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1
Bending
Sign Convention:
Positive internal shear force (V)
V
To use the graphical method, the sign convention given in page 5-1 of this handout MUST
be followed.
You can use the following to check your work when using the graphical method:
o Right before the beam starts (x = 0-), the shear force and bending moment are zero
o Right after the beam ends (x = L+), the shear force and bending moment are zero
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y
x
My
------------------------------- flexure formula
I
yx = xy =
y
x
QVy
I zt
where, Q = A ' y ' = area of the cross section above that point * height from the neutral axis to
the centroid above that point.
V = internal shear force
Iz = area moment of inertia
t = the width of the cross sectional area measured at the point where you want to find
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Combined loading
Procedure to get the state of stress caused by combined loading:
1. Find internal resultants
2. Determine the stress component associated with each internal resultant. It is
recommended to use inspection to determine direction of stress, instead of relying on the
stress equations.
Normal Stress
Torque
Axial Load
F
A
Stress distribution: uniform distribution
Equation:
Shear Stress
Tr
J
Stress distribution: Linear distribution in the
radial direction.
Equation:
Bending Moment
Shear Force
My
I
Stress Distribution: Linear distribution in y, a
distance measured from the neutral axis. Zero
stress at the neutral axis.
VQ
It
Stress distribution: quadratic distribution as a
function of distance from the neutral axis.
Maximum shear stress at the neutral axis.
Equation:
Neutral
Axis
Equation:
Neutral
Axis
4
Stress transformation
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
Important:
Positive xy:
Positive x:
y
xy
x'
x
Principal Plane: The maximum and minimum normal stresses are called the principal stresses.
The orientation angle of this plane, p, is:
The stresses in this plane are:
tan ( 2 p ) =
xy
x + y
1,2 =
( x y )
2
2
p =0
y
2
x
+ xy
2
p2 = p1 +90o
p1
1
p1
x
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tan 2 =
y
2
max = x
+ xy
in plane
2
( s)
xy
+ y
s1 = s 2 = avg = x
*See next page on how to use this eqn
2
Therefore, the stress element in the principal (s1-s2 axes) plane is:
y
s
2
max
avg
s2 = s1 +90o
in-plane
avg
s1
s1
x
Important points:
Positive x:
y
xy
xy
dont know which is p1 which is p2. To find out, here is what we can do:
Calculate x ' using one of the angles. If x ' = 1 , then that angle is p1, if x ' = 2 ,
then that angle is p2. (See example 9.3 on page 448 of textbook.)
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Mohrs Circle
Mohrs circle is a graphical representation of the stress transformation equations.
y
Procedure to construct a Mohrs Circle, given a stress state:
xy
x
1. Draw the and axes as follows: positive to the right and positive down:
+
+
x + y
; = 0
2. Position the center of the circle at = avg =
2
avg
+
2
x y
2
3. The radius of the circle is R =
+ xy
2
R
avg
+
4. The stress state in the x-y plane shown above are represented by a straight line
connecting two points on the Mohrs Circle: X ( x , xy ) and Y ( Y , xy )
Y ( Y , xy )
avg
+
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+
X ( x , xy )
Y ( Y , xy )
x'
xy x
avg
x
X ( x , xy )
+
CCW rotation (x to x) in stress element = 2 CCW rotation in Mohrs Circle (X to X)
2. Plane of principal stress
y
p2
Y ( Y , xy )
2
p1
1
p1
P2 ( 2 , 0)
P1 ( 1 , 0)
avg 2p1
X ( x , xy )
+
3. Plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
s2
y
S 2 ( avg , max )
Y ( Y , xy )
avg
max
x
avg
s1
2s1
s1
+
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avg
X ( x , xy )
S1 ( avg , max )
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