3.4.1.

The system of systems (SoS)

All military technical systems might be
considered a complex system of systems. From
this point of view the system of systems requires
a simulation to represent the mapping of systems
measure of performances to single system
measure of effectiveness.
Optimization of each system does not
guarantee overall system of systems
optimization.

The basic principle behind systems analysis is

that complex systems or problems can be
decomposed into simpler sub-systems (or subproblems), which themselves may be subdivided
into even simpler sub-sub-systems, until a level is
reached where the component parts may be
treated as elementary.
In this problem, three main ideas are important:
the system of systems is considered as a
whole entity;
the individual systems are unfunctional
when viewed from the system of systems
perspective;

 the process of determination an optimal

upgrade includes:
- operational avalability analysis;
- cost modeling;
- linear or nonlinear optimization;
- modeling and simulation.
These assumptions are used in order to
achieve overall mission or objective.
The process of P.P.B.E.S. (Planning,
Programming, Budgeting and Estimation
Systems) has developed a new method for nonmaterial solution by using analysis of
alternatives.
This procedure has risen a question: how best
to upgrade on existing system of systems. By
treating each acquisition system as a subsystem
of the larger entity doesnt guarantee the
increasing of the operational availability of whole
system.
The objective of this paper is to use modeling
and simulation to estimate a mathematical model
for upgrading system performances.
A non-material solution implies the solving of
one of two problems:

 to maximize the system of systems

performance subjected to a cost
constraints;
to minimize the additional cost under
performance constrains .
The result of solving these two kinds of
problems could be:
1.a new type of system must be added to the
original system of systems;
2.an existing subsystem must be replaced to
increase performances.

3.4.2. Steps to represent the mapping of

systems measure of performances to single
system measure of effectiveness
The most important step in creating a model is
defining a clear problem statement. This is the
basis from which most modeling decisions
spering.
The model which will be proposed requires some
steps:
define the overall mission or missions
of the system;

 define the overachieving measure of

effectiveness (MOE) for the system of
systems that represents the goal of the
model;
define the characteristic MOE for each
system and show how it contributes to
overachieve the MOE goal;
represent the maps of system measure
of performances (MOPs);
specify the constraints: cost constraints
for each component systems and the
overall system of systems, MOPs
constraints. These constraints depend
on the type of problem we solve: to
maximize performances under cost
constraints or to minimize additional
cost under performance constraints;
formulate a model that will capture the
map from component system MOPs to
system MOEs for overachieving moe;
solve an optimization problem under
the constraints imposed;
evaluate the solution and analyze
alternatives.

3.4.3. The performance model for

system of systems
Mathematically, complex systems are
characterized by multiple non-linearities.
Physically, these formal properties are
associated with connections between subsystems
and their environment.
Let consider n types of systems S , that
comprise a system of systems S (fig.7).
n

(1)

S S1 S 2 ... S n

System

Subsystem

Uni
t

Uni
t
Subuni
t

Subsystem

Uni
t

Subuni
t

Uni
t

Uni
t

Subun
it

Uni
t

Subsystem

Uni
t

Subuni
t

Subuni
t

Uni
t

Uni
t

Subun
it

Fig. 7 System of systems

There are m systems of type

number of systems are:
i

and the total

m mi

(2)

i 1

Each system type has a set of MOPs,

pi :

pi p1i , p2i , ... , pmi i

where each

p ji , j 1, mi

(3)
has dimension

ri

Each system type has one overall measure of

effectiveness (MOE):
MOEi f i m, p1 ,..., pn

(4)

which reflects how it contributes to the

overachieving MOE for system S .
The whole system MOE is:
MOE f m, MOE1 , MOE2 ,..., MOEn

(5)

Each systems MOPs are constrained at lower or

highest performances:
Pi low Pi Pi high

(6)

The highest performances could be imposed.

Each system S cost unit is a function of
performance expressed in terms of MOPs:
ci fi pi

(7)

mlow m mhigh

(8)

The total cost is:

n

C Ci
i 1

Another constraint could be the number of

component systems.

(9)

Now, with this model, we can formulate the cases

of interest:
- first problem:
Maximize S S S ... S system of systems
performance subjected to performance and cost
constants:
1

max MOE f m, MOE1 , MOE2 ,..., MOEn

MOEi f i (m, p1 ,..., pn )

(10)

subjected to:

mlow m m high
pilow p pihigh
Ci Cihigh

(11)

C C high

- the second problem:

Minimize S S1 S2 ... Sn system of systems cost
subjected to individual cost and performance
constraints:
n

min C C i
i 1

(12)

subjected to:
MOE f m, MOE1 , MOE2 , , MOEn MOE
MOEi f i m, p1 , p2 pn
m low m m high
C i C ihigh
p ilow p i p ihigh