health system
In the urban areas, an assessment should be made of the existing price structures,
availability and advertising and marketing of alcoholic products, so that these are
best made to reduce the harm done by alcohol; usually this means that alcohol
should not be too cheap, readily available or marketed.
Local municipalities and jurisdictions should draw up their own plans and programs
on how best to reduce the harm, and in particular the intoxicating harm, that can be
done by alcohol, ensuring the full involvement of the public in the design and
implementation of the plans; a local action committee should be set up, with
involvement of health care providers and other relevant personnel.

42

Chapter VII. Appendix


7.1 Survey questionnaire instrument
Card
My name is Dr. xxxxx and I am working as a narcology/family doctor in this district/airmag. With
the support of the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health, we are conducting a survey
on the use of alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. This is a survey for the whole population,
including people who do not drink alcohol. It is very important for our country. Our survey will be
done anonymously and we will not take your family and surname. We hope that you will answer our
questions. Because this survey is very important, please be honest when you are answering the
questions. It will take between 30 and 60 minutes to complete the questionnaire. Do you give your
permission to answer the questions? If you permit, I will ask the questions from you. If there is
anything you do not understand, please ask me. Thank you very much.

Part 1
1.1 Name of Interviewer:
1

1.2 Date of interview (dd/mm):


4

1.3 Location of interview


Bayan Ulgi Aimag
UVS Aimag
Bulgan Aimag
Uvurkhangay Aimag
Dungobi Aimag
Dornogobi Aimag
Dornod Aimag
Sukhbaatar Aimag
Chingeltei District
Bayanzurkh District

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.4 Place of interview:


Aimag, provincial centre
Aimag, sum
Ulanbaatar

10

1
2
3

1.5 Household type


Apartment or house
Ger or small shack
Nomadic ger

11

1
2
3

1.6 Time entered ger/single apartment (00:00):


12

1.7 Number of adults aged 15-65 who live in household:

13

14

15

16

43

1.8 Number of adults aged 15-65 who are now present in household:

17

1.9 Gender and age of adults aged 15-65 who


are NOT now present in household:
Gender
(M/F)

Age
(years)
18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

1.10 Number of adults aged 15-65 who agree to be interviewed:

36

1.11 Number of adults aged 15-65 who are interviewed:

37

Part 2
READ OUT
First, I am going to ask some questions about yourself
2.1

What is your gender?

Male
Female
2.2

How old are you (years)?

15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65
2.3

38

1
2

39

40

41

42

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
What is your ethnicity?

Khalkh
Kazakh
Buriad
Uriankhai
Dorvod
Bayad
Torguud
Dariganga
Hoton

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
44

Burga
Zahckin
Oold
Other
2.4

43

1
2
3
4
5

What education did you receive?

None
Primary or below
Middle
Special middle
High
2.6

Specify:

What is your marital status?

Married
Never married/single
Divorce/ separated
Widow/ widower
Cohabited
2.5

10
11
12
13

44

1
2
3
4
5

Are you?

Currently employed
Unemployed
Retired
Student

45

1
2
3
4

SKIP TO QU 2.8

2.7

What is your occupation (if retired or unemployed, what was your


previous occupation)?
Lawyer
1
Government worker
2
Engineer
3
Doctor, nurse
4
Teacher
5
Cattle breeder
6
Agricultural worker
7
Service and trade worker
8
Assistant worker
9
Factory worker
10
Heavy physical labor
11
Private business owner
12
Driver
13
Police
14
Other (please specify)
15
2.8

How many members are there in your family, including children

46

47

48

49

50

51

Write number here:


2.9

What is the family income per family member per month?

20.000
20.001-30.000
30.001-40.000
40.001-50.000
50.001-60.000
60.001-70.000

1
2
3
4
5
6
45

70.001-80.000
7
80.001-90.000
8
90.001-100.000
9
100.001
10
2.10 If a woman aged between 15 and 49,
are you pregnant at this time?
Yes
1
No
2

2.11. Has your blood or natural father been an


alcoholic or problem drinker at ANY time
in his life?

52

Yes

No

Dont
know

3
53

2.12. Has your blood or natural mother been an


alcoholic or problem drinker at ANY time
in her life
2.13. Were you EVER married to or cohabited
with an alcoholic or problem drinker?

3
54

3
55

2.14. Are you currently married to or cohabit


with an alcoholic or problem drinker?

56

Part 3
READ OUT
Now, I am going to ask you some questions about alcohol and its effects.
3.0
Yes
No

In your entire life, have you ever consumed 1 or more drinks of


any type of drink containing alcohol?
1
2 SKIP TO PARTS 6 & 7

3.1

How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?

Monthly or less
2-4 times a month
2-3 times a week
4 or more times a week

57

58

1
2
3
4

READ OUT
The next two questions ask how often you drink various amounts of drinks. By drink, I mean the
equivalent of: one 330ml glass, can, or bottle of beer (5%); one 500 ml bowl of fermented horse milk
(5%); one 50 ml glass or cup of vodka (40%); one 100 ml glass or cup of milk vodka (15%); or one
100 ml glass of wine (100 ml) (12.5%).
3.2

How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical


day when you are drinking?
1or 2
1
3or 4
2
5or 6
3
7 or 9
4
10 or more
5
3.3
Never

How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?

59

60

1
46

Less than monthly


2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5
3.4
How often during the last year have you found that you were
not able to stop drinking once you had started?
Never
1
Less than monthly
2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5
How often during the last year have you failed to do what was
normally expected of you because of drinking?
Never
1
Less than monthly
2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5

61

3.5

How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in
the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking
session?
Never
1
Less than monthly
2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5

62

3.6

How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt
or remorse after drinking?
Never
1
Less than monthly
2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5

63

3.7

How often during the last year have you been unable to
remember what happened the night before because of you
drinking?
Never
1
Less than monthly
2
Monthly
3
Weekly
4
Daily or almost daily
5
3.9
Have you or someone else been injured because of your
drinking?
No
1
Yes, but not in the last year 2
Yes, during last year
3

64

3.8

Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been


concerned about your drinking or suggested you to cut down?
No
1
Yes, but not in the last year 2
Yes, during last year
3

65

66

3.10

67

47

Part 4
READ OUT
Now, I am going to ask you some more detailed questions about drinking beverages that contain
alcohol.
4.1
In the past year, have you consumed one or more drinks of any
type of alcoholic beverage?
68
Yes
1
No
2
SKIP TO PARTS 6 & 7
4.2

During the last 12 months, how often did you usually have any
kind of drink containing alcohol?
Every day
1
4 to 6 times a week
2
1 to 3 times a week
3
2 to 3 times a month
4
Once a month
5
3 to 11 times in the past year
6
1 or 2 times in the past year
7

69

READ OUT
The next few questions ask how often you drink various amounts of drinks. By drink, I mean the
equivalent of: one 330ml glass, can, or bottle of beer (5%); one 500 ml bowl of fermented horse milk
(5%); one 50 ml glass or cup of vodka (40%); one 100 ml glass or cup of milk vodka (15%); or one
100 ml glass of wine (100 ml) (12.5%).

3 to 11 times
in the past year

1 or 2 times in
the past year

Vodka

FHM*

Vodka
milk

Wine

Other

Once a month

2 to 3 times a
month

Beer

Every day

1 to3 times a
week

In the past year, how often did you drink 10 or more


drinks of the following types of alcoholic beverage on
a single day?
4 to 6 times a
week

4.3

70

71

72

73

74

75

* Fermented horse milk


4.4

In the past year, how often did you drink 7 to 9


drinks of the following types of alcoholic beverage on
a single day?

48

1 to3 times a
week

2 to 3 times a
month

3 to 11 times
in the past year

1 or 2 times in
the past year

Vodka

FHM*

Vodka
milk

Wine

Other

Once a month

4 to 6 times a
week

Every day
Beer

76

77

78

79

80

81

* Fermented horse milk

3 to 11 times
in the past year

1 or 2 times in
the past year

Vodka

FHM*

Vodka
milk

Wine

Other

Once a month

2 to 3 times a
month

Beer

Every day

1 to3 times a
week

In the past year, how often did you drink 5 or 6


drinks of the following types of alcoholic beverage on
a single day?
4 to 6 times a
week

4.5

82

83

84

85

86

87

* Fermented horse milk


4.6

In the past year, how often did you drink 3 or 4


drinks of the following types of alcoholic beverage on
a single day?

49

1 to3 times a
week

2 to 3 times a
month

3 to 11 times
in the past year

1 or 2 times in
the past year

Vodka

FHM*

Vodka
milk

Wine

Other

Once a month

4 to 6 times a
week

Every day
Beer

88

89

90

91

92

93

* Fermented horse milk

3 to 11 times
in the past year

1 or 2 times in
the past year

Vodka

FHM*

Vodka
milk

Wine

Other

Once a month

2 to 3 times a
month

Beer

Every day

1 to3 times a
week

In the past year, how often did you drink 1 or 2


drinks of the following types of alcoholic beverage on
a single day?
4 to 6 times a
week

4.7

94

95

96

97

98

99

* Fermented horse milk

Part 5
READ OUT
Now, I am going to ask you some questions about various things that can happen to people when
they drink alcohol
5.1

In the past 12 months, have you ever:


No

Yes, 1-2

Yes, 3+
50

i. Had a period when your drinking or being


sick from drinking often interfered with
taking care of your home
ii. Driven a car, motorcycle, truck, boat, or
other vehicle after having too much to
drink
iii. Continued to drink even though you knew
it was causing you trouble with your
family or friends
iv. Got into physical fights while drinking or
right after drinking

times

100

3
101

3
102

No

Yes, 1-2
times

Yes, 3+
times

v. Got arrested or held at a police station


because of your drinking
vi. Spent money on drinks which was needed
for essentials like food, clothing, or
payments

5.2

times

103

104

105

In the past 12 months:


i. Was there ever a time when your drinking or
being hung over interfered with your work at
school, or a job, or at home?
ii. Were you ever under the influence of alcohol in
a situation where you could get hurt like
when driving a car or boat, using knives or
guns or machinery, or anything else?

Yes

No

2
106

Yes

No

107

iii. Did you have any emotional or psychological


problems from using alcohol such as feeling
uninterested in things, feeling depressed,
suspicious of people, paranoid, or having
strange ideas?
iv. Did you have such a strong desire or urge to
drink that you could not keep from drinking?
v. Did you have a period of a month or more when
you spent a great deal of time drinking?
vi. Did you have a period of a month or more when
you spent a great deal of time getting over the
effects of alcohol?
vii. Did you ever have more to drink than you
intended to, or did you drink much longer than
you intended to?
viii. Was there ever a time when you had to drink
much more than you used to to get the same
effect you wanted?

108

109
110

111

2
112

2
113

Part 6
READ OUT
Now, I am going to ask you some questions about your experience with other people's drinking
6.1

In the past 12 months, have you ever:


No

Yes, 1-2

Yes, 3+
51

i. been insulted or humiliated by someone


who had been drinking?
ii. had serious arguments or quarrels as a
result of someone else's drinking?
iii. had friendships break up as a result of
someone else's drinking?
iv. had family problems or marriage
difficulties due to someone else's drinking?
v. been a passenger with a driver who had
too much to drink?
vi. been in a motor vehicle accident because
of someone else's drinking?
vii. had your property vandalized by someone
who had been drinking?
viii. been disturbed by loud parties or the
behaviour of people drinking?
ix. had financial trouble because of someone
else's drinking?
x. been harassed or bothered by intoxicated
people on the street or in some other
public place
xi. been harassed or bothered by intoxicated
people at a party or some other private
setting
xii. had your clothes or other belongings
ruined by an intoxicated person
xiii. been called names or otherwise insulted by
intoxicated people
xiv. been afraid of intoxicated people you
encountered on the street
xv. been kept awake at night by drunken
noises

6.2

times

times

No

Yes, 1-2
times

Yes, 3+
times

iv

6.3

iv

116
117
118

119
120
121
122

3
124

125
126
127
128

In the past 12 months, has a stranger who was intoxicated:

beat you up, mugged or attacked you?


hit you with something?
something from you by force or threat of
force?
forced you to have sex with them?

1
1

Yes, 1-2
times
2
2

Yes, 3+
times
3
3

129
130
131
132

In the past 12 months, has a member of your family who was intoxicated:
No

i
ii
iii

115

123

No
i
ii
iii

114

beat you up, mugged or attacked you?


hit you with something?
something from you by force or threat of
force?
forced you to have sex with them?

1
1

Yes, 1-2
times
2
2

Yes, 3+
times
3
3

133
134
135
136

52

Part 7
READ OUT:
Finally, I am going to ask you some questions about your health.
7.1

In the past 12 months, have you:

i. Been admitted to hospital (apart from


delivery of live born child)
ii. Received medical care or treatment in a
hospital emergency room
iii. Suffered injuries that caused you to seek
medical help or to cut down your usual
activities for more than half a day
iv. Admitted to a sobering up station
v. Received compulsory treatment for
alcohol problems
vi. Received treatment from a narcologist for
alcohol problems
vii. Received advice or treatment from a
family doctor for alcohol problems

7.2

No

Yes, 1-2
times

Yes, 3+
times

137
138

139
140
141
142
143

In the past 12 months, have you had any of the following:


i. High blood pressure or hypertension
ii. Cirrhosis of the liver

iii. Rapid heart beat or tachycardia


iv. A heart attack or myocardial infarction
v. A stomach ulcer

Yes
1

No
2

Yes
1
1

No
2
2

144
145
146
147
148

vi. Gastritis
149

vii. Pancreatitis
viii. Head injury
ix. Depression or low mood
x. Anxiety or stress

150
151
152
153

READ OUT
I now have one final question.
7.3

About how much money did you spend on alcohol last


month?

154

Write number here:


53

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1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

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English, D. & Holman, D. et al. (1995) The quantification of Drug Caused Mortality in
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English, D., Holman, D. (1995) et al., The Quantification of Drug Caused Mortality in
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Erdenebayar L., Epidemiology, clinic, and management basis of prevention from
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Hao, W., Young, D.S. and He, M. Alcohol drinking in China: present, future and
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drinking patterns and health status in the general population of the five areas of
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Makela, P, Valkonen, T. & Martelin, T. (1997) Contribution of deaths related to
alcohol use to socioeconomic variation in mortality: register based folow up study.
British Medical Journal, 315.
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Murray, C.J.L & Lopez, A.D. (1997) The global burden of disease: a comprehensive
assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in
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Organization.
National program of alcohol prevention and control (2003), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
National program on control and prevention from non-communicable diseases
(2005), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Shultz, J., Rice, D., Parker, D., Goodman, R., Stroh, G. & Chalmers, N. (1991)
Quantifying the disease impact of alcohol with ARDI software, Public Health
Reports,106, 1991.
Turner, C. (1990) How much alcocol is in a standard drink? An analysis of 125
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and MHC, WHO, 2000.
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Geneva, 1999.
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