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PROBLEMS

3.1 A Carnot heat engine receives 1000 kJ/s of heat from a high temperature
source at 600?
C and rejects heat to a cold temperature sink at 20?
C.
a. What is the thermal efficiency of this engine?
b. What is the power delivered by the engine in watts?
c. At what rate is heat rejected to the cold temperature sink?
d. What is the entropy change of the sink?
3.2 A heat engine supposedly receives 500 kJ/s of heat from an 1100-K source
and rejects 300 kJ/s to a low-temperature sink at 300 K.
a. Is this possible or impossible?
b. What would be the net rate of change of entropy for this system?164 THE ELECT
RIC POWER INDUSTRY
3.3 A solar pond consists of a thin layer of fresh water floating on top of a
denser layer of salt water. When the salty layer absorbs sunlight it warms
up and much of that heat is held there by the insulating effect of the fresh
water above it (without the fresh water, the warm salt water would rise
to the surface and dissipate its heat to the atmosphere). A solar pond can
easily be 100?
C above the ambient temperature.
Salty layer
Freshwater
Figure P3.3
a. What is the maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating off of a
120?
C solar pond on a 20?
C day?
b. If a real engine is able to achieve half the efficiency of a Carnot engine,
how many kilowatt hours of electricity could be generated per day from
a 100 m 100 m pond that captures and stores 50% of the 7 kWh/m2
solar radiation striking the surface?
c. For a house that requires 500 kWh per (30-day) month, what area of
pond would be needed?
3.4 A combined-cycle, natural-gas, power plant has an efficiency of 52%. Natural
gas has an energy density of 55,340 kJ/kg and about 77% of the fuel
is carbon.
a. What is the heat rate of this plant expressed as kJ/kWh and Btu/kWh?
b. Find the emission rate of carbon (kgC/kWh) and carbon dioxide
(kgCO2/kWh). Compare those with the average coal plant emission rates
found in Example 3.2.
3.5 A new coal-fired power plant with a heat rate of 9000 Btu/kWh burns coal
with an energy content of 24,000 kJ/kg. The coal content includes 62-%
carbon, 2-% sulfur and 10-% unburnable minerals called ash.
a. What will be the carbon emission rate (g C/kWh)?
b. What will be the uncontrolled sulfur emission rate (g S/kWh)?
c. If 70% of the ash is released as particular matter from the stack (called fly
ash), what would be the uncontrolled particulate emission rate (g/kWh)?
d. Since the Clean Air Act restricts SO2 emissions to 130 g of sulfur per
106 kJ of heat into the plant, what removal efficiency does the scrubber
need to have for this plant?PROBLEMS 165
e. What efficiency does the particulate removal equipment need to have to
meet the Clean Air Act standard of no more than 13 g of fly ash per
106 kJ of heat input?
3.6 Using the representative capital costs of power plant and fuels given in
Table 3.3, compute the cost of electricity from the following power plants.
For each, assume a fixed charge rate of 0.14/yr.
a. Pulverized coal steam plant with capacity factor CF = 0.7.
b. Advanced coal steam plant with CF = 0.8.
c. Oil/gas steam plant with CF = 0.5.

d. Combined cycle gas plant with CF = 0.5.


e. Gas-fired combustion turbine with CF = 0.2.
f. SIGT gas turbine with CF = 0.4.
g. New hydroelectric plant with CF = 0.6.
h. Wind turbine costing $800/kW, CF = 0.37, O&M = 0.60/kWh
3.7 Consider the following very simplified load duration curve for a small utili
ty:
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Hours/year
Demand (MW)
8760 hr/yr
Figure P3.7
a. How many hours per year is the load less than 200 MW?
b. How many hours per year is the load between 300 MW and 600 MW?
c. If the utility has 500 MW of base-load coal plants, what would their
average capacity factor be?
d. How many kWh would those coal plants deliver per year?
3.8 If the utility in Problem 3.7 has 400 MW of peaking power plants with the
following revenue required curve, what would be the cost of electricity
(/kWh) from these plants when operated as peakers?166 THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Capacity Factor
$/YR-KW
Figure P3.8
3.9 Consider screening curves for gas turbines and coal-fired power plants given
below along with a load duration curve for a hypothetical utility:
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
CAPACITY FACTOR
$/YR-KW
COAL

GAS
TURBINE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% OF YEARLY HOURS
million kW
Figure P3.9PROBLEMS 167
a. For a least-cost combination of power plants, how many MW of each
kind of power plant should the utility have?
b. What would the cost of electricity be ($/kWh) for the gas turbines sized
in (a)?
3.10 The following table gives capital costs and variable costs for a coal plant
,
a natural gas combined-cycle plant, and a natural-gas-fired gas turbine:
COAL NG CC NG GT
Capital Cost ($/kW) $ 1,500.00 $ 1,000.00 $ 500.00
Variable Cost (/kWh) 2.50 4.00 8.00
The utility uses a fixed charge rate of 0.10/yr for capital costs. Its load dura
tion
curve is shown as follows.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
HRS/YR
DEMAND (MW)
Figure P3.10
a. Draw the screening curves (Revenue Required $/yr-kW vs hr/yr) for each
of the three types of power plants.
b. For a least-cost combination of power plants, how many MW of each
kind of power plant should the utility have? If you plot this carefully, you
can do it graphically. Otherwise you may need to solve algebraically.
c. Estimate the average capacity factor for each type of power plant.
d. How many MWhr of electricity would each type of power plant generate
each year?168 THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
e. What annual revenue would the utility need to receive from each type
of power plant?
f. What would be the cost of electricity (/kWh) from each type of power
plant?
3.11 A 345 kV, three-phase transmission system uses 0.642-in. diameter ACSR
cable to deliver 200 MW to a wye-connected load 100 miles away. Compute
the line losses if the power factor is 0.90.

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