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Assessment of Harmonic Distortion and

Voltage Unbalance

Zia Emin
National Grid Transco
Network Design
System Policy & Support

What is Quality of Supply? (1)

Ideal 3-Phase Balanced Voltages


1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
V(Red)
0.5

V(Yellow)

0.4

V(Blue)

0.3
0.2

V(pu)

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1
0

0.01

0.02
Time(Seconds)

0.03

0.04

What is Quality of Supply? (2)

Actual measurement 3-phase measurement


1.5

V (pu)

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Todays Talk

Will cover harmonic voltage distortion and voltage unbalance


assessment in some detail

Will not cover voltage dips, voltage steps, flicker or transients

Voltage Waveform Quality: the Grid Code

National Grid is bound by Grid Code CC6.1.5 to:


Apply G5/4 planning criteria for new connections to limit harmonic
emissions
Take existing and prospective users into account
Comply with the compatibility levels of G5/4
To ensure, under planned conditions, a maximum continuous Phase
Voltage Unbalance of <1% unless abnormal conditions prevail

ER G5/4 Stage 3 Assessment

All new connections at 33 kV

Detailed harmonic impedance model of the network

Consider voltage distortion at the connection point and other nodes


(not necessarily owned by NGT)
Resonance conditions must be considered

Stage 3 Assessment Process

BACKGROUND
MEASUREMENTS

HARMONIC
STUDIES

ESTIMATE
TOTAL HARMONIC
VOLTAGES

EMISSION
LIMITS

Harmonic Studies (1)

Entire transmission system modelled


Consider various demand levels and typical planned outages
Include detailed distribution networks near the connection point
Remaining distribution networks represented by simpler lumped load
models

Harmonic Studies (2)

For each system condition, calculate up to the 50th harmonic:


Harmonic self-impedance (ZAh) at the connection point (node A)
Voltage gain to other nodes (GAXh)
Harmonic voltages:
At the connection point: VAh = Ih ZAh
At a remote node X:

VXh = VAh GAXh

Harmonic Study Example

(ZAh)

Node A

VAh=Ih . ZAh

Node B
AE

Ih

GA

Polluting Load

400kV
132kV
MV

Node E

G AC

Node H

VHh=GAHh . VAh

Node C

Self-Impedance at Node A (ZAh)

0.5
intact system
system condition 1
system condition 2

Zmag (pu)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

10

12

14

harmonic number

16

18

20

22

24

Voltage Gains

Intact System Conditions

8.0
7.0

G AB
G AE

voltage gain

6.0

G AH

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

10

12

14

harmonic number

16

18

20

22

24

Background Measurements

Minimum period of 7 days (no bank holidays!)


95th percentile assumed for background
Preferably no outages
Choose a few representative sites
Not possible at some locations (no suitable transducer)
Access can be a problem (3rd party sites)

Example Background Measurement

th

Harmonic Voltage

3.0%

95th Percentile (2.35%)


2.5%

Magnitude

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Estimate Total Individual Harmonic Voltages

Combine study results and measured background:


Assume 0 phase shift for the harmonic with the highest magnitude

Vtotalh = Vcalch + Vmeash


90 for the rest
2

Vtotalh = Vcalch + Vmeash

Estimated Total Harmonic Voltage (5th)

3.50%
new load
background

3.00%

th

5 harmonic voltage magnitude

G5/4 Planning Level

2.50%

2.00%

1.50%

1.00%

0.50%

0.00%
A (400kV)

B (132kV)
Nodes

E (11kV)

Harmonic Emission Limits

Set to declared emission level, unless planning levels are exceeded

Otherwise, reduce emission until Vtotalh is below planning level at all


nodes

What if background already exceeds planning level?

Phase Unbalance

Under unfaulted system condition, caused by:


Untransposed transmission lines
Unbalanced loads (e.g. traction supplies)

Balanced Phases

Unbalanced Phases

Inverse relationship to system strength eg 50 MVA phase to phase load at


fault level of 5000 MVA gives approx 1% NPS voltage

Highest risk is generator NPS relay operation

Low NPS levels when the network is intact

Unfavourable outages could lead to higher levels

Where does OHL NPS come from?

For a double-circuit one can write [Vseq ] = [Z seq ]* [I seq ]


where

Vseq

V1 pps

V
1nps
V1zps
=

V2 pps
V2 nps

V2 zps

I seq

I1 pps

I
1nps
I1zps
=

I 2 pps
I 2 nps

I 2 zps

Z seq

Z11
Z
21
Z
= 31
Z 41
Z 51

Z 61

Z12

Z13 Z14

Z15

Z 22
Z 32
Z 42
Z 52
Z 62

Z 23
Z 33
Z 43
Z 53
Z 63

Z 25
Z 35
Z 45
Z 55
Z 65

Z 24
Z 34
Z 44
Z 54
Z 64

Z16
Z 26
Z 36

Z 46
Z 56

Z 66

V1nps = Z 21 I1 pps + Z 22 I1nps + Z 23 I1zps + Z 24 I 2 pps + Z 25 I 2 nps + Z 26 I 2 zps

if the phasings are RYB/BYR then


0.25686
0.02743

0.023 78
=
Z
seq 0.013 81

0.015 151
0.010 125

0.027135
0.25686
0.025 108
0.015 31
0.013 101
0.01078

0.025 108
0.023 78
0.77882
0.010114
0.01043
0.43678

0.013 101
0.015 151
0.01043
0.25686
0.02715
0.02511

0.015 31
0.013 81
0.010114
0.027163
0.25686
0.023161

0.010 76
0.010 125

0.43678
0.023161

0.02511
0.77882

Configurations Leading to System Unbalance

outaged

outaged

Loop in of a demand point creating mismatch in flows

Loop in of a demand point creating opposite flows


B

C
outaged

Loop in of a generation point creating opposite flows

NPS Voltage due to Flow Mismatch

1000

1.00%
outage of C - B
line taken at this
point

outaged

0.90%
flow from A to B

800

0.80%

700

0.70%

600

NPS voltage at C

0.60%

500

0.50%

400

0.40%

300

0.30%
flow from A to C

200
100

0.20%
0.10%

flow from C to B
0

0.00%
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00
time (hr)

NPS voltage (% of fundamental)

power flow (MW)

900

NPS Voltage due to Counter Flow

Approximate NPS levels for generation connected to Quad Circuit


Single circuit export with counter flow in the parallel circuit
5

400 MW gen/1400 MVA flow


3

400 MW gen/2400 MVAflow

NPS
Volts
%

400 MW flow/3400 MVA flow


800 MW gen/1800 MVA flow
2

800 MW gen/2800 MVA flow


800 MW gen/3800 MVA flow

Flow

Gen

0
0

25

50
Line Length kM

75

100

NPS Voltage Measurement

0.5

95th percentile

NPS Voltage (%)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

Sun

Mon

Tue

Effects of Phasing

RYB

NPS/ZPS
Currents
Maximised

NPS/ZPS
Voltages
Maximised
RYB YBR BRY

YBR

BRY

Distribution of NPS Voltage with Proper Phasing

RYB

RBY

BYR

YBR
YRB

BRY

Unbalanced Loads
Optimum Phase-Pair Allocation

1.2

1.2

-------- 0.9pf
-------- 1.0pf

90
1

-------- 0.9pf
-------- 1.0pf

Y-B load

90
1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4
0.2

0.2

180
-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

Y-B load

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

180
1.2

-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-0.2

-0.2

B-R load

B-R load
-0.4

-0.4

-0.6

-0.6

-0.8

-0.8

R-Y load
-1
-1.2

270

-1
-1.2

R-Y load
270

1.2

Controlling NPS Voltages

Introduce phase transpositions


Create parallel lines
Install phase balancer

Transposition Tower (Its nothing new)

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