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e-ISSN: 23210990, p-ISSN: 23210982.Volume 3, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 16-20
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Abstract: Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network , Fuzzy Logic, GIS, Landslide, Susceptibility Mapping, Support Vector
Machine
I.
Introduction
Landslides are among the great destructive factors which cause lots of fatalities and financial losses all
over the world every year [4]. It has been estimated that, on an average, the damage caused by landslides in the
Himalayas costs more than US$ one billion, besides causing about 200 deaths every year, which amounts to
30% of such losses occurring world-wide [5]. Hence, it is important to predict landslide susceptibility of
landslide prone areas and thus the study of landslide susceptibility mapping has become one of the major areas
of research.
The objective of landslide susceptibility map is to predict the areas where the slope failure is most
likely to occur. According to Brabb. E.E landslide susceptibility is defined as the likelihood of a landslide
occurring in an area on the basis of local terrain conditions. It is the degree to which a terrain can be affected by
slope movements, i.e., an estimate of where landslides are likely to occur [7].There are various factors on
which the accuracy of a landslide susceptibility map depends, they are (i) Modeling assumptions i.e. the
likeliness of the landslide to occur in future under the same conditions that has led to landslide occurrences in
the past. (ii) Landslide inventory map (iii) quality of relevant thematic and environmental data, including maps
showing morphological, geological, and land use conditions prone to landslides [16]. (iv) Modeling approach
adopted for the susceptibility assessment. However, the techniques adopted for landslide susceptibility mapping
can be broadly classified into direct and indirect techniques or, into qualitative and quantitative [6] though the
accuracy of each method depends upon the various parameter selection.
In direct mapping, the geomorphologist, based on his experience and knowledge of the terrain
conditions determines the degree of susceptibility directly [9]. In indirect mapping, statistical or deterministic
models are used to predict the landslide prone areas, based on the information obtained from the interrelation
between landslide conditioning factors and landslide distribution [9]. Qualitative methods are a relatively
subjective approach that represents the prone levels of a landslide in descriptive expressions based on decisions
of experts [10][11][12][13][14].Quantitative models use a numerical assessment of the relationship between
slope instability and other controlling factors [15]. Quantitative methods depend closely on mathematical
models [17].
Although both quantitative and qualitative approaches, have their own advantages and disadvantages,
however, quantitative approach is widely preferred over the qualitative approach because of its feature of nondependence over human judgments and over the recent years, GIS has been extensively used along with these
approaches as it facilitates the production of landslide maps, reducing the time and resources required for their
compilation and systematic update[18] thereby solving problems related to the production, update and
visualization of landslide maps [18].
Quantitative approach can broadly be classified into three categories viz. deterministic analysis,
statistical methods, and artificial intelligence techniques. These techniques rely mostly on the mathematical
models and less on human judgments unlike the qualitative approach and thus tend to give a comparatively more
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03111620
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II.
Related Work
Over the recent years, soft computing techniques for land-slide susceptibility mapping have gained
significant importance as these techniques are concerned with the use of nonlinear models that can be applied to
the multi-source data analysis and classification with respect to landslide [18]. There are various soft computing
techniques that can be use, however, some of the commonly used soft computing techniques that have been
discussed here are fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks and support vector machines.
2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
Biswajeet Pradhan proposed a model for land-slide susceptibility mapping using artificial neural
network using the back propagation algorithm. Five different training samples were selected to train the ANN in
order to avoid bias effect in the nal results. Here, nine geological and geomorphological factors including,
topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature, distance to drainage, lithology, distance to faults,
soil texture, landcover and normalized dierence vegetation index (ndvi) were taken into account to predict the
landslide susceptible areas. The results of the landslide susceptibility maps were validated using the existing
landslide location data with the aid of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) approaches. This approach gave
a minimum accuracy of 82.92% and a maximum accuracy of 92.59%. The ROC curve explains how well the
model and attributed predict the landslide and thus assist the area under curve (AUC) to make the predictions
more accurately [27].
Isik Yilmaz proposed models for landslide susceptibility mapping using Frequency Ratio, Logistic
Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and then a comparative study of all these three models were made.
Here, eight geological and geomorphological factors including, geology, faults, drainage system,
topographical elevation, slope angle slope aspect, topographic wetness index(TWI) and stream power
index(SPI) were taken into ac-count to predict the landslide susceptible areas. The validation of these models
was done using area under curve (AUC) values. The ideal range of values ranges from .5 to 1. The model that
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03111620
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Advantages
It allows a nonlinear relationship between the
landslide and main susceptibility factors.
They are independent of the statistical distribution of
the data and thus specific assumptions with the
multivariate data distribution were not required.
Fuzzy Logic
III.
Disadvantages
This technique demands the conversion of
data to other format such as ASCII which
again needs to be reconverted so that it can
be incorporated with GIS. It also takes a
longer execution time with heavy computing
load.
The choice of fuzzy operator should be done
very carefully as it creates a huge impact,
make the best prediction.
In the areas that involves high mathematical
description, the computing power poses as
one of the restrictions for complete
mathematical restriction.
Efficiency of this technique depends on the
choice of the kernel function parameter.
Although Support Vector Machine (SVM) is
a widely used classifier, it poses a very high
algorithmic complexity.
Conclusion
In the recent years, soft computing techniques have been gaining popularity because it provides a
predictable and better solution. However, it is observed that every soft computing technique have their own
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03111620
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