07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

Design of Structural
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand
Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Lige, Belgium
Steel Joints
Introduction
Integration of joints into
structural design process
Moment resistant joints
Simple joints
Design tools
Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples
EN 1993 Part 1.8

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Basis of design
Chapter 3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Chapter 4 Welded connections
Chapter 5 Analysis, classification and modelling
Chapter 6 Structural joints connecting H or I sections
Chapter 7 Hollow section joints
Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
Background information
Design guidelines
2 Basis of design Partial safety coefficients
3 Connections made mechanical fasteners
4 Welded connections
Steel Joints
Introduction

Simple joints
Design tools
Actual joint response
Actual joint response
M
M Rd
S j,ini
cd
Influence on the structural response

Displacements
Internal forces
Failure mode and failure load
Four successive steps for structural integration

M
?
?
Characterization
Classification
M
Modelling
Idealization
Characterization
Search for a unified approach whatever the material
Various configurations (1)

Continuity
Beam-to-beam
Column bases

Joints in portal frames

Connections and joints in
composite construction
Various cross-section shapes (1)

Hot-rolled and
cold-formed
Various cross-section shapes (2)

Built-up profiles
Various connection elements

End plates
Cleats
Splices
Economy
Reduced fabrication, transportation and erection costs
Specific design criteria

Robustness
Joints as key elements
Characterization (1)
Search for a unified approach
Characterization (2)
Eurocode 3 Part 1-8
Beam-to-beam joints, splices, beam-to-column joints and column
bases:
welded connections
bolted connections (anchors for column bases)
Background: COMPONENT METHOD
Characterization (3) - component method

column web
in shear
Three steps
column web
in compression
column web
in tension
First step
Identification of the
active components
F
Second step:
Response of the
components
E k1
M j ,Rd min Fi ,Rd z
Assembly of the
components
E k3
E k2
Third step:
F3,Rd
F2,Rd
F1,Rd
Mj,Rd
S j ,ini
Sj,ini
cd
E z2
1
k
i
Characterization (4) - component method

EC3 Part 1-8 provides therefore:
a library of components
rules for the evaluation of the properties of the components
(stiffness, resistance, deformation capacity)
rules for the evaluation of the possible component interactions
assembly rules for components
Applicable for simple joint and moment resistant joint
Characterization (4) Hollow section joints

Different approach for lattice girder joints
For many types of joint configurations:
Joints considered as a whole
Check of relevant failure modes
Scope of application to be checked

M
?
?
Characterization
Classification
M
Modelling
Idealization
Classification (1)
Mj
Rigid
Rigid
Stiffness
Semi-rigid
Semi-rigid
Sj,ini
Pinned
Pinned
Classification
stiffness
for boundaries
Boundaries
Initialinitial
joint stiffness
stiffness
Joint
Classification (2)
Mj
Full resistance
Full-strength
Resistance
Mj,Rd
Partial-strength
Partial resistance
Pinned
Pinned
Boundaries for
strength
Classification
boundaries
Joint
Jointresistance
strength
Classification (3)
Ductility
Brittle
Semi-ductile
Ductile
Mj

M
?
?
Characterization
Classification
M
Modelling
Idealization
Modelling
JOINT
MODELLING
SIMPLE
SEMICONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINTS
MAJOR AXIS BENDING
BEAM
SPLICES
COLUMN
BASES

M
?
?
Characterization
Classification
M
Modelling
Idealization
Steel Joints
Introduction

Simple joints
Design tools
Example
Single sided beam-to-column joint configuration, bolted end-plate connection
4 M16 8.8
w=
30 80 30
p=60
u=10
+
140
M 0 1,0
M 1 1,0
3
240
120
60
15
M
IPE220
+ 10
HEB140
Material: S 235
To be evaluated:
Design moment resistance , initial stiffness
General data
Equivalent T-stub in tension

Ft
Column
hwc hc 2t fc 2rc 140 2 12 2 12 92mm
Ft /4
Avc Ac 2bc t fc twc 2rc

Ft 2/4
4295,6 2 140 12 7 2 12 12 1307,6mm
w t fc
2
0,8 rc
80 7
0,812 26,9mm
2
bc w 140 80
30mm
2
2
m pl , fc 0, 25
t 2fc f yc
M0
122 235
0, 25
8460 Nmm / mm
1,0
Ft /4
Ft /4
m
l eff
General data
Beam
4 M16 8.8
w=
30 80 30
p=60
u=10
Lever arm
z hb u
3
240
120
60
+ 10
140
t fb
2
p 220 10
M c ,Rd (classe 1 section)
9, 2
60 165, 4 mm
2
W pl , yb f yb
M0
15
285.406 235106
67,07 kNm
1,0
z
IPE220
5
General data
End plate
mp
mp2
w twb
80 5,9
0,8 2aw
0,8 2 3 33,66mm
2
2
mp 2 p u t fb 0,8 2a f 60 10 9,2 0,8 2 5 35,14mm
ep
bp w 140 80
30mm
2
2
m pl , p 0, 25
t 2p f yp
M0
152 235
0, 25
13.218 Nmm / mm
1,0
mp
General data
End plate
Alpha factor for effective lengths
mp
mp ep
mp2
mp ep
33,66
0,53
33,66 30
35,14
0,55
33,66 30
5,5
General data
Bolts
Ft ,Rd
0,9 fub As
Mb
0,9 800 157 103
90, 43kN
1, 25
Fv ,Rd (shear plane in thread)
0,6 fub As
Mb
Lb t fc t p 0,5 hbolt hnut 12 15
0,6 800 157 103
60,3kN
1.25
1
10 14,8 2 4 47, 4mm
2
Component No 1 Column web in shear

Resistance
0,9 Avc f y ,cw 0,9 1307,6 235 103
Vwc ,Rd
159,7 kN
3 M 0
3 1,0
F
Vwp
Transformation parameter
Assumption : 1
z
Vwp
FRd ,1
Vwc ,Rd 159,7
159,7 kN
F
Stiffness coefficient
k1
0,38 Avc 0,381307,6
3,004mm
h
1165, 4
Component No 2 Column web in compression

Resistance
beff ,c ,wc min t fb 2a f 2 2t p 5 t fc s ; t fb a f 2 t p u 5 t fc s
min 9, 2 2 5 2 2 15 5 12 12 ; 9, 2 5 2 15 10 5 12 12 161, 27 mm
Reduction factors to account for compression stresses and instability

Assumption : kwc min 1,0; 1,7 com ,Ed / f y ,wc 1,0
p 0,932
1
beff ,c ,wc d c f y ,wc

Et
0,932
wc
11,3 beff ,c ,wc twc / Avc
161, 27 92 235
0,543 0,673 1,0
210000 7 7
1
11,3 161, 27 7 1307,6
0,713
FRd ,2 kwc beff ,c ,wc twc f y ,wc / M 1 1 0,713 1161,27 7 23510 3 1,0 189,1kN
Component No 2 Column web in compression
k2
0,7 beff ,c ,wc twc

hwc
0,7 161, 27 7
8,589mm
92
Fi ki E
Component No 3 Column web in tension

Resistance
beff ,t ,wc min 2 m ;4m 1, 25e min 2 26,9;4 26,9 1, 25 30 145,10 mm
11,3 beff ,t ,wc twc / Avc
1
11,3 145,1 7 1307,6
0,749
FRd ,3 beff ,t ,wc twc f y ,wc / M 0 0,749 145,1 7 235103 1,0 178,7 kN
k3
0,7 beff ,t ,wc twc

hwc
0,7 145,1 7
7,728mm
92
Component No 4 Column flange in bending

Component No 5 End plate in bending
Equivalent T-stub in tension
Ft
Ft /4
Ft /4
Ft /4
Ft /4
m
l eff
T-stub Effective length

Distinction between circular and non-circular yield line patterns
Circular patterns
Non-circular patterns

Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Group 1+2
Group 2+3
Group 1+2+3

Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 3
FRd ,3 min ( FRd ,3,indiv ; FRd ,3, group )
Bolt rows considered

In this example: only bolt row 1 is considered for tension forces
4 M16 8.8
w=
30 80 30
p=60
60
u=10
3
240
120
+
140
15
+ 10
Row 1
M
IPE220
5
Row 2
HEB140

Resistance
leff ,t , fc beff ,t ,wc 145,1mm (see column web in tension)
n min e ;1, 25m ; bp w / 2 min 30;1, 25 26,9;30 30mm

Mode 1 - Complete yielding of the flange
Ffc ,Rd ,t1
4leff ,t , fc m pl , fc
m
4 145,1 8460
103 182,5kN
26,9
Mode 2 - Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

2 leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 2 Bt ,Rd n 2 145,1 8460 2 90, 4 103 30
Ffc ,Rd ,t 2
103 138,5kN
mn
26,9 30
Mode 3 - Bolt failure

Ffc ,Rd ,t 3 2 Bt ,Rd 2 90, 43 180,9kN

Resistance
FRd ,4 min Ffc ,Rd ,t1 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 2 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 3 138,5kN
k4
0,9 leff , fc ,t t 3fc

m3
0,9 145,1123
11,59mm
26,93

Resistance
leff ,t , p min 2 m p ; m p min 2 33,66; 5,5 33,66 185 mm
n p min e p ;1, 25m p ; e min 30;1, 25 33,66;30 30mm
Mode 1:
Mode 2:
Fep ,Rd ,1
Fep ,Rd ,2
4leff ,t , p m pl , p
mp
4 18513.218
103 291kN
33,66
2 leff , p ,t m pl , p 2 Bt ,Rd n p
mp np
2 18513.218 2 90, 43 103 30
103 162,1kN
33,66 30
FRd ,5 min Fep ,Rd ,1 ; Fep ,Rd ,2 ; Fep ,Rd ,3 162,1kN
k5
0,9 leff ,t , p t 3p
m3p
0,9 185,0 153
14,73mm
33,663
Component No 7 Beam flange and web in compression

Resistance
FRd ,7 M c ,Rd / hb t fb
k7
67,07
318, 2kN
210,8103
Component No 8 Beam web in tension

Resistance
beff ,t ,wb leff ,t , p 185mm
FRd ,8 beff ,t ,wb twb f yb / M 0 185 5,9 235 103 1,0 256,5kN
k8
Component No 10 Bolts in tension

Resistance
FRd ,10 2 Bt ,Rd 2 90, 43 180,9kN
k10 1,6
As
157
1,6
5,30mm
Lb
47, 4
Mode 3 in T-stubs for components:

column flange in bending
end plate in bending
Design moment resistance

Relevant component
FRd min FRd ,i 138,5kN
M j,Rd
(Column flange in bending)
Design plastic moment resistance

M j ,Rd FRd z 138,5 165,4 103 22,91kNm
Design elastic moment resistance

2
M j ,el ,Rd M j ,Rd 15, 27 kNm
3
Stiffness
Initial stiffness
210000 165, 42 106
S j ,ini E h / 1 ki
6234 kNm / rad
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
3,004 8,589 7,728 11,59 14,73 5,30

2
Secant stiffness
S j S j ,ini / 2 3117 kNm / rad
S j,ini
Design moment-rotation characteristic

M
M j,Rd
Sj,ini
2/3Mj,Rd
Sj
Ersatzsteifigkeit:
Secant
stiffness
S j = S j,ini /
Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Nominally pinned joints
Braced frame
Nominally pinned joints
V0
M=0
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
Background information
Design guidelines
Classification and modelling of joints

Nominally pinned joints :
Mj
Sj,ini <<
Rigid
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned
Limits for classification of joints by stiffness

Initial stiffness of the joint

Semi-rigid joints :
Mj
Rigid
Sj,ini
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned
Limits for classification of joints by stiffness

Initial stiffness of the joint

As an alternative to a semi-continuous modelling (semi-rigid joints), is it safe to
model the joints as nominally pinned whilst they are actually semi-rigid?
??
Semi-rigid
Sj,ini > 0,5EIb/Lb
Partial strength
Mj,Rd > 0,25 Mfull-strength
Nominally pinned
Sj,ini = 0
Nominally pinned
Mj,Rd = 0

Yes, under the reservation the joint has:
a sufficient rotation capacity
= capacity to rotate
a sufficient ductility
= capacity to follow the actual
loading path in a ductile way
MRd
Yielding criterion
Actual loading
path
Supposed
loading path
V
VRd
Supplementary design requirement

Sufficient resistance to catenary effects so as to provide required structural
robustness
Example: Partial depth end-plate

Components
Bolts in shear
End-plate in bearing
End-plate in shear (gross section)
End-plate in shear (net section)
End-plate in shear block
End-plate in bending
Beam web in shear
Welds in shear
Column flange in bearing
Partial depth end-plate

Strength requirement
Use of component method for the assessment of VRd
Assessment of the strength of all the constitutive

components of the joint
+
Assembly of these components

Rotation capacity requirement
Bending moment
Bolts in tension
Bending
moment
Contact between
supported beam and
supporting element
Compression force
avail
Rotation

Rotation capacity
requirement
avail
db hb
hp
hp db
avail
he
tp
tp
he

Ductility requirement
Prevent premature fracture of the bolts
Prevent premature fracture of the welds
under unavoidable bending moment in the joint

Ductility requirements
Prevent premature collapse of the bolts
d
2,8
tp
f yp
d
2,8
tp
f ycf
fub
fub
for the end-plate
for the supporting column

d and fub : diameter and tensile strength of bolts
Yielding of end-plate prior to tensile fracture of bolts
Steel Joints
Introduction
Simple joints
Design tools
Practical design tools

Tables of standardized joints
Dedicated software
Worked Example
Configuration
Beam IPE 500
Column HEA 340
End plate connection
Design assumption
Rigid joint
Frame analysis
MEd = 220 kNm
CoP software used for this example: http://cop.fw-ing.com
Design resistance:
Classification:
Failure mode:
MRd = 196 kNm < 220 kNm

Semi-rigid
Column web in compression
Failure mode:
End plate in bending
Failure mode:
Column web panel in shear
Failure mode:
Failure mode:
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand
Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Lige, Belgium

07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Structural

Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

EN 1993 Part 1.8

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Design of simple joints

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

2 Basis of design Partial safety coefficients

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

3 Connections made mechanical fasteners

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Integration of joints into

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Actual joint response

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Actual joint response

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Influence on the structural response

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Four successive steps for structural integration

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Various configurations (1)

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Various configurations (2)

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Various configurations (3)

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Various cross-section shapes (1)

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Various cross-section shapes (2)

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Various connection elements

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Specific design criteria

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Background: COMPONENT METHOD

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Characterization (3) - component method

M j ,Rd min Fi ,Rd z

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples