Actinic keratosis

Addisons disease
Albrights syndrome (aka McCuneAlbright syndrome)
GuillainBarre ( protein in CSF with only modest in cell count)
Alports syndrome
Goodpastures syndrome
CREST sz (occasionally seen in scleroderma, of which CREST is cutaneous variant)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
Pemphigus vulgaris
Celiac disease
Druginduced SLE
Vasculitis
1 biliary cirrhosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Marfans syndrome
Neurosyphilis (in tertiary stage)
ArnoldChiari malformation
Rheumatic fever
Wernickes encephalopathy
Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)
UMN lesion
Most commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis; may be caused by any form of knee arthritis as
Sickle cell anemia
Hyperreninemia
Ankylosing spondylitis
Lead poisoning
Beckers muscular dystrophy
Bells palsy
Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenstroms macroglobulinem
IgA nephropathy
Defect in platelet adhesion (gp1b; adheres to vWF)
Sarcoidosis
Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
Chronic bronchitis
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Fibrocystic change of the breast
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH
Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2 to osteophytes)
Actinomyces israelii
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hyperparathyroidism causing Osteitis fibrosa cystica(von Recklinghausens disease of bone)

Down syndrome
Brutons disease
BuddChiari syndrome
Buergers disease AKA thromboangitis obliterans
Burkitts lymphoma
Lead poisoning
Microscopic polyangiitis; (PANCA/MPOANCA also associated with ChurgStrauss dz and prim
Wegeners granulomatosis; (formerly classifies as small vessel vasculitis though it affects sm
Neurofibromatosis
Duchennes muscular dystrophy
Gas emboli
Granulosatheca cell tumor of the ovary
Chagas disease
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous Tcell lymphoma)
Chagas disease
1 syphilis
Haemophilus ducreyi
Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor,scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ
Bronchial asthma (Think ABC; AsthmaBronchiCharcot [C= CharcotLeyden crystals, and C
ChediakHigashi disease
TaySachs, NiemannPick disease, central retinal artery occlusion (as well as in many other li
Central apnea in CHF and intracranial pressure
Endometriosis
Chronic atrophic gastritis
Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis)
Osteosarcoma
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis
Hypothyroidism
2 syphilis
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coris disease
Chronic hypertension
Measles
Toxic or viral hepatitis
Herpesvirus
Rapidly progressive/crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
CriglerNajjar syndrome (also Gilbert's dz which is more common and usually benign/asympt
Curlings ulcer (when doing bicep CURLs, you feel the burn)
Klebsiella
Curschmanns spirals (Think ABC; Asthma of the Bronchi = Curschmann)
Cushings ulcer

DIC
Parkinsons disease (basal ganglia disorderrigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)
HandSchullerChristian disease (associated with multifocal Langerhan's cell histiocytosis; of
Pasteurella multocida
Granuloma inguinale; caused by klebsiella granulomatis, formerly known as calymmatobacte
Dresslers syndrome
DubinJohnson syndrome
Duchennes muscular dystrophy
Osteoarthritis
Edwards syndrome
Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L R shunt becomes R L shunt)
EhlersDanlos syndrome
ErbDuchenne palsy
Lyme disease
Fanconis syndrome
Cholelithiasis (4 F's = highest risk)
Alcoholism
Asbestosis
Gardners syndrome
Gauchers disease
1 TB
Gilberts syndrome
Glanzmanns thrombasthenia
Goodpastures syndrome
Duchennes (use of patients arms to help legs pick self off the floor)
GuillainBarre syndrome
thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
HandSchullerChristian disease
Thalassemia major
Sickle cell anemia
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo), Down syndrome
Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2 to osteophytes)
G6PD deficiency
HenochSchonlein purpura
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
Reiters syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of cells)
Neuroblastoma
Interstitial fibrosis
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen)

Huntington's Dz
KluverBucy syndrome (amygdala)
1 adrenal insufficiency (Addisons disease)
Macrocytic anemia
Conns syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
Gout, LeschNyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency), myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thia
Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyers patches)
Syphilisoveraggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due t
Endocarditis
Squamous cell carcinoma
Jobs syndrome
Kaposis sarcoma
Kartageners syndrome
Wilsons disease
Diabetic nephropathy
KluverBucy syndrome
HPV
Measles
Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Marfans syndrome (fibrillin deficit)
LeschNyhan syndrome
Parkinsons disease
Endocarditis associated with SLE
Arterial thrombus
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausens disease)
Wilsons disease
Epidural hematoma
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Multiple myeloma
Alcoholic liver disease
Appendicitis
MalloryWeiss syndrome
McArdles disease
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy
Hypothyroidism
Wegeners and Goodpastures (hemoptysis and glomerular disease)
Gout
Rabies
Alports syndrome

Alzheimers disease
NiemannPick disease
Sheehans syndrome (pituitary infarction)
CMV
CHF; more specifically, rightheart failure leading to hepatic congestion > nutmeg appeara
Malignant mesothelioma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Endocarditis
Pancreatic cancer (head)
HenochSchonlein purpura
Pancoasts tumor
Rheumatoid arthritis
Parkinsons disease
Pyogenic osteomyelitis
PeutzJeghers syndrome (AD)
Peyronies disease
CML (may sometimes be associated with AML)
Picks disease (aka frontotemporal degeneration/dementia)
Picks disease
Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [1antitrypsin deficiency])
PlummerVinson syndrome
Minimal change disease
Gout (MP joint of hallux)
Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
GuillainBarre syndrome
Potts disease
Pompes disease
Hemangioma; Portwine stain on the face is a manifestation of SturgeWeber dz also showing
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Glioblastoma multiforme
Ewings sarcoma
Horners syndrome (Pancoasts tumor)
2 syphilis (T. pallidum), Rocky Mountain spotted fever (R. rickettsii) , handfootandmouth d
Raynauds syndrome
Acute glomerulonephritis
Cystic fibrosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hodgkins lymphoma
Chronic bronchitis (Reid index = thickness of mucous gland layer / wall thickness [distance fr
Leydig cell tumor
von HippelLindau disease
Reiters syndrome
Pseudogout

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

Coarctation of aorta
Endocarditis
Rotors syndrome
Multiple myeloma (or any condition [infxn, inflammation, CT disorders, and DM) where plasm
Multiple myeloma
S3
Lefttoright shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, or LV failure (CHF)
Aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
S4
Yolk sac tumor (think SHELLerDuvall bodies; crack open an egg SHELL to get to the yolk)
Alzheimers disease
Cutaneous Tcell lymphoma
Sheehans syndrome
Neisseria meningitidis
Gastric carcinoma
Down syndrome
MEN type IIa
Crohns disease
Sjogrens syndrome
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
SLE
CLL (express CD19 & CD20 as do all Bcells and characteristically express CD5 & CD23)
Giant cell tumor of bone
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Benign juvenile melanoma
Endocarditis
Burkitts lymphoma
Scarlet fever (also seen in Kawasaki's dz)
Turners syndrome
Crohns disease
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (Different from IgA nephropathy where symptoms usua
Rubella
Actinomyces israelii
Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of prol
Aortic valve stenosis
Burkitts lymphoma (cmyc activation)
CML
Follicular lymphomas (1814 = FOURllicular)
3 syphilis
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Gout
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Trousseau's sign of malignancy (pancreatic cancer) and trousseau's sign of latent tetany (hyp
Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
Virchows triad
Neurofibromatosis with cafeaulait spots
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (brown tumor)
Wallenbergs syndrome
WaterhouseFriderichsen syndrome
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic endstage renal disease
Acute cystitis
MEN type I
Whipples disease
Wilsons disease
Lupus nephropathy (think LOOPus nephropathy)
Berry aneurysmassociated with adult polycystic kidney disease
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Sjogrens syndrome (sicca syndrome)
Zenkers diverticulum
ZollingerEllison syndrome
HIVnephropathy (More common in blacks whether HIV infxn or not)
Acute pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Polycystic kidney dz
Analgesic abuse nephropathy
Chronic pyelonephritis
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
FSGS
Goodpasture sz
IgA nephropathy (Berger Dz)
Membranous GN
Minimal Change Dz (lipoid nephrosis)
MPGN
Nephritic Sz
Nephrotic Sz
Poststreptococcal GN (also in MN, and lupus nephropathy)
Type II MPGN
RPGN
Alports dz
Proteus bacteria induced kidney stones
PKD

Acquired cystic Dz of the kidney (also increased risk of RCC (7% of dialyzed pts after 10 yrs))
Bilateral renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Angiomyolipoma (angio = bvv, myo = muscle, lipo
Von HippelLindau sz
Classic Triad of RCC
Chromophobe RCC
Papillary RCC
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Malacoplakia
SqCC
Palmar fibromatosis
Peyronie Dz
Fibrosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
RPGN (AKA crescenteric GN)
TCC of the bladder
Uremia
Wilms tumor (MC childhood renal malignancy)
Paget Dz (AKA Osteitis deformans)
Osteomyelitis due to salmonella infxn (**remember, sickle sal anemia or sickle salmone
Potts Dz
Osteosarcoma (Mets always assumed)
Osteosarcoma (Mets always assumed)
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
PNET
Prostate ca
Meyelopthistic anemia
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
EWS/PNET
Gout
McCuneAlbright Sz
Myasthenia gravis
Osteoarthritis
Osteogenesis imperfect
osteoporosis
Paget's Dz of bone (osteitis deformans)
RA
RA
Osteoarthritis
RA
Felty Sz (I FELT a large spleen in a pt w/ RA)

Juvenile onset RA
Reiter sz
Bakers cyst
Pigmented villonodular synovitis
Seborrheic keratosis
GI malignancy
BCC
Erythema multiforme
SLE
Pemphigus vulgaris
Melanoma (These are prognostic indicators used for melanomas. Breslow depth is the more i
Mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous Tcell lymphoma (CTCL is a class of NonHodgkin's lym
Mastocytocsis (urticaria pigmentosa)
Lichen Planus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Herpesvirus infxn
1. Minimal change dz (lipoid nephrosis) 2. FSGS 3. Membranous nephropathy 4. MPGN ( Often
1. IgA nephropathy 2. Fibrillary GN 3. Immunotactoid GN
1. DM 2. Amyloidosis 3. SLE 4. Drugs 5. Infxns 6. Malignancies 7. Others
MCD (proteinuria highly selective for ALBUMIN)
FSGS
Idiopathic > glomerular scarring from other primary glom. Dz, eg IgA nephropathy > loss of r
Acute nephritic Sz
RPGN
Nephrotic Sz
ARF
CRF
Nephrolithiasis
Renal tubular defects
Prerenal azotemia
Postrenal azotemia
Diminished reserve
Renal insufficiency
Renal failure
Endstage dz
Uremia
Goodpastures sz
Asx hematuria and/or proteinuria
MCD
FSGS
FSGS
HIVnephropathy

Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (1 cause of thrombotic microangiopathy).

Reactive pseudosarcomas: Nodular fasciitis and myositis ossificans
Superficial and deep fibromatoses
Fibrosarcoma
Fibrous histiocytoma and dermatofibroma (skin)
DFSP (dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans)
Fibrosarcomas (formerly: malignant fibrous histiocytoma)
Leiomyoma
Atypical leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Acanthosis nigricans
Osteonecrosis (aka avascular necrosis)
Steroid tx
s. aureus (salmonella in sickle cell anemia pts)
Osteosarcoma (Produces primitive (noncalcified) bone, aka osteoid)
Osteosarcoma (Additional elderly risk factors include: Paget Dz, infarcts and radiation tx)
Chondrosarcoma
Prostate/breast, kidney, lung
Neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, osteosarcoma, Ewings sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
Myelopthistic anemia (Will see leukoerythroblastosis)
Achondroplasia
Osteoarthritis
Type I collagen
Type II collagen
Ankylosis
RA associated with ulcerative colitis, Sjogren sz and SLE (nonerosive RA)
Ankylosing, Reiter sz, enteritis associated, psoriatic
Gonococcus, strep, staph, H. influenza (children), and gram negative coliforms
MPGN, FSGS, fibrillary GN, IgA nephropathy
Macule
Patch
Plaque
Vesicle
Bulla
Nodule
Hyperkeratosis
Acanthosis
Hypergranulosis
BCC
lentigo
FSGS
FSGS
MPGN Type I

MPGN Type II
MPGN Type II
Goodpasture sz
MGN (human model of Heymann nephritis)
Goodpasture sz
ITTP
AD PKD (85%)
AD PKD (10%)
VHL & Hereditary/familial clear cell carcinoma of the kidney
Hereditary papillary RCC
Synovial sarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma/PNET
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (RANKL activates RANK to stimulate osteoclastic bone resorptio
Ankylosing spondylitis
DMD
Myasthenia gravis
RA
RA
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
SqCC > BCC
Bullous pemphigoid
Sporadic BCC
Gorlin sz, aka basal cell nevus sz
Melanomas and nevi
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
SLE
Pemphigus vulgaris
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Tinea (ringworm) or other dermatophyte infxn
ANUG (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; aka trench mouth
HIV infxn
HIV infxn
Warthins tumor
Herpes zoster infxn (shingles)
Lichen planus
Candida
Neural tube defects (spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, anencephaly); (F
TORCHES (maternal TOxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, or HErpes, Syphilis)
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Herpes labialis
Secondary intraoral herpes
Hand, foot, and mouth dz (coxsackie virus)

Hand, foot, and mouth dz (coxsackie virus)

Herpangina (herpanginA virus = Coxsackie A; may also be caused by Coxsackie B or echoviru
StevensJohnson Sz
Recurrent apthous ulcers (stomach ulcers, canker sores)
Benign mixed tumor (BMT)
Canalicular adenoma
Mucoepidermoid tumor
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Acinic cell carcinoma
Parotid hemangioma
Ocular herpes (Often results from autoinnoculation)
Ocular spread (refer to ophthalmologist)
ANUG
StevensJohnson sz
Recurrent apthous ulcers (do not occur in smokers)
Warthins tumor
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (High degree of mets, highly invasive, bone provides no barrier)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
ArnoldChiari malformation (Type I)(50% have syringomyelocele)
ArnoldChiari malformation (Chiari II malformation)
ArnoldChiari malformation (Chiari III malformation)
ArnoldChiari malformation (Chiari IV malformation; contrast to DandyWalker malformation
DandyWalker cyst (think about it, someone with aplasia/hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
Holoprosencephaly (70% of trisomy 13 [aka Patau sz or trisomy D] patients have this; also in
FAS
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (interrupted or noncommunicating flow of CSF through
Communicating hydrocephalus (communicating because ventricular system is still potentially
Head enlargement, because the fontanelles have yet to fuse
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infxns, hemorrhage
Cerebral infarction
Thrombosis (atherosclerosis w/wo plaque hemorrhage); Embolism (from cardiac mural throm
Carotid bifurcation and MCA (thrombotic), MCA (embolic)
Anoxic encephalopathy
Intracranial hemorrhage
Cerebral Infarction
CA1 region of hippocampus (Sommer sector), layers 3,5, & 6 of the cerebral cortex, cerebella
Lacunar infarcts
HTN (HTN induced intracerebral hemorrhages most often affect basal ganglia/thalamus); Cha
Subarachnoid hemorrhage

TIA
Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Coup contusion
Contrecoup contusion
Diffuse axonal injury
Epidural abscess
Subdural abscess
Brain abscess (strep, staph, gram neg. bacilli, and anaerobes)
Tuberculosis abscess (may occur in parenchyma or leptomeninges)
Cryptococcus, aspergillus, mucor, histoplasmosis, or candida
Aspergillus or Mucor
Poliovirus infxn
Herpesvirus infxn
Rabies infxn
N. meningiditis
S. pneumonia, listeria; Group B strep, E. coli, Listeria
SLE
MalloryWeiss Sz
Endometriosis
Sheehans Sz
Apendicitis
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Yolk sac tumor
Crohns dz
Ulcerative colitis
Zenkers diverticulum
Acute viral hepatitis or viral hemorrhagic fevers
Wilsons dz (hepatolenticular degeneration)
Fibrocystic change of the breast
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (aka Von Recklinghausen's disease of bone) in hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Gilberts sz
CriglerNajjar sz
PlummerVinson sz
Krukenburg tumor
Gardners sz
MEN I (Wermers sz)
MEN IIA (Sipples sz)
MEN IIB (Multiple mucosal neuromas)
Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma
The 4 F's indicating the highest risk population for development of cholelithiasis or "gallstone

Granulosetheca cell tumor of ovary (think granulosatheCALL cell tumor of the ovary)
Alcoholic liver dz
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves dz
Primary biliary cirrhosis
1 sclerosing cholangitis
Secondary biliary cirrhosis
Autoimmune (lupoid) hepatitis
Acute HepB or Chronic carrier
Full recovery from previous infxn + immunity
Immunized by vaccination
Pancreatic carcinoma; or carcinoma of extrahep. Bile duct itself
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Klatskin tumor
Hepatic angiosarcoma
Meckels diverticulum
Hirschprungs dz
Plummers Sz
criteria 13 = More likely to be neoplastic, criterion 4 = Increased risk of neoplasm, criterion
Hurthle Cell Adenoma
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid
Lymphoma of the thyroid
Genital herpes HSV2 infxn
HSV or VZV infected cells
Molluscum contagiosum (MCV poxvirus)
MCV (a poxvirus) infected cells
Condyloma accuminata (genital warts caused by HPV 6 & 11 most commonly)
HPV infected cell
Granuloma inguinale
N. gonnorheae infxn
Syphilitic chancre (Condyloma lata)
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Lichen sclerosis (May be precursos lesion for SqCC, usually benign though)
Lichen simplex chronicus
Vular intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis)
Trichomoniasis
Daughter with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma)
HPV16/18 induced dysplasia MC precursor lesion for SqCC

Mature, nonkeratinized, benign squamous cells; used in dx of cervial cancer; benign squamo
Cervicitis; If germinal follicles present, follicular cervicitis
Cervical involvement of a Trichomonas vaginalis parasitic infxn
Candida albicans infxn of the vulva/vagina/cervix
Hypersecretory state of the endocervical glands mimicking the pregnant endometrium
Extrusion of the epithelial surface of the endocervical canal into the vaginal canal replacing a
Increase in the number of the endocervical glands
LN spread pattern of Vulvar ca
Chronic endometritis
Adenomyosis
Borderline ..oma
1 Adenocarcinoma of the appendix(99%)
True adenocarcinoma
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary
Brenners tumor
Mature Teratoma (20%), Dysgerminoma (~15%)
Struma ovarii
Dysgerminoma in females; Seminoma in males
Ovarian fibrothecoma (aka fibroma or thecoma; These tumors are usually over 10cm when a
1.
Granulosatheca cell tumor; 2.
Sertolileydig cell tumor
Complete hydatidiform mole
Partial hydatidiform mole
Complete hydatidiform mole
Complete mole
Partial mole
Invasive mole
Pagets Dz of the Nipple
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma
All are major poor prognostic indicators in invasive carcinoma
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Type II DM (think; TCF7L2 ends in 2, as in DM type 2)
Type I DM
Follicular adenoma of the thyroid
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (aka De Quervain's thyroiditis or painful subacute thyroid
Papillary Thyroid Ca.
Follicular Thyroid Ca.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Familial adenomatous polyposis ca
Hereditary nonpolyposus ca.
Well differentiated carcinoid tumor; Neuroendocrine carcinoma; poorly differentiated SCC and
Angiosarcoma; CD31 is found on endothelial cells (as well as other cells) and so is a useful im
MODY1

MODY3
Type I DM autoantibodies
Type I Endometrial carcinoma (3080% of cases)
Type II Endometrial carcinoma (>90% of cases)
Ovarian serous carcinomas
Epithelial ovarian cas
Tumors of limited malignant potential (Borderline tumors) of the ovary
Sex cordstromal tumors
Immunohistochemical prognostic markers used in breast cancer
Male breast carcinoma
Carcinoma of the pancreas (90%of cases) (think, a Kras mutation causes carcinoma of the p
Cystic fibrosis
Somatotroph pituitary adenoma
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Due to peripheral receptor insensitivity to PTH)
Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy Sz
Graves dz
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Testicular cancers
Immunohistochemical markers for Seminoma
Immunohistochemical markers for Embryonal carcinoma
Dysplasia
Primary cancers metastasizing to liver: Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung (Mets
Primary cancers metastasizing to brain: Lung > Breast > Skin > Kidney > GI (Brain mets is m
Breast & Prostate
Benign Normal, malignant Increased
Primary cancers metastasizing to bone: Lung, Kidney, Thyroid, Prostate, Testes, Breast
SqCC of lung/PTHrP, RCC/TGFa, Breast ca/TNFa, Multiple Myeloma/IL2, Bone mets/lysis
SCC of the lung/ACTH or ACTHlike peptide
SCC of the lung/ADH, Intracranial neoplasms/ANP & BNP
Polycythemia/erythropoietin
LambertEaton myasthenic sz/autoab's agains presynaptic Ca++ channels
Carcinoid tumors & SCC of the lung/GNrH & GH
Protooncogenes ON, Tumorsuppressor genes OFF
Protooncogenes ON, Tumorsuppressor genes OFF
Xeroderma pigmentosum; nucleotide excision repair
Initiator
Promoter
SqCC, BCC, and melanoma of the skin
UVB light; nucleotide excision repair (People with xeroderma pigmentosum [AR] are defective
1. CML, 2. Burkitt's Lymphoma, 3. Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas, 4. Breast, ovari
1. colon carcinoma, 2. lung tumor, 3. neuroblastoma, 4. MEN types I & II

1. retinoblastoma & osteosarcoma, 2. Breast and ovarian ca, 3. Most human cancers & LiFra
1. Melanoma, 2. Wilm's tumor, 3. NF type I, 4. NF type II
1. Pancreatic cancer (also highly associated w/ Kras), 2. Colon cancer
1. HCC, 2. Angiosarcoma of the liver, 3. Centrilobular necrosis/fatty change, 4. Esophageal an
1. TCC, 2. Leukemia, 3. Acute leukemia
Cervical, vulvar, penile, and anal carcinomas; E7 inactivated RB, E6 disables p53
Adult Tcell leukemia; the tax gene leads to high rate of proliferation of Tcells, leaving them
HCC; Chronic liver injury and regenerative hyperplasia > increased vulnerability
Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Causes Bcell proliferation > increased
Kaposi's sarcoma and Bcell lymphoma; seen in immunocompromised
Gastric cancer; chronic inflammation
ALL and AML
Melanoma, SqCC and BCC of the skin
Astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
Osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
Aggressive, malignant, nonhodgkin's lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma
gastric adenocarcinoma
SqCC of the esophagus
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Malignant lymphomas
Benign and malignant thymomas
visceral malignancy
Malignant melanoma
Aggressive, malignant, nonhodgkin's lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma
gastric adenocarcinoma
SqCC of the esophagus
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Malignant lymphomas
Benign and malignant thymomas
visceral malignancy
Malignant melanoma
PaO2 reduced in hypoxemia (PaCO2)
SaO2 cyanosis of skin and mucous membranes when SaO2 < 80%, measured by pulse oxim
O2 Content
Methemoglobinemia (methylene blue dye acts as an artificial electron receptor for NADPH m
PaO2 reduced in hypoxemia (PaCO2)
SaO2 cyanosis of skin and mucous membranes when SaO2 < 80%, measured by pulse oxim

Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma

1 adrenocortical deficiency
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (in and of itself = Albright's DISEASE), precocious puberty, cafe
Albuminocytologic dissociation
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
Antibasement membrane antibodies; specifically against alpha3 chain of collagen type IV
Anticentromere antibodies
Antidoublestranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)
Antiepithelial cell antibodies
Antigliadin antibodies
Antihistone antibodies
Antineutrophil antibodies
Antimitochondrial antibodies
AntiIgG antibodies
Antiplatelet antibodies
Arachnodactyly
Argyll Robertson pupil (+ pupillary constriction on accomodation with absent pupillary light re
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Aschoff bodies
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Auer rods are not always seen in this disorder but are pathognomonic when they are seen (E
Babinskis sign indicates
Bakers cyst in popliteal fossa
Autosplenectomy
Bartters syndrome
Bamboo spine on xray
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchennes
LMN CN VII palsy
Bence Jones proteins
Bergers disease
BernardSoulier disease
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Birbeck granules on EM
Blue bloater
Bloody tap on LP
Bluedomed cysts
Blue sclera
Bootshaped heart on xray
Bouchards nodes
Branching rods in oral infection
Boutonniere deformity
Brown tumor of bone

Brushfields spots (Grayishbrown spots in the peripheral iris)

Xlinked agammaglobulinemia
Posthepatic venous thrombosis
Small/mediumartery Vasculitis strongly associated w/smoking (much weaker association w/s
8:14 translocation; associated with EBV
Burtons lines
Vasculitis MC associated withPANCA (aka MPOANCA); this dz is a form of polyarteritis nodos
Vasculitis MC associated with CANCA (now called PR3ANCA); often leads to RPGN (75%), lu
Cafeaulait spots on skin
Calf pseudohypertrophy
Caisson disease
CallExner bodies
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Cerebriform nuclei
Trypanosome cruzei infection
Chancre (not painful)
Chancroid (painful)
Charcots triads (triad 1 & triad 2)
CharcotLeyden crystals
Phagocyte deficiency
Cherryred spot on macula
CheyneStokes respirations (oscillation of ventilation between apnea and tachypnea with a c
Chocolate cysts
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
Chvosteks sign
DES exposure in utero
Clue cells
Codmans triangle on xray
Cold agglutinins
Cold intolerance
Condylomata lata
Continuous machinery murmur
Debranching enzyme deficiency
Cottonwool spots
Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza
Councilman bodies
Cowdry type A bodies
Crescents in Bowmans capsule
Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Currantjelly sputum
Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

elevated Ddimers
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos
Dog or cat bite
Donovan bodies (intracellular inclusions of the rodshaped organism within phagocytes/histio
PostMI fibrinous pericarditis
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Deleted dystrophin gene (Xlinked recessive)
Eburnation (polished, ivorylike appearance of bone)
Trisomy 18 associated with rockerbottom feet, lowset ears, heart disease
Eisenmengers complex
Elastic skin
Superior trunk brachial plexus injury (waiters tip)
Erythema chronicum migrans
Proximal tubular reabsorption defect
Fat, female, forty, and fertile
Fatty liver
Ferruginous bodies
Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
Ghon focus
Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Defect in platelet aggregation (gpIIb/IIIa; fibrin crosslinks)
Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins
Gowers maneuver
Idiopathic polyneuritis
Haironend appearance on xray
Chronic progressive histiocytosis
HbF
HbS
hCG elevated
Heberdens nodes
Heinz bodies (RBC inclusions of denatured hemoglobin)
Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs
Heterophil antibodies
Highoutput cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)
HLAB27
HLADR3 or DR4
Homer Wright rosettes
Honeycomb lung on xray
Horners syndrome
HowellJolly bodies

Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)

Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Hypertension (often hypernatremic) + hypokalemia
Hypochromic microcytosis
Increased fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Increased uric acid levels
Intussusception
JarischHerxheimer reaction
Janeway lesions
Keratin pearls
Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
Common tumor in AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men); Caused by HHV8
Dynein defect
KayserFleischer rings
KimmelstielWilson nodules
Bilateral amygdala lesions
Koilocytes
Koplik spots
Krukenberg tumor
Kussmaul hyperpnea (breathing is first rapid and shallow but as acidosis worsens, breathing
Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility
HGPRT deficiency
Lewy bodies (alphasynuclein inclusions in neurons of diseased brain)
LibmanSacks disease
Lines of Zahn
Lisch nodules
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Lucid interval (transient improvement in symptoms following traumatic head injury; followed
Lumpybumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Lytic bone lesions on xray
Mallory bodies
McBurneys sign
Esophagogastric lacerations (usually seen after heavy drinking/heavy vomiting)
Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
MLF/Medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome (aka Intranuclear opthalmoplegia; disorder of la
Monoclonal antibody spike
Myxedema
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Needleshaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Negri bodies
Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss

Neurofibrillary tangles
Sphingomyelinase deficiency
No lactation postpartum
Owls eye
Nutmeg liver
Occupational exposure to asbestos
Orphan Annie nuclei
Oslers nodes
Painless jaundice
Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks postinfxn; MC vasculitis of children; Associated with I
Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horners syndrome
Pannus
Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
Periosteal elevation on xray
Benign intestinal polyposis and Black macules on lips/oral mucosa
Penile fibrosis
Philadelphia chromosome (bcrabl; t9:22 )
Pick bodies (silverstaining, spherical aggregations of tau proteins in neurons)
Progressive frontotemporal degeneration leading to dementia similar to Alzheimers; also dis
Pink puffer
Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
Podocyte fusion
Podagra
Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema
Ascending polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection
Vertebral tuberculosis
Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly
Portwine stain
Positive anterior drawer sign
Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
Pseudorosettes
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Rash on palms and soles
Recurrent vasospasm in extremities
RBC casts in urine
Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections
Red urine in the morning
ReedSternberg cells
Increased Reid index (normally <0.4; Index >0.4 indicates mucous gland hyperplasia)
Reinke crystals (Inclusions normally found in Leydig Cells)
Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

Renal epithelial casts in urine

Rib notching
Roths spots in retina
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Rouleaux formation (Stacked RBCs)
Russell bodies
What abnormal heart sound would be heard in Lefttoright shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral re
S3 may be caused by (3 general conditions)
S4 may be caused by (2 main conditions)
What abnormal heart sound would be heard in Aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic subaortic sten
SchillerDuval bodies
Senile plaques
Sezary syndrome
Postpartum pituitary necrosis
Shwartzman reaction (endotoxin induced thrombosis in affected tissue often causing reticulo
Signetring cells
Simian crease
Sipples syndrome
Skip lesions
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Slapped cheeks
Smith antigen
Smudge cell (smaller than normal, fragile Blymphocytes that break or "smudge" when sm
Soap bubble on xray
Spike and dome on EM
Spitz nevus
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Starrysky pattern
Strawberry tongue
Streaky ovaries
String sign on xray
Subepithelial humps on EM
Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
Sulfur granules
Swollen gums/tooth loss, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia
Systolic ejection murmur(crescendodecrescendo)
t(8;14); associated with EBV
t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome, (bcrabl hybrid)
t(14;18) (bcl2 activation)
Tabes dorsalis
Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles)
Thumb sign on lateral xray
Thyroidization of kidney

Tophi
Tramtrack appearance on LM
Trousseaus signs migratory thrombophlebitis and carpal spasm)
Virchows node
triad of risk factors for thrombosis blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation
von Recklinghausens disease (not of bone)
von Recklinghausens disease of bone
PICA thrombosis
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia
WBC casts in urine
Waxy casts in urine
WBCs in urine
Wermers syndrome
Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii
Hepatolenticular degeneration
Wire loop appearance on LM
Worst headache of my life
Xanthochromia (CSF)
Xerostomia + arthritis +keratoconjunctivitis
Upper GI diverticulum
Gastrinsecreting tumor associated with ulcers
Collapsing FSGS and tubuloreticular inclusions (appear as black meshy network) on EM
Costovertebral angle tenderness, fever, and burning on urination
ARF presenting as severe oliguria
Berry aneurysms w/wo subarachnoid hemorrhage
Prolonged use of phenacetin, aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, or codeine
Corticomedullary scarring over blunted calyces with thyroidization of tubules
KimmelstielWilson nodules
BM thickening due to nonenzymatic glycosylation
Sclerosis of some glomeruli with only parts of capillary tufts affected
Hemorrhagic pneumonitis w/ glomerulonephritis
Immune complex deposits in mesangium associated with HenochSchonlein purpura (1/3 of H
Spike and dome appearance
Normal glomeruli on LM, but fusion of foot processes on EM
Tramtrack appearance
Hematuria, oliguria, azotemia, and HTN
Proteinuria, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria
Coarse, irregular, and granular IF (visualized as lumpybumpy)
C3NeF
Rupture or break in the glomerular BM on EM
Basket weave lamination of BM
Triple phosphate/struvite stones with Staghorn calculi
Dragging sensation in the flank

Prolonged dialysis for ESRD

Oligohydramnios, hypoplastic lungs, extremity defects (Potters sequence)
Congenital renal fusion at the lower poles of kidneys
Benign tumor composed of thickwalled bvv, smooth muscle, and fat
Retinal/cerebellar hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, and RCC
Costovertebral pain, palpable mass, hematuria
Poorly staining cells with some normal staining cells, and perinuclear halo on Renal biopsy
Interstitial foam cells, and Psammoma bodies on renal biopsy LM
Hx of cyclophosphamide chemoTx or adenovirus infxn
MichaelisGutmann bodies on LM
Bladder Ca associated with Schistosoma hematobium
Dupuytren contracture
Penile fibromatosis
Herring bone pattern on LM
Soft tissue tumor near joint in extremity w/ biphasic appearance on LM of Spindle cells and e
Crescentlike formation in majority of glomeruli
Bladder mass in pt w/hx of exposure to Betanapthylamine or cyclophosphamide
Bread & butter (fibrinous) pericarditis
Child presenting with palpable flank mass and hematuria
Mosaic or Jigsaw pattern of lamellar bone on LM
Sickle cell anemia and bone pain Name most likely dx and causative agent
TB infection with involvement of vertebral bodies
Bone tumor in the knee>hip>shoulder>mandible
Pt < 20yo showing Codman's triangle on Xray
Endosteal scalloping with flocculant densities on Xray
Malignant cartilage
HomerWright rosette
Osteoblastic mets to bone
Carcinoma mets to bone and leukoerythroblastosis
Young boy with clumsiness and difficulty walking with pseudohypertophy of calf muscles
Small, round, blue, cell tumor of bone in children
Arthritis of metatarsophalangeal joints monosodium urate crystals
Tumorlike formations in bone (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia; Albright's dz), caf au lait spots,
Dramatic improvement of muscle weakness with anticholinesterases
Eburnation, polished ivory appearance of articular bone surfaces
Blue sclera, multiple childhood fractures
Kyphosis and lordosis in a postmenopausal woman
Headache, head enlargement, visual disturbances, deafness
Ulnar deviation of the fingers, radial deviation of wrists
Morning stiffness, symmetric involvement of PIP joints
Heberden nodes (women; DIP joint swelling secondary to osteophytes)
Proliferative synovitis with CD4+ Tcells in synovium
RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia

Absent rheumatoid factor and nodules, ANCA positive

Triad of arthritis, nongonococcal urethritis/cervicitis, and conjunctivitis
Herniated synovial cyst of the knee
Redbrown/orangeyellow colored synovial surface with fingerlike villi
Pseudohorn cyst
Acanthosis nigricans
Retraction artifact
Targetoid lesion
Malar rash
Intraepidermal blister cavity tombstoning
Breslow depth & Clark level
SezaryLutzner cell and/or pautriers microabscesses
Dariers sign
Wickham striae and/or Koebner phenomenon
Nikolskys sign (rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the skin's outermost layer)
Subepidermal blistering without tombstoning
4 Ms: Megaly (large cell), Margination (of chromatin), Molding (crowding of cells), Multi (mult
Name the 4 most important primary glomerular dzz associated with nephrotic sz
Name 3 minor (but not necessarily uncommon)primary glomerular dzz associated with nephr
Name the systemic dzz/conditions giving rise to secondary GN
Most common cause of nephrotic sz in children
Most common cause of nephrotic sz in US adults
Common settings in which FSGS occurs (from MC to LC)
Hematuria, azotemia, variable proteinuria, oliguria, mild edema, and HTN
Acute nephritis, proteinuria, and ARF
Marked proteinuria (>3.5gm/day), hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria
Acute onset azotemia, with oliguria or anuria
Prolonged uremia
Renal colic, hematuria, recurrence
Polyuria, nocturia, electrolyte disturbances
Elevated BUN and creatinine in pt with renal hypoperfusion
Elevated BUN and creatinine in pt with postrenal obstruction
GFR 50% of normal
GFR 2050% of normal
GFR < 20% of normal
GFR < 5% of normal
Azotemia with constellation signs and sx in many other organs
AntiGBM antibodies
Glomerular hematuria, subnephrotic proteinuria or combination both
Lipid in proximal tubules on LM and/or Diffuse foot process effacement with microvillous and
Black or Hispanic pt (MC) with nonselective proteinuria, more hematuria, reduced GFR, HTN (
Focal sclerosis on LM, Segmental foot process effacement, microvillous/cystic changes on EM
Collapsing FSGS

Pentad of Findings: Fever, neurological sx. Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, thr
Benign fibrous tumors
Uncertain fibrous tumors
Malignant fibrous tumor
Benign fibrohistiocytic neoplasms
Uncertain fibrohistiocytic neoplasm
Malignant fibrohistiocytic neoplasms are referred to as?
Benign SM neoplasm
Uncertain SM neoplasm
Malignant SM neoplasm
Marker of visceral malignancy
Infarction of bone and marrow due to a vascular abnormality
Most common cause of osteo/avascular necrosis
Most common cause of pyogenic osteomyelitis except in pts with sickle cell anemia
Most common malignant primary bone tumor
Matrix producing primary bone tumor with peak incidence of <20 yo and 2nd peak in elderly
Matrix producing tumor in the central skeleton
Common malignancies in adults that mets to bone
Common malignancies in children that mets to bone
What type of anemia is assoaciated with carcinoma mets to bone?
Most common cause of dwarfism; Autosomal Dominant
Wearandtear arthritis
Collagen most abundant in bone
Collagen most abundant in articular cartilage
Immobilization of a previously moveable (synovial) joint due to inflammation
Three variants of RA mentioned in class/notes can occur associated with these inflammatory
Name the 4 seronegative spondyloarthropathies mentioned in class/notes
Name the most common causes of bacterial arthritis (5)
Name the nonneoplastic renal pathologies commonly recurring after transplantation
What skin lesion is a flat, nonelevated discoloration less than 5mm in diameter?
What skin lesion is similar to a macule but larger (>5mm)?
What skin lesion is similar to a patch but shows elevation?
What skin lesion is a blister that is <5mm in diameter?
What skin lesion is a blister that is >5mm in diameter?
What skin lesion is essentially a large papule that may or may not express surface changes a
Clinical term for thickening of the stratum corneum
Clinical term thickening of the stratum spinosum
Clinical term for thickening of the granular cell layer of the epidermis
Most common skin malignancy
Benign localized hyperplasia of melanocytes
Mutation in podocin, alphaactinin, or nephrin
IgM and C3 positive on IF
IgG and C3 along capillary loops on IF; Sometimes C1q and C4 on IF

C3NeF (C3 nephritic factor stabilizes C3 convertase causing increased breakdown of C3 and i
Irregular granular or linear C3 foci in BM and mesangium
Linear, subendothelial IgG deposition on IF
Granular, subepithelial IgG and C3 deposition on IF
Antibodies against noncollagenous portion of the alpha3 chain of type IV coll.
ADAMTS13 (a protease that normally cleaves vWF multimers)
PKD1 or Polycystin 1
PKD2 or Polycystin 2
Short arm of chromosome 3 (3p1)
Renal cancer associated with MET protooncogene
t(x:18) and fused gene SYTSSX
Bone tumor associated with RB gene and p53 mutation
EWSFL11, (11;22)(q24;q12) translocation
Increased RANK (receptor found on surface of osteoclasts) and RANKL (found on surface of os
HLAB27 in pt with back pain
Dystrophin
Ach receptor antibodies
Rheumatoid factor (autoIgM against Fc of IgG)
Joint disorder associated with HLADRB1 and PTPN22
RF negative, HLAB27 positive arthritides (4 major include ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's sz,
Skin malignancy associated with p53 mutation
IgG against hemidesmosomes (linear IgG and complement deposition along BM)
PTCH (30%)
PTCH and multiple BCCs
BRAF mutations regarding skin lesion
CD1a and S100 positive on IF
Granular deposition of IgG, IgM, and complement at the DE junction
AutoIgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 in desmosomes (IgG and complement deposits between
Granular IgA deposits in dermal papillae and along BM
PAS stain demonstrating hyphae
Punched out necrotic ulcers of gingival papillae
Oral candida with no apparent underlying dz
Oral hairy leukoplakia (caused by EBV) with no apparent underlying dz
Salivary tumor (the only one with male preponderance; also associated w/smoking) exhibitin
Unilateral dermatomal skin lesions
hyperkeratosis, bandlike lymphocytes infiltrate that hugs the basal layer, liquefaction of bas
White plaques which scrape off leaving raw, red mucosa. Usually in immunocompromised or
Elevated maternal serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein)
Maternal infxn and child with microcephaly or cerebral calcifications
Acute febrile illness with malaise and cervical adenopathy. With associated acute hemorrhag
Virus remains latent in trigeminal ganglion. Periodically reactivated by colds/fevers, sun, stre
Periodic crops of vesicles/ulcers on gingiva/hard palate induced by fever, colds, trauma, stres
Constitutional viral sx with cervical LA and lesions on hands, feet, and buttox.

Resembles primary herpes infxn but lacks gingivitis and has digital lesions
Acute febrile dz with small vesicles/ulcers limited to soft palate and pharynx
Erythema multiforme affecting mouth, eyes, skin, and genital mucosa. Type IV hypersens. Wi
Oral lesion that does not affect smokers
Most common salivary neoplasm (70% of salivary neoplasms)
Benign salivary neoplasm originating from ductal cells, usually located in the upper lip, resem
Most common malignant salivary neoplasm found on palate and retromolar pad
Most common malignancy of the submandibular gland, but commonly occurs on the palate
Slow growing, pseudoencapsulated, lobulated tumor occurring mostly in the parotid gland
Most common salivary gland tumor in children
Most common cause of infectious blindness in the US
If a patient has herpes zoster infxn with lesions on the tip of the nose, what does this predict
Lesions resembling primary herpes but; necrotic papillae, absent oral vesicles or ulcers, not e
Lesions may resemble primary herpes but; Spare gingiva, have confluent slough, and have s
Lesions resembling secondary herpes but with small, recurrent ulcers that resolve in 710d b
Only salivary gland tumor with high preponderance for males; also associated with smoking (
Salivary tumor that appears very benign, but is actually very malignant. Wolf in sheeps clot
Salivary malignancy with high degree of perineural invasion, showing cribiform or swiss che
Elongated cerebellar tonsils extending through the foramen magnum, late onset hydrocepha
Hydrocephalus in childhood with beaking of the midbrain, small posterior fossa with elongate
Occipitoencephalocele (rare condition)
Hypoplastic cerebellum (rare condition)
Cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle with aplasia or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and a
Failure of hemispheric cleavage; associated with cyclopia, agnathia, and cleft/palate
Maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy, facial abnormalities, microcephaly, cardiac defects
This condition is described as the nondevelopment of a particular brain structure that may b
Due to rupture of thin walled veins occurring in prematurity with perinatal anoxia
Necrotic foci next to lateral ventricles appearing grossly as chalkyyellow plaques; hypoxic/is
Ventricular dilation above an occlusion in the ventricular system (often cerebral aqueduct or
Ventricular dilation resulting from an obstruction along the subarachnoid path of CSF flow
Hydrocephalus in infants and young children will cause what observable physical sign? Why?
Compensatory expansion of entire CSF compartment in response to extensive brain tissue lo
4 most common (general) causes of hydrocephalus
Liquefactive necrosis leading to cyst formation and gliosis healing
2 most common general causes of cerebral infarction
Most common arterial sites of thrombotic (2) and embolic (1) occlusion leading to stroke
Defined as the morphologic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to cardiorespiratory failure o
Morphologic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to HTN, ruptured aneurysm, or vascular ma
Morphologic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to atherothrombosis or thrombotic embolism
Most sensitive areas of the brain to hypoxic/anoxic injury
Microscopic infarctions (<1cm) associated with hypertensive cerebral microvascular dz; Occu
Most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage? Complicated by minute arterial dilations re
Most often caused by ruptured berry aneurysms>atherosclerotic aneurysms and arterioveno

Episode of impaired neurologic fx due to temporary (transient) disrturbance in cerebral circul

Blood filled space between the skull and dura, associated with skull fracture and lacerated M
Intracranial hemotoma in alcoholic or elderly pt.; Due to sheering of parasagittal bridging vei
Contusion at site of impact; Usually from blow to a stationary head
Contusion opposite the point of impact, from a moving head striking a surface; Usually inferio
Axonal spheroids on microscopy; damage involves corpus callosum, periventricular structure
CNS infxn, usually strep and staph; Caused by trauma, osteomyelitis, extension from sinus in
CNS infxn usually due to extension of sinus infxn; Strep and staph
Enhanced ring pattern on Xray, central necrosis w/acute infl., granulation tissue, fibrous cap
Granuloma with caseous necrosis at base of brain (if meningitis present); DDX includes sarco
MC Fungi causing infection of the CNS
Angioinvasive fungi
Spinal anterior horn degeneration in pt with suspected viral infxn
Cowdry A inclusions (intranuclear) in frontal/anterior temporal lobes
Negri bodies in hippocampus and cerebellar purkinje cells
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis overall
Other causes of bacterial meningitis in adults? Neonates?
Nonerosive arthritis
Esophagogastric lacerations
Chocolate cysts
Absent postpartum lactation
McBurneys Sign
Signet ring cells
SchillerDuvall bodies + Hyaline droplets rich in fetoprotein
Skip lesions
Crypt abscess
Upper esoph. diverticulum
Councilman bodies
Kayser Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin
Bluedomed cysts
Brown tumor
Chvosteks sign (facial mm spasm on CN VII palpation)
Trousseaus sign (carpal spasm on brachial artery occlusion [BP cuff])
Mild indirect (unconj.) bilirubin + no other abnormal findings
Severe indirect bilirubin at birth with no suspicion of hemolysis
Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian mets.
Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
Parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary tumors
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid ca, parathyroid hyperplasia
MARFAN HABITUS,Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid ca, multiple neuromas/gangliomas
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma + RET mutation without other MEN IIA features
Fat, female, forty, fertile

Callexner bodies
Mallory bodies
Myxedema, cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy
Heat intolerance, weight loss/diarrhea, irritability/anxiety, wideset stare
Triad:1Hyperthyroidism hyperfunctional diffusely enlarged thyroid2Exopthalmopathy infilt
Antimitochondrial antibodies
Periportal Onion skin fibrosis cholestasis/cholangiohepatitis/cirrh.
Periportal bile lakes & bile infarcts + bile duct hyperplasia and clinical feature of cholestasi
Antismooth muscle and ANA antibodies in the setting of chronic hepatitis
(+) HBsAg, (+) HBcAb, () HBsAb
() HBsAg, (+) HBcAb, (+) HBsAb
() HBsAg, () HBcAb, (+) HBsAb
Courvoisiers sign
(+) mucin stain, () bile stain, (+) CEA + findings consistent with intrahepatic bile duct obst.
() mucin stain, (+) fetoprotein, (+) bile stain + findings consistent with intrahepatic bile d
Mass in hilar region of liver + jaundice + empty gall bladder
Large liver mass with multiple blood filled spaces + (+) CD31 stain
Outpoutching in the distal ileum
Congenital aganglionic megacolon
Hyperthyroidism resulting from hyperactive nodule in multinodular goiter
Associate the following criteria with their clinical significance/diagnostic guidance regarding p
Thyroid Follicular Adenoma w/ cells containing Abundant Mitochondria
Neck mass in pt w/Hx of previous exposure to ionizing radiation
Pleomorphic tumor with Spindle cells (Thyroid)
Neoplastic lymphoid cells in thyroid w/ Hx of Hashimotos
Bullous lesions forming open ulcers in genital region lasting 710 days
Cowdry A bodies/inclusions
Firm, smooth, skin colored, pearlywhitish, papule w/ Central umbilication
Molluscum bodies
Warty projections on vulvar surface or genitoanal region
Koilocyte/koilocytic change
Donovan bodies containing calymmatobacterium (Donovani) granulomatis
Purulent perierethral discharge
Nontender ulcer along vulvar surface
Clinically similar to G. inguinale with inguinal LN enlargement
White area of thinned, cigarette paper appearance on skin of labia
Squamous cell hyperplasia of vulva in response to scratching or rubbing of the vulvar mucosa
Small white, red, or brown areas of vulva +/ itching
Clue cell
Foamy green discharge and vaginal itching; Large, pearshaped flagellated protozoa on wet m
Maternal use of Desplex (diethylstilbestrol; DES) during pregnancy
Layer of rhabdomyoblasts beneath the squamous mucosa of the vagina
CIN, VIN, VAIN

Schiller stain (+) (iodine stain test)

Lymphocytes and plasma cells in the cervical stroma +/ germinal follicles in the peripuberta
Strawberry cervix
Cottage cheese
AriasStella phenomenon (originally thought to occur in cancer but is now known to be norma
Eversion (cervix)
Micronodular hyperplasia
Inguinal LNs Pelvic LNs Iliac LNs Periaortic LNs
Plasma cells present in the endometrial stroma
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium
Ovarian tumor without stromal invasion
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Stromal invasion of an ovarian tumor
Hobnail cell pattern
Ovarian tumor of transitional epithelium origin containing Walthard rests
Bilateral Germ Cell Tumor
Thyroid tissue tumor in ovary
Gonadal tumor containing primordial germ cells, fibrous septae, and lymphocytes
Meig's syndrome is a triad seen only in women and presents as ascites, right sided hydrothor
Sex cordstromal tumor producing:1. Estrogen, 2. Testosterone + Reinke crystals seen under
Snowstorm pattern of filled uterus on ultrasound + hydropic grapelike clusters of villi
Mole with enlarged, edematous villi and normal, maybe fibrotic villi.
HCG levels compared to normal pregnancy
Hydatidiform mole with 46XX genotype
69XXY > 69XXX > 69XYY
Molar villi within myometrium, vascular space, or other extrauterine sites found ~6months af
Nipple epidermal involvement by malignant cells; Ulceration, fissuring, and oozing of the nipp
Bilateral breast masses
Distant mets, inflammatory carcinoma, locally advanced, LN involvement & large size
Cullen sign (periumbilical ecchymotic skin discoloration) and/or GreyTurner sign (ecchymotic
Greyturner sign
Transcription factor 7like2 (TCF7L2) polymorphism
HLADR3/DR4 haplotypes; CD25 mutation ( chain IL2 receptor); CTLA4 and PTPN mutation
Neoplasm expressing gain of fx mutation in TSH receptor causing constitutive phosphorylatio
HLAB35 (associated with a dz that usually occurs in females following a viral URI)
RET/PTC & BRAF mutations
RAS or t(2:3) with PAX8/PPAR1 fusion
CD117 (ckit)
APC (Adenomatous polyposis coli gene)
DNA mismatch repair loss of fx mutation
Synaptophysin (+)
CD31 + tumor
HNF4

HNF1
AntiGAD, AntiICA 512, Antiinsulin
PTEN
p53
BRCA 1/2
p53 > cmyc > Her2/neu
Kras mutation (on ovarian biopsy)
aInhibin
Estrogen/progesterone receptors and Her2/neu
BRCA2 mutation and axillary LAD in a male patient with family hx of breast ca
Point mutation on codon 12 of Kras
CFTR gene
gain of fx mutation in subunit of Gs
GNAS1 mutation (codes for stimulatory Gprotein alpha subunit; Gsalpha)
CYP21B
AIRE1
Thyroid growth stimulating antibodies & TSHbinding inhibitor antibodies
fetoprotein in male with no liver pathology
HCG in male
Cancer in males showing lactate dehydrogenase
(+) Placental alk phosph (PLAP), OCT3/4, NANOG, ckit
(+) CD30, cytokeratins, OCT3/4, PLAP
Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
Cancers Sometimes Penetrate Benign Liver
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Metastatic dz of bone is much more common than primary bone cancers; Name the 2 MC pri
Nucleus:cytoplasm ratio in benign vs. malignant cells
Live & Kicking Tumors Penetrate The Bone
Hypercalcemia is the MC endocrine paraneoplastic sz: Name the MC neoplasms/mediators ca
Primary neoplasm MC causing cushing's sz and the mediator responsible
MC neoplasms causing SIADH and the mediators responsible
Common paraneoplastic sz of RCC and mediator responsible
Paraneoplastic sz produced by thymoma's and bronchogenic carcinoma's and mediator respo
2 neoplasms commonly causing acromegaly as a paraneoplastic sz and mediators responsibl
The following classes of genes must be turned on/off (which one?) in order to lead to cancer;
The following classes of genes must be turned on/off (which one?) in order to lead to cancer;
Name the AR disease showing a very high incidence of skin cancer. What is the defect?
Carcinogenic chemical that leads to irreversible DNA damage in the cell
Carcinogenic chemical that does not affect DNA, but promote cell growth and differentiation,
DNA damage by UV rays commonly lead to what 3 malignancies?
Pyrimidine (or thymidine) dimers usually result from what specific type of radiation? How are
For each protooncogene/action combination listed, name the associated tumor: 1.abl/signal
For each protooncogene/action combination listed, name the associated tumor: 1. ras/signa

For each tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associate

For each tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associate
For each tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associate
For each chemical carcinogen, name the associated cancer/pathology: 1. Aflatoxin, 2. Vinyl c
For each chemical carcinogen, name the associated cancer: 1. Aniline dyes (betanapthylam
Neoplasms associated with HPVs 16 and 18 and the mechanism
Neoplasms associated with HTLV1 and mechanism
Neoplasm associated with HBV and HCV and mechanism
Neoplasms associated with EBV and mechanism
Neoplasms associated with HHV8 and population in which they are seen
Neoplasm associated with H. pylori and mechanism
Neoplasms associated with Down syndrome
Neoplasms associated with albinism
Neoplasms associated with Tuberous sclerosis
Neoplasms associated with Paget's dz of bone (aka osteitis deformans)
Neoplasm associated with AIDS
Neoplasm associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and postsurgical ga
Neoplasm associated with PlummerVinson sz
Neoplasm associated with Ulcerative colitis
Neoplasm associated with Immunodeficiency
Neoplasm associated with autoimmune dz
Neoplasm associated with acanthosis nigricans
Neoplasm associated with dysplastic nevus
Neoplasm associated with AIDS
Neoplasm associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and postsurgical ga
Neoplasm associated with PlummerVinson sz
Neoplasm associated with Ulcerative colitis
Neoplasm associated with Immunodeficiency
Neoplasm associated with autoimmune dz
Neoplasm associated with acanthosis nigricans
Neoplasm associated with dysplastic nevus
Parameter measuring the partial preasure of oxygen (or CO2) dissolved in the plasma (unbou
Parameter measuring the percentage of heme groups bound by oxygen
Parameter measuring the total O2 in the blood; affected by Hb concentration in RBCs (Most im
Chocolatecolored blood and cyanosis, O2 administration does not correct cyanosis, tx is me
Parameter measuring the partial preasure of oxygen (or CO2) dissolved in the plasma (unbou
Parameter measuring the percentage of heme groups bound by oxygen

recedes squamous cell carcinoma

nocortical deficiency
otic fibrous dysplasia (in and of itself = Albright's DISEASE), precocious puberty, cafeaulait spots, sho
nocytologic dissociation
ary nephritis with nerve deafness
sement membrane antibodies; specifically against alpha3 chain of collagen type IV
ntromere antibodies
ublestranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)
ithelial cell antibodies
adin antibodies
tone antibodies
utrophil antibodies
ochondrial antibodies
G antibodies
telet antibodies

Robertson pupil (+ pupillary constriction on accomodation with absent pupillary light reflex)
llar tonsillar herniation

y of the mammillary bodies

ds are not always seen in this disorder but are pathognomonic when they are seen (Elongated, needle
kis sign indicates
cyst in popliteal fossa
enectomy
s syndrome
oo spine on xray
ilic stippling of RBCs
ve dystrophin; less severe than Duchennes
N VII palsy
ones proteins
s disease
dSoulier disease
al hilar adenopathy, uveitis
granules on EM

tap on LP
omed cysts

haped heart on xray

rds nodes
ing rods in oral infection
niere deformity
tumor of bone

elds spots (Grayishbrown spots in the peripheral iris)

d agammaglobulinemia
patic venous thrombosis
mediumartery Vasculitis strongly associated w/smoking (much weaker association w/smokeless)
anslocation; associated with EBV

tis MC associated withPANCA (aka MPOANCA); this dz is a form of polyarteritis nodosa (usually mediu
tis MC associated with CANCA (now called PR3ANCA); often leads to RPGN (75%), lung damage, and
ulait spots on skin
eudohypertrophy

ner bodies
megaly with apical atrophy
form nuclei
osome cruzei infection
e (not painful)
oid (painful)
ts triads (triad 1 & triad 2)
tLeyden crystals
yte deficiency
red spot on macula
eStokes respirations (oscillation of ventilation between apnea and tachypnea with a crescendodecres
late cysts
osition to gastric carcinoma

posure in utero

ns triangle on xray

omata lata
uous machinery murmur
ching enzyme deficiency
wool spots
conjunctivitis, coryza
man bodies
type A bodies
nts in Bowmans capsule
nital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
jelly sputum
al asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

d Ddimers
mentation of neurons in substantia nigra
itis, dementia, diarrhea
es insipidus + exophthalmos

an bodies (intracellular inclusions of the rodshaped organism within phagocytes/histiocytes)

fibrinous pericarditis
nital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
d dystrophin gene (Xlinked recessive)
tion (polished, ivorylike appearance of bone)
y 18 associated with rockerbottom feet, lowset ears, heart disease
engers complex

or trunk brachial plexus injury (waiters tip)

ma chronicum migrans
al tubular reabsorption defect
male, forty, and fertile

nous bodies
olyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
erebrosidase deficiency

congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

in platelet aggregation (gpIIb/IIIa; fibrin crosslinks)
tibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins
maneuver
hic polyneuritis
nend appearance on xray
c progressive histiocytosis

ens nodes
odies (RBC inclusions of denatured hemoglobin)
ensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs
phil antibodies
utput cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)

R3 or DR4
Wright rosettes
omb lung on xray
s syndrome
Jolly bodies

e degeneration (autosomal dominant)

hagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility
igmentation of skin
egmented neutrophils
ension (often hypernatremic) + hypokalemia
romic microcytosis
ed fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
ed uric acid levels

Herxheimer reaction

phil chemotaxis abnormality

on tumor in AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men); Caused by HHV8

Fleischer rings
stielWilson nodules
al amygdala lesions

berg tumor
aul hyperpnea (breathing is first rapid and shallow but as acidosis worsens, breathing gradually becom
slocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility
deficiency
odies (alphasynuclein inclusions in neurons of diseased brain)
Sacks disease

rum ceruloplasmin
nterval (transient improvement in symptoms following traumatic head injury; followed by deterioration
ybumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
one lesions on xray

gogastric lacerations (usually seen after heavy drinking/heavy vomiting)

phosphorylase deficiency
edial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome (aka Intranuclear opthalmoplegia; disorder of lateral conjugate g
onal antibody spike

zing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

is + cataracts + hearing loss

brillary tangles
omyelinase deficiency
ation postpartum

tional exposure to asbestos

n Annie nuclei

s jaundice
e purpura on legs and buttocks postinfxn; MC vasculitis of children; Associated with IgA nephropathy
ogenic apical tumor associated with Horners syndrome

riatal dopamine depletion

eal elevation on xray
intestinal polyposis and Black macules on lips/oral mucosa

lphia chromosome (bcrabl; t9:22 )

dies (silverstaining, spherical aggregations of tau proteins in neurons)
sive frontotemporal degeneration leading to dementia similar to Alzheimers; also displays progressive

geal webs with iron deficiency anemia

uropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema

ing polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection
al tuberculosis
mal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly

e anterior drawer sign

palisade tumor cell arrangement

miosis, anhidrosis
n palms and soles
ent vasospasm in extremities
sts in urine
ent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections
ne in the morning
ternberg cells
ed Reid index (normally <0.4; Index >0.4 indicates mucous gland hyperplasia)
crystals (Inclusions normally found in Leydig Cells)
ell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas
tis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
oid crystals, positively birefringent

pithelial casts in urine

spots in retina
nital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
ux formation (Stacked RBCs)

bnormal heart sound would be heard in Lefttoright shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, or LV
be caused by (3 general conditions)
be caused by (2 main conditions)
bnormal heart sound would be heard in Aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Duval bodies

syndrome
tum pituitary necrosis
zman reaction (endotoxin induced thrombosis in affected tissue often causing reticuloendothelial block

s syndrome

es, dry mouth, arthritis

ge cell (smaller than normal, fragile Blymphocytes that break or "smudge" when smeared on a glass
ubble on xray
nd dome on EM

r hemorrhages in fingernails
sky pattern
berry tongue

sign on xray
thelial humps on EM
ipital lymphadenopathy

n gums/tooth loss, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia

c ejection murmur(crescendodecrescendo)
associated with EBV
Philadelphia chromosome, (bcrabl hybrid)
) (bcl2 activation)

xanthomas (classically Achilles)

sign on lateral xray
ization of kidney

track appearance on LM
aus signs migratory thrombophlebitis and carpal spasm)

risk factors for thrombosis blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation

cklinghausens disease (not of bone)
cklinghausens disease of bone

l hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia

asts in urine
asts in urine

rs syndrome
orption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii
lenticular degeneration
oop appearance on LM
headache of my life
chromia (CSF)
omia + arthritis +keratoconjunctivitis
GI diverticulum
secreting tumor associated with ulcers
ing FSGS and tubuloreticular inclusions (appear as black meshy network) on EM
ertebral angle tenderness, fever, and burning on urination
esenting as severe oliguria
neurysms w/wo subarachnoid hemorrhage
ed use of phenacetin, aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, or codeine
medullary scarring over blunted calyces with thyroidization of tubules
stielWilson nodules
kening due to nonenzymatic glycosylation
is of some glomeruli with only parts of capillary tufts affected
hagic pneumonitis w/ glomerulonephritis
e complex deposits in mesangium associated with HenochSchonlein purpura (1/3 of HSP pts get this
nd dome appearance
glomeruli on LM, but fusion of foot processes on EM
ack appearance
uria, oliguria, azotemia, and HTN
uria, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria
, irregular, and granular IF (visualized as lumpybumpy)

e or break in the glomerular BM on EM

weave lamination of BM
hosphate/struvite stones with Staghorn calculi
ng sensation in the flank

ed dialysis for ESRD

ydramnios, hypoplastic lungs, extremity defects (Potters sequence)
nital renal fusion at the lower poles of kidneys
tumor composed of thickwalled bvv, smooth muscle, and fat
/cerebellar hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, and RCC
ertebral pain, palpable mass, hematuria
staining cells with some normal staining cells, and perinuclear halo on Renal biopsy
tial foam cells, and Psammoma bodies on renal biopsy LM
yclophosphamide chemoTx or adenovirus infxn
lisGutmann bodies on LM
r Ca associated with Schistosoma hematobium
ren contracture
fibromatosis
bone pattern on LM
sue tumor near joint in extremity w/ biphasic appearance on LM of Spindle cells and epitheliod foci
ntlike formation in majority of glomeruli
r mass in pt w/hx of exposure to Betanapthylamine or cyclophosphamide
& butter (fibrinous) pericarditis
resenting with palpable flank mass and hematuria
c or Jigsaw pattern of lamellar bone on LM
cell anemia and bone pain Name most likely dx and causative agent
ction with involvement of vertebral bodies
umor in the knee>hip>shoulder>mandible
yo showing Codman's triangle on Xray
eal scalloping with flocculant densities on Xray
ant cartilage
Wright rosette
lastic mets to bone
ma mets to bone and leukoerythroblastosis
boy with clumsiness and difficulty walking with pseudohypertophy of calf muscles
round, blue, cell tumor of bone in children
s of metatarsophalangeal joints monosodium urate crystals
like formations in bone (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia; Albright's dz), caf au lait spots, precocious pube
ic improvement of muscle weakness with anticholinesterases
tion, polished ivory appearance of articular bone surfaces
lera, multiple childhood fractures
is and lordosis in a postmenopausal woman
che, head enlargement, visual disturbances, deafness
eviation of the fingers, radial deviation of wrists
g stiffness, symmetric involvement of PIP joints
en nodes (women; DIP joint swelling secondary to osteophytes)
ative synovitis with CD4+ Tcells in synovium
enomegaly, and neutropenia

rheumatoid factor and nodules, ANCA positive

arthritis, nongonococcal urethritis/cervicitis, and conjunctivitis
ed synovial cyst of the knee
own/orangeyellow colored synovial surface with fingerlike villi
horn cyst
osis nigricans
ion artifact

idermal blister cavity tombstoning

w depth & Clark level
Lutzner cell and/or pautriers microabscesses

m striae and/or Koebner phenomenon

ys sign (rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the skin's outermost layer)
dermal blistering without tombstoning
Megaly (large cell), Margination (of chromatin), Molding (crowding of cells), Multi (multiple nuclei in cell
he 4 most important primary glomerular dzz associated with nephrotic sz
3 minor (but not necessarily uncommon)primary glomerular dzz associated with nephrotic sz
he systemic dzz/conditions giving rise to secondary GN
ommon cause of nephrotic sz in children
ommon cause of nephrotic sz in US adults
on settings in which FSGS occurs (from MC to LC)
uria, azotemia, variable proteinuria, oliguria, mild edema, and HTN
nephritis, proteinuria, and ARF
proteinuria (>3.5gm/day), hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria
onset azotemia, with oliguria or anuria
ed uremia
olic, hematuria, recurrence
a, nocturia, electrolyte disturbances
d BUN and creatinine in pt with renal hypoperfusion
d BUN and creatinine in pt with postrenal obstruction
% of normal
50% of normal
20% of normal
5% of normal
mia with constellation signs and sx in many other organs
BM antibodies
ular hematuria, subnephrotic proteinuria or combination both
proximal tubules on LM and/or Diffuse foot process effacement with microvillous and microcystic chan
r Hispanic pt (MC) with nonselective proteinuria, more hematuria, reduced GFR, HTN (sometimes), and
clerosis on LM, Segmental foot process effacement, microvillous/cystic changes on EM

of Findings: Fever, neurological sx. Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombi in glomerul
fibrous tumors
ain fibrous tumors
ant fibrous tumor
fibrohistiocytic neoplasms
ain fibrohistiocytic neoplasm
ant fibrohistiocytic neoplasms are referred to as?
SM neoplasm
ain SM neoplasm
ant SM neoplasm
of visceral malignancy
on of bone and marrow due to a vascular abnormality
ommon cause of osteo/avascular necrosis
ommon cause of pyogenic osteomyelitis except in pts with sickle cell anemia
ommon malignant primary bone tumor
producing primary bone tumor with peak incidence of <20 yo and 2nd peak in elderly with additional r
producing tumor in the central skeleton
on malignancies in adults that mets to bone
on malignancies in children that mets to bone
ype of anemia is assoaciated with carcinoma mets to bone?
ommon cause of dwarfism; Autosomal Dominant
ndtear arthritis
n most abundant in bone
n most abundant in articular cartilage
lization of a previously moveable (synovial) joint due to inflammation
ariants of RA mentioned in class/notes can occur associated with these inflammatory dzz
he 4 seronegative spondyloarthropathies mentioned in class/notes
he most common causes of bacterial arthritis (5)
he nonneoplastic renal pathologies commonly recurring after transplantation
kin lesion is a flat, nonelevated discoloration less than 5mm in diameter?
kin lesion is similar to a macule but larger (>5mm)?
kin lesion is similar to a patch but shows elevation?
kin lesion is a blister that is <5mm in diameter?
kin lesion is a blister that is >5mm in diameter?
kin lesion is essentially a large papule that may or may not express surface changes and may lie relati
term for thickening of the stratum corneum
term thickening of the stratum spinosum
term for thickening of the granular cell layer of the epidermis
ommon skin malignancy
localized hyperplasia of melanocytes
on in podocin, alphaactinin, or nephrin
d C3 positive on IF
d C3 along capillary loops on IF; Sometimes C1q and C4 on IF

(C3 nephritic factor stabilizes C3 convertase causing increased breakdown of C3 and in turn, hypoC3
ar granular or linear C3 foci in BM and mesangium
subendothelial IgG deposition on IF
ar, subepithelial IgG and C3 deposition on IF
dies against noncollagenous portion of the alpha3 chain of type IV coll.
S13 (a protease that normally cleaves vWF multimers)
r Polycystin 1
r Polycystin 2
rm of chromosome 3 (3p1)
ancer associated with MET protooncogene
and fused gene SYTSSX
umor associated with RB gene and p53 mutation
11, (11;22)(q24;q12) translocation
ed RANK (receptor found on surface of osteoclasts) and RANKL (found on surface of osteoblasts) expre
27 in pt with back pain

eptor antibodies
atoid factor (autoIgM against Fc of IgG)
sorder associated with HLADRB1 and PTPN22
ative, HLAB27 positive arthritides (4 major include ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's sz, enteritis associa
alignancy associated with p53 mutation
ainst hemidesmosomes (linear IgG and complement deposition along BM)

nd multiple BCCs
mutations regarding skin lesion
nd S100 positive on IF
ar deposition of IgG, IgM, and complement at the DE junction
G antibodies to desmoglein 3 in desmosomes (IgG and complement deposits between keratinocytes)
ar IgA deposits in dermal papillae and along BM
in demonstrating hyphae
d out necrotic ulcers of gingival papillae
ndida with no apparent underlying dz
iry leukoplakia (caused by EBV) with no apparent underlying dz
y tumor (the only one with male preponderance; also associated w/smoking) exhibiting papillary fronds
ral dermatomal skin lesions
eratosis, bandlike lymphocytes infiltrate that hugs the basal layer, liquefaction of basal cells, sawtoo
plaques which scrape off leaving raw, red mucosa. Usually in immunocompromised or pt using antibiot
d maternal serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein)
al infxn and child with microcephaly or cerebral calcifications
ebrile illness with malaise and cervical adenopathy. With associated acute hemorrhagic gingivitis
emains latent in trigeminal ganglion. Periodically reactivated by colds/fevers, sun, stress, trauma and m
c crops of vesicles/ulcers on gingiva/hard palate induced by fever, colds, trauma, stress..
utional viral sx with cervical LA and lesions on hands, feet, and buttox.

bles primary herpes infxn but lacks gingivitis and has digital lesions
ebrile dz with small vesicles/ulcers limited to soft palate and pharynx
ma multiforme affecting mouth, eyes, skin, and genital mucosa. Type IV hypersens. With target lesions
sion that does not affect smokers
ommon salivary neoplasm (70% of salivary neoplasms)
salivary neoplasm originating from ductal cells, usually located in the upper lip, resembling an adenoid
ommon malignant salivary neoplasm found on palate and retromolar pad
ommon malignancy of the submandibular gland, but commonly occurs on the palate
owing, pseudoencapsulated, lobulated tumor occurring mostly in the parotid gland
ommon salivary gland tumor in children
ommon cause of infectious blindness in the US
ient has herpes zoster infxn with lesions on the tip of the nose, what does this predict?
resembling primary herpes but; necrotic papillae, absent oral vesicles or ulcers, not expected in childr
may resemble primary herpes but; Spare gingiva, have confluent slough, and have skin/other mucosa
resembling secondary herpes but with small, recurrent ulcers that resolve in 710d but are differentia
livary gland tumor with high preponderance for males; also associated with smoking (Is smoking really
y tumor that appears very benign, but is actually very malignant. Wolf in sheeps clothing
y malignancy with high degree of perineural invasion, showing cribiform or swiss cheese pattern on h
ted cerebellar tonsils extending through the foramen magnum, late onset hydrocephalus
ephalus in childhood with beaking of the midbrain, small posterior fossa with elongated cerebellar tons
oencephalocele (rare condition)
astic cerebellum (rare condition)
dilation of the fourth ventricle with aplasia or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and an enlarged post
of hemispheric cleavage; associated with cyclopia, agnathia, and cleft/palate
al alcohol abuse during pregnancy, facial abnormalities, microcephaly, cardiac defects, others
ndition is described as the nondevelopment of a particular brain structure that may be asymptomatic
rupture of thin walled veins occurring in prematurity with perinatal anoxia
c foci next to lateral ventricles appearing grossly as chalkyyellow plaques; hypoxic/ischemic lesion of
ular dilation above an occlusion in the ventricular system (often cerebral aqueduct or foramen of Monr
ular dilation resulting from an obstruction along the subarachnoid path of CSF flow
ephalus in infants and young children will cause what observable physical sign? Why?
nsatory expansion of entire CSF compartment in response to extensive brain tissue loss
common (general) causes of hydrocephalus
ctive necrosis leading to cyst formation and gliosis healing
common general causes of cerebral infarction
ommon arterial sites of thrombotic (2) and embolic (1) occlusion leading to stroke
d as the morphologic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to cardiorespiratory failure or shock
logic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to HTN, ruptured aneurysm, or vascular malformation
logic pattern of intracranial ischemia due to atherothrombosis or thrombotic embolism
ensitive areas of the brain to hypoxic/anoxic injury
opic infarctions (<1cm) associated with hypertensive cerebral microvascular dz; Occur anywhere but p
ommon cause of intracerebral hemorrhage? Complicated by minute arterial dilations referred to as?
ten caused by ruptured berry aneurysms>atherosclerotic aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations

e of impaired neurologic fx due to temporary (transient) disrturbance in cerebral circulation; no perman

lled space between the skull and dura, associated with skull fracture and lacerated MMA; If not correct
anial hemotoma in alcoholic or elderly pt.; Due to sheering of parasagittal bridging veins w/wo skull fra
on at site of impact; Usually from blow to a stationary head
on opposite the point of impact, from a moving head striking a surface; Usually inferior frontal/anterio
spheroids on microscopy; damage involves corpus callosum, periventricular structures, and rostral pon
xn, usually strep and staph; Caused by trauma, osteomyelitis, extension from sinus infxn, surgery
xn usually due to extension of sinus infxn; Strep and staph
ed ring pattern on Xray, central necrosis w/acute infl., granulation tissue, fibrous capsule, reactive gli
oma with caseous necrosis at base of brain (if meningitis present); DDX includes sarcoidosis on histolog
gi causing infection of the CNS
vasive fungi
anterior horn degeneration in pt with suspected viral infxn
A inclusions (intranuclear) in frontal/anterior temporal lobes
odies in hippocampus and cerebellar purkinje cells
ommon cause of bacterial meningitis overall
auses of bacterial meningitis in adults? Neonates?
osive arthritis
gogastric lacerations

postpartum lactation
eys Sign

Duvall bodies + Hyaline droplets rich in fetoprotein

esoph. diverticulum
man bodies
Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin
omed cysts

eks sign (facial mm spasm on CN VII palpation)

aus sign (carpal spasm on brachial artery occlusion [BP cuff])
indirect (unconj.) bilirubin + no other abnormal findings
indirect bilirubin at birth with no suspicion of hemolysis
geal webs with iron deficiency anemia
adenocarcinoma with ovarian mets.
olyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
yroid, pancreas, pituitary tumors
romocytoma, medullary thyroid ca, parathyroid hyperplasia
N HABITUS,Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid ca, multiple neuromas/gangliomas of skin & mucosa
ary Thyroid carcinoma + RET mutation without other MEN IIA features
male, forty, fertile

ner bodies

ema, cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy

tolerance, weight loss/diarrhea, irritability/anxiety, wideset stare
Hyperthyroidism hyperfunctional diffusely enlarged thyroid2Exopthalmopathy infiltrative opthalmop
tochondrial antibodies
tal Onion skin fibrosis cholestasis/cholangiohepatitis/cirrh.
tal bile lakes & bile infarcts + bile duct hyperplasia and clinical feature of cholestasis
mooth muscle and ANA antibodies in the setting of chronic hepatitis
sAg, (+) HBcAb, () HBsAb
Ag, (+) HBcAb, (+) HBsAb
Ag, () HBcAb, (+) HBsAb
isiers sign
cin stain, () bile stain, (+) CEA + findings consistent with intrahepatic bile duct obst.
in stain, (+) fetoprotein, (+) bile stain + findings consistent with intrahepatic bile duct obst
hilar region of liver + jaundice + empty gall bladder
ver mass with multiple blood filled spaces + (+) CD31 stain
tching in the distal ileum
nital aganglionic megacolon
hyroidism resulting from hyperactive nodule in multinodular goiter
te the following criteria with their clinical significance/diagnostic guidance regarding patients presentin
Follicular Adenoma w/ cells containing Abundant Mitochondria
mass in pt w/Hx of previous exposure to ionizing radiation
rphic tumor with Spindle cells (Thyroid)
stic lymphoid cells in thyroid w/ Hx of Hashimotos
lesions forming open ulcers in genital region lasting 710 days
A bodies/inclusions
mooth, skin colored, pearlywhitish, papule w/ Central umbilication
um bodies
projections on vulvar surface or genitoanal region
te/koilocytic change
an bodies containing calymmatobacterium (Donovani) granulomatis
t perierethral discharge
nder ulcer along vulvar surface
ly similar to G. inguinale with inguinal LN enlargement
area of thinned, cigarette paper appearance on skin of labia
ous cell hyperplasia of vulva in response to scratching or rubbing of the vulvar mucosa
white, red, or brown areas of vulva +/ itching

green discharge and vaginal itching; Large, pearshaped flagellated protozoa on wet mount
al use of Desplex (diethylstilbestrol; DES) during pregnancy
f rhabdomyoblasts beneath the squamous mucosa of the vagina

stain (+) (iodine stain test)

ocytes and plasma cells in the cervical stroma +/ germinal follicles in the peripubertal and postpartum
erry cervix

tella phenomenon (originally thought to occur in cancer but is now known to be normal)
n (cervix)
odular hyperplasia
l LNs Pelvic LNs Iliac LNs Periaortic LNs
cells present in the endometrial stroma
ce of endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium
n tumor without stromal invasion
myxoma peritonei
l invasion of an ovarian tumor
l cell pattern
n tumor of transitional epithelium origin containing Walthard rests
al Germ Cell Tumor
tissue tumor in ovary
al tumor containing primordial germ cells, fibrous septae, and lymphocytes
syndrome is a triad seen only in women and presents as ascites, right sided hydrothorax, and a particu
dstromal tumor producing:1. Estrogen, 2. Testosterone + Reinke crystals seen under LM
orm pattern of filled uterus on ultrasound + hydropic grapelike clusters of villi
ith enlarged, edematous villi and normal, maybe fibrotic villi.
G levels compared to normal pregnancy
diform mole with 46XX genotype
> 69XXX > 69XYY
illi within myometrium, vascular space, or other extrauterine sites found ~6months after molar evacua
epidermal involvement by malignant cells; Ulceration, fissuring, and oozing of the nipple skin.
al breast masses
mets, inflammatory carcinoma, locally advanced, LN involvement & large size
sign (periumbilical ecchymotic skin discoloration) and/or GreyTurner sign (ecchymotic discoloration of
urner sign
iption factor 7like2 (TCF7L2) polymorphism
R3/DR4 haplotypes; CD25 mutation ( chain IL2 receptor); CTLA4 and PTPN mutation
sm expressing gain of fx mutation in TSH receptor causing constitutive phosphorylation of cAMP(+)
35 (associated with a dz that usually occurs in females following a viral URI)
C & BRAF mutations
t(2:3) with PAX8/PPAR1 fusion

denomatous polyposis coli gene)

smatch repair loss of fx mutation
ophysin (+)

AD, AntiICA 512, Antiinsulin

cmyc > Her2/neu

mutation (on ovarian biopsy)

en/progesterone receptors and Her2/neu

2 mutation and axillary LAD in a male patient with family hx of breast ca
utation on codon 12 of Kras

fx mutation in subunit of Gs
mutation (codes for stimulatory Gprotein alpha subunit; Gsalpha)

growth stimulating antibodies & TSHbinding inhibitor antibodies

rotein in male with no liver pathology

in males showing lactate dehydrogenase

cental alk phosph (PLAP), OCT3/4, NANOG, ckit
30, cytokeratins, OCT3/4, PLAP
mal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
s Sometimes Penetrate Benign Liver
Bad Stuff Kills Glia
atic dz of bone is much more common than primary bone cancers; Name the 2 MC primary sites of bon
s:cytoplasm ratio in benign vs. malignant cells
Kicking Tumors Penetrate The Bone
alcemia is the MC endocrine paraneoplastic sz: Name the MC neoplasms/mediators causing hypercalce
y neoplasm MC causing cushing's sz and the mediator responsible
plasms causing SIADH and the mediators responsible
on paraneoplastic sz of RCC and mediator responsible
oplastic sz produced by thymoma's and bronchogenic carcinoma's and mediator responsible
asms commonly causing acromegaly as a paraneoplastic sz and mediators responsible
owing classes of genes must be turned on/off (which one?) in order to lead to cancer; Protooncogenes
owing classes of genes must be turned on/off (which one?) in order to lead to cancer; Protooncogenes
he AR disease showing a very high incidence of skin cancer. What is the defect?
genic chemical that leads to irreversible DNA damage in the cell
genic chemical that does not affect DNA, but promote cell growth and differentiation, usually reversibl
mage by UV rays commonly lead to what 3 malignancies?
ine (or thymidine) dimers usually result from what specific type of radiation? How are they normally re
h protooncogene/action combination listed, name the associated tumor: 1.abl/signal transduction, 2.
h protooncogene/action combination listed, name the associated tumor: 1. ras/signal transduction, 2.

h tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associated cancer: 1. RB/1

h tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associated cancer: 1. p16/
h tumorsuppressor gene/chromosome/action combination listed, name the associated cancer: 1. DPC
h chemical carcinogen, name the associated cancer/pathology: 1. Aflatoxin, 2. Vinyl chloride, 3. CCl4, 4
h chemical carcinogen, name the associated cancer: 1. Aniline dyes (betanapthylamine), 2. Alkylating
sms associated with HPVs 16 and 18 and the mechanism
sms associated with HTLV1 and mechanism
sm associated with HBV and HCV and mechanism
sms associated with EBV and mechanism
sms associated with HHV8 and population in which they are seen
sm associated with H. pylori and mechanism
sms associated with Down syndrome
sms associated with albinism
sms associated with Tuberous sclerosis
sms associated with Paget's dz of bone (aka osteitis deformans)
sm associated with AIDS
sm associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and postsurgical gastric remnant
sm associated with PlummerVinson sz
sm associated with Ulcerative colitis
sm associated with Immunodeficiency
sm associated with autoimmune dz
sm associated with acanthosis nigricans
sm associated with dysplastic nevus
sm associated with AIDS
sm associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and postsurgical gastric remnant
sm associated with PlummerVinson sz
sm associated with Ulcerative colitis
sm associated with Immunodeficiency
sm associated with autoimmune dz
sm associated with acanthosis nigricans
sm associated with dysplastic nevus
eter measuring the partial preasure of oxygen (or CO2) dissolved in the plasma (unbound to Hb); Chang
eter measuring the percentage of heme groups bound by oxygen
eter measuring the total O2 in the blood; affected by Hb concentration in RBCs (Most important), PaO2,
atecolored blood and cyanosis, O2 administration does not correct cyanosis, tx is methylene blue dye
eter measuring the partial preasure of oxygen (or CO2) dissolved in the plasma (unbound to Hb); Chang
eter measuring the percentage of heme groups bound by oxygen

cafeaulait spots, short stature, young girls

ght reflex)

een (Elongated, needleshaped, cytoplasmic clumps of azurophilic granules composed of fused lysosom

on w/smokeless)

nodosa (usually medium) affecting smaller arteries than classic PAN

%), lung damage, and arthritis (60%)

th a crescendodecrescendo pattern in the depth of respirations, to compensate for changing serum pa

histiocytes)

hing gradually becomes deep, slow, labored and gasping)

owed by deterioration of pt's status)

of lateral conjugate gaze in which affected eye shows impaired adduction)

with IgA nephropathy (berger's dz)

so displays progressive nonfluent aphasia

tral regurgitation, or LV failure (CHF)

c stenosis

ticuloendothelial blockade; often seen during delivery or abortion)

en smeared on a glass slide)

/3 of HSP pts get this dz)

and epitheliod foci

spots, precocious puberty

(multiple nuclei in cell)

nephrotic sz

s and microcystic changes on EM

HTN (sometimes), and poor steroid response/px

a, thrombi in glomerular capillaries/arterioles

derly with additional risk factors

ges and may lie relatively superficial or deep in the subcutis?

and in turn, hypoC3emia)

e of osteoblasts) expression

r's sz, enteritis associated, and psoriatic)

tween keratinocytes)

ibiting papillary fronds lined by a double row of oncocytic cells resting on a nonneoplastic resident lym

of basal cells, sawtoothing of rete ridges, exocytosis.

ed or pt using antibiotics, and diabetics

rrhagic gingivitis
, stress, trauma and menstrual periods. Afebrile illness with no adenopathy.

ns. With target lesions of palms and soles

resembling an adenoid cystic carcinoma histologically

not expected in children

ave skin/other mucosal lesions
10d but are differentiated from 2nd herpes infxn due to completely different location and lack of vesicl
king (Is smoking really "Warth" it?)
s clothing
s cheese pattern on histology

ngated cerebellar tonsils and herniated cerebellar vermis, sshaped kink at the cervicomedullary junc

and an enlarged posterior fossa

efects, others
may be asymptomatic, but may be associated with other abnormalities

xic/ischemic lesion of premature infants

ct or foramen of Monro)

ure or shock
ar malformation

Occur anywhere but prefer basal ganglia and pons

ons referred to as?
ovenous malformations (the latter 2 sometimes occur in intra or extraparenchymal vessels)

circulation; no permanent damage but precursor for future stroke

ed MMA; If not corrected, increasing intracranial pressure leads to herniation and death
ng veins w/wo skull fracture

nferior frontal/anterior temporal regions

ctures, and rostral pons
nus infxn, surgery

s capsule, reactive gliosis

sarcoidosis on histology and gross appearance

omas of skin & mucosa

infiltrative opthalmopathy 3Pretibial myxedema infiltrative localized dermopathy

bile duct obst

ding patients presenting with a thyroid mass: 1. Solitary nodule, 2. Pt is male, 3. Pt is <40yo, 4. Pt has

wet mount

bertal and postpartum females

rothorax, and a particular tumor. What is the tumor found in Mieg's triad?

ths after molar evacuation

e nipple skin.

motic discoloration of the flank)

ylation of cAMP(+)

MC primary sites of bone mets

ors causing hypercalcemia

responsible

ncer; Protooncogenes, tumorsuppressor/antioncogenes

ncer; Protooncogenes, tumorsuppressor/antioncogenes

ation, usually reversible

w are they normally repaired?

ignal transduction, 2. cmyc/transcription activator, 3. bcl2/inhibits apoptosis, 4. erbB2 or HER2/GF
signal transduction, 2. Lmyc/transcription activator, 3. Nmyc/transcription activator, 4. ret/GF recepto

ociated cancer: 1. RB/13q/cell cycle reg., 2. BRCA 1 & 2/17q & 13q/DNA repair, 3. p53/17p/regulation of
ociated cancer: 1. p16/9p/cell cycle control & DNA repair, 2. WT1/11q/nuclear transcription, 3. NF1/17q
ociated cancer: 1. DPC/18q/cell surface receptor, 2. DCC/18q/cell surface receptor
inyl chloride, 3. CCl4, 4. Nitrosamines, 5. Arsenic
ylamine), 2. Alkylating agents, 3. Benzene

cal gastric remnant

cal gastric remnant

unbound to Hb); Changes with percenage of O2 in inspired air, Patm, and O2 exchange (eg pulmonary

Most important), PaO2, and SaO2

s methylene blue dye (or ascorbic acid [vit C])
unbound to Hb); Changes with percenage of O2 in inspired air, Patm, and O2 exchange (eg pulmonary