Subject Object Predicate

Subject Object Predicate is the combination of three words which form any sentence.
SUBJECT:
Subject is the person or a thing who or which carries out the action of the verb.
Examples:
Mr. Clinton is teaching Algebra to the students.
Monkeys are playing around in the garden.
In the first sentence, the action is teaching. That action is carried out by Mr. Clinton. So,
Mr. Clinton is the subject of the verb.
In the second sentence, the action is playing. That action is carried out by the monkeys.
So, The monkeys is the subject of the verb.
The subject of sentence may be a simple noun or a simple pronoun as in the following
sentences.
Examples:
1. Oxygen is essential for life on earth.
2. John F. Kennedy was elected as US President in 1960.
3. Honesty is the best policy.
4. Horses are majestic animals.
5. When students travel to US, they usually go by air.
The subject may be also noun-phrase as in the following cases.
Examples:
1. The Earth revolves around the sun.
2. Borrowed-garments never fit well.
3. All matter is destructible.
4. No man can serve two masters.
5. The greatest similarity between India and China is that they both have huge population.
The subject may also be an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as in the following sentences.

Examples:
1. To err is human, but to forgive is divine.
2. To retreat was difficult; to advance was impossible.
3. To seek admission in a US college is the purpose with which I take TOEFL.
4. To bribe a public servant is a penal offence.
5. To score high marks in this examination means to have bright future.
The subject may be gerund or a gerund phrase as in the following sentences.Examples:
1. Reading French is easier that speaking it.
2. Looking after children requires patience.
3. Hunting of tigers was a favorite sport of Indian Kings.
4. Bribing of public servant is a penal offence.
5. Scoring high marks in this examination is not as easy as you think of.
The subject may be a full subordinate clause as in the following cases.
Examples:
1. How he reached home after the accidents was mystery to himself.
2. Why the people voted against the ruling party can be easily explained
.3. What the minister spoke was not audible because of the failure of the microphone.
4. Where the prisoners went after escaping from jail was not known to the police.
5. How he scored high marks is open secret.

A sentence may also have it as the subject as in the following sentences.

Examples:
1. It was raining heavily when I reached home.
2. It was in 1970 that man first landed on moon.
3. It is possible that scientists will one day release the energy that is stored in water.
4. It was already dark when they started studying.

5. It is not he who came here as invigilator.

OBJECT:
The object is the person or a thing upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is
carried out.
Examples:
Monkeys are destroying the garden.
In this sentence the action is destroying. That action is carried by the monkeys. But the
action (destroying)is carried upon the garden. So Monkeys is theSUBJECT and GARDEN
is the object of the verb.
Mr. Clinton is teaching Algebra to the students.
In this sentence, the action is teaching. That action is carried out by Mr. Clinton. That
action is carried upon Algebra. So Mr. Clinton is the SUBJECT of the verb whereas
algebra is the OBJECT of the verb. The word The students is the INDIRECT OBJECT of
this sentence.
PREDICATE:
The predicate in a sentence is what tells about what a person or a thing does or did or what
happened to a person or to a thing?
The predicate must (1) agree in number with subject, (2) have the correct tense and (3) be
in the proper voice {active or passive}.
Examples:
Monkeys are destroying the garden.
In the above sentence, the word monkeys is subject. Whereas the phrase are destroying
is the predicate.And the word the garden is the object.
Mr. Clinton is teaching Algebra to the students
In the above sentence, the word Mr. Clinton is the subject. The phrase is teaching is
the predicate. The words Algebra & The students are objects.
Words (or participles) such as coming, eating, can not form full predicates of a sentence.
Similarly, Phrases (or infinitives) such as to come, to eat also can not form full predicates
of a sentence.
Phrases involving participles and infinitives with auxiliary verbs such as will to come, will
to go, may expecting, must starting etc can not form the predicates of the sentence

Grammar : Verb and Subject

Verb and Subject should agree with each other.
The verb in every sentence must agree with the subject in person and in number.
Let us see how the subjects modify the verbs.
1. When two or more subjects are connected by and, the verb is plural.
Examples:
He and I are good friends.
Oxygen and Hydrogen combine to produce water.
Peter, Raja and Harry are classmates.
In these sentences, you can see how perfectly "Verb and Subject" agree with each other.
2. If two singular nouns refer to the same person, the verb must be singular.
Examples:
The poet and novelist is dead. (That means that the same person is a poet and a novelist)
The secretary and cashier was present. (That means the same person was a secretary and
cashier)
Note: To find out whether the two words refer to the same person or two different persons,
look at the article or possessive adjective. If there are two articles or possessives, there are
two different persons. In that case, the verb must be in plural.
3. If two singular subjects express one idea then the verb may be singular.
(Plural verb also permitted)
Examples:
Slow and steady wins the race.
The long and short of the problem is this.
The horse and carriage is waiting.
4. If we get the word each and every before singular subjects, the verb is
singular.

Examples:
Every member was ready to speak.
Each day and each hour has its work to be done.
Every man, woman and child has to be looked after.
In these sentences, you can see how perfectly "Verb and Subject" agree with each other.
5. Two or more singular subjects connected by or,nor, eitheror, neithernor
take singular verb.
Examples:
His gather or he is expected here.
Either he or his brother might have done this.
Neither he nor they were present.
Neither they nor he was present.
Neither laziness nor dishonest is going to help you.

6. When the subjects, connected by or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, are of

different numbers.
The verb must be plural and the plural subject must be put just before the verb.
Examples:
Mr. Gobi or his brothers have to do this.
Neither the boy nor his parents were present.
Either the principal or the Professors might have the decision.
Neither the head clerk nor the assistant clerks have taken the matter to the manager.
In these sentences, you can see how perfectly "Verb and Subject" agree with each other.
7. When the subjects connected by or, nor, eitheror, neithernor are of different
persons.

The verb agrees in person with the subject that comes just before it.
Examples:
He or I have to be there.
I or he has to be there. (Between this sentence and the above sentence, the above
sentence is preferable)
Either he or you are mistaken.
Neither you nor I am to be blamed.
8. When subjects which are different in person or number or both areconnected by
and, the verb is plural.
Examples:
He and I are friends.
You and I are responsible for this.
My father and I work in the same office.
He and his friends have come.
You and he are class-mates.
In these sentences, you can see how perfectly Verb and Subject agree with each other.
9. For a collective noun, usually a singular verb is used, but when the individuals
in the group are taken into consideration, a plural verb is used.
Examples:
The committee meets tomorrow.
The committee was divided in its views.
There is a large number of boys in this group.
A number of boys have given their names to participate in this competition.
The crew of ship was efficient.

 The crew were arrested.

10. Few nouns which are plural in forms but singular in meaning take singular
verb.
Examples:
The news was false.
Mathematics is an interesting subject.
The wages of sin is death.
In all the sentences given above, you can see how perfectly Verb and Subject agree with
each other.

Grammar :
Noun-Types
In this lesson we are going to see only Noun-Types. Other parts will be dealt with in the
following lessons.
What is NOUN?
A Noun is a word used as a name of a person, place, thing, state, quality, activity, action
etc...
Examples:
Mr. John is our English teacher.
In this sentence the words Mr. John and teacher are Nouns.
Harvard University is the oldest University.
In this sentence the words Harvard and University are Nouns.
Lions live in forest.
In this sentence the words Lion and forest are Nouns.
He is my best friend.
In this sentence, the words He and friend are Nouns.
London, New Delhi, Himalaya, philosophy, beauty, car, road,
Management, science, school, students, books, Mrs. Raman, tree,
mango, fruits; flowers are few of the Nouns.
Nouns can be classified into four Noun-Types.

The Noun-Types are:

i. Proper noun:
A proper noun is the name given to a particular person.
Mr.Peter, Hemingway, Kennedy, London, Italy, Mango and California
are Proper Nouns.
Examples:
Italy is a developed country.
In this sentence, Italy is a Proper Noun.
Mr. Clinton is good administrator.
In this sentence, Mr. Clinton is a proper noun.
Ford is a car producing company.
In this sentence, the word Ford is a proper noun.
ii. Common noun:
A common noun is a name given in common to persons and things belonging to the same
species.
Examples:

Italy is a developed country.

In this sentence, Italy is a proper noun.
A developed country has more responsibilities.
In this sentence the word country is a common noun which could
be used for other countries like India, England, Germany, Brazil etc
Man, woman, city, fruit, tree, river, book, hotel, country,
mountain are common nouns which we use in our day-to-day lives.
Another type in Noun-Types is Common Noun.
iii. Collective noun:
A collective noun is the name given to a collection or group of persons or things taken as
a single group or entity.
Examples:
A herd of cows is crossing the road.

 A fleet of ships is sailing deep along the western coast.

Army is called to rescue the boy caught in the flood.
In these sentences the words herd, fleet and army are collective nouns.
Herd means a group of cattle. Fleet means a group of ships.
Few other collective nouns are police, gang, galaxy, family, team etc
iv. Abstract noun:
An abstract noun is the name given to a quality or action or state which we can understand
but we can not touch and see.
Examples:
Kindness is expected of everyone.
Laughter heals many deceases.
Sleep regenerates our energy-system.
Music is a product of harmony.

In these sentences, the words kindness, laughter, sleep and

music are abstract nouns which we could only understand but
could not see or touch.
Other abstract nouns are quality, goodness, beauty, mercy, youth,
movement, slowness, length, humility, truth, depth, wisdom,
pride, sanity, vacancy, novelty, justness, justice, height, life,
excellence, occupation, action, seizure, defense, hatred,
protection, choice, flattery, death, service, thought, advice,
obedience, vanity, bravery, strength, cruelty, freedom etc
We believe that You have clearly understood the Noun-Types and their usages.It is better for
you to spend some more time on this section Noun-Types so as to become a better qualified
person to move on.

Articles
Three words are used as articles.
They are:
1. a
2. an
3. the
Of these, a and an are indefinite articles.
Because, the indefinite-articles are used to indicate not any specific object or subject in the
sentence.
The is the only definite article
The definite article is used to indicate a specific object or subject in the sentence.
1. Indefinite articles:
Examples:
A man is standing at the corner of the road.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
He demolished a temple in the next town.
What he needed was an umbrella.
We need a building to set an office for our company.
He gave me an onion.
An honor of this type is what everybody dreams to get.
Uses of the Indefinite articles:
I. The indefinite articles are used before a singular countable noun.
Examples:

We want to construct a house for us.

A ball costs only few cents.
A boy was born to the couples two days back.

II. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel (or a vowel sound).
Examples:
He gave me an onion.
An ass is leaping into your field.
An enemy need not be far away from you. He may be beside you.
An orange is what you have to take to overcome thirsty.
Before you go out in the winter season, please remember to take an umbrellawith you.
III. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant.
Examples:
A cat is running behind the rat.
We need a man to safeguard our car.
A hole in the boat will endanger its safety.
IV. An is used before the word beginning with h in case the h is silent in pronunciation.
Examples:
An hour is a long time for the students who take this examination.
An honor of this type is what everybody dreams to get. (A vowel sound)
It is difficult to find an honest policeman.
The train was late by an hour.

V. A is used before the words beginning with a vowel which is pronounced like the y in
young.
Examples:
The employees of this company formed a union.
A European is better placed to reach the Oxford University than an Asian.
The government decided to set a university in this area of the country.
The ornithologist has written about a unique bird.
VI. When the word such is applied to countable things, the indefinite article is used after

such.
Examples:
Mr. Ram is an honest man. You can not find such a man.
He confused everybody with his witty talk. Such a blunder is rare to find in our lives.
VII. A is used in expression like:
Examples:
A few students came forward to organize this function.
A little sugar should be added to this coffee.
A certain number of books have been sold off by the authorities of this library.
VIII. The indefinite article is used when a singular noun stands for a whole group or species.
Examples:
A cow is a useful animal.
A dog is a faithful animal.

NOTE:
Countable noun is the noun which can be counted as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Five animals, seven students, eight stars, ten countries etc
So, animals, stars, students, colleges, computers, countries, books and boats are countable
nouns.
Uncountable nouns are the nouns which can not be counted.
Time, rice, sky, sugar, soil, water, honesty, virtue and wisdom are the nouns which can not
be counted.
So, they are called uncountable nouns.
2. Definite articles:
Examples:
The lion is a majestic animal.
The boy who is standing there is my nephew.
The Andamans belong to India.

 The book that you wanted is not in this book-stall.

The girl is not an Indian.
You are welcome to the function.
Uses of definite articles:
The definite articles the is used as follows.
Examples:
i. To refer to both countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
The book is costly one.
The pen is what He sells in his shop.
The news is not sweet for our ears.
The river is going through our city.
ii. To refer to a particular person or thing or one already mentioned in the sentence.

Examples:
There is a chair but the chair is broken.
The book that you want is not available in this library.
The President arrived by a special plane.
iii. To refer to a singular noun that represents a whole class.
Examples:
The elephant is a huge animal.
The scientist is a useful person to the society.
The definite article the is used:
iv. With superlatives:
Examples:
The highest mountain is Mount Everest.
This is the best book on Ornithology.

 The darkest night has its own dawn.

v. With ordinals:
Examples:
The tenth student in the last row has to stand up.
The first man who arrives will be given a prize.
vi. Before musical instruments:
Examples:
He can play the flute.
We have master the key-board at the early stage.
vii. Before the adjective when the noun is implied:
Examples:
The downtrodden (people) will vote him to power.
The intelligent (students) will answer this question.
The poor (people) will not agree to this policy.
viii. Before names of unique of their kind.
Examples:
The Sun is the source of all forms of energies.
The Sky looks beautiful every night.
The earth is the example of patience.
The sea is the birth-place of many rare fishes.
NOTE:

The two words Man and Woman in the general sense do not take any article.
Man (not The Man) is the only animal that has intelligence.
ix. To refer to rivers, seas, oceans, groups of islands, mountains, ranges trains etc
Examples:
The Frontier mail will arrive in time.

 The Bay of Bengal is tsunami affected ocean.

The Andaman is a part of India.
x. To refer to Holy books.
Examples:
The Bhaghavat Gita is the sacred book of Indian.
The Koran is a book of wisdom.
The Bible is an age-old book
The is not used when the author name of the book is used as follows.
Examples:
Valmikis Ramayana is one of the Epics of Hindus. (Not Valmikis the Ramayana)

xi. To refer to a noun when it is preceded by an adjective.

Examples:
The immortal Keats has created many books of their own classes.
The great Alexander followed Buddhism.
xii. To refer to the superlative degrees.
Examples:
The highest mountain is Mount Everest.
The tallest man in our class is Mr. Oats.
Ms. Sharma is the most beautiful girl in this state.
xiii. To refer to the people of a Country but not to their language.
Examples:
o The French people are civilized people.
o The English Men are sensitive to this issue.
xiv. Before an adjective when the qualified noun is not mentioned.
Examples:

 The strong should not oppress the weak.

He works for the down-trodden.
xv. In certain expression like
Examples:
The more you work, the more you earn.
The omission of articles:
The uses of articles should be avoided in few sentences to make the sentences meaningful.
I. To refer to proper noun.
Examples:
New Delhi is the capital of India. (Not The New Delhi)
Nile is one of the longest rivers. (Not The Nile)
II. Before Abstract nouns when they are used in a general sense.
Examples
o Truth always triumphs. (Not The Truth)
o Suspicion should be based on evidence. (Not The Suspicion)
o Honesty is the best policy.
o Wisdom is the gift of heaven.
o Virtue is its own reward
III. Before material nouns.
Examples:
o Silver is not as costly as Gold. (Not The Silver)
o Cotton is grown in several parts of India. (Not The Cotton)
IV. Before languages:
Examples:

 We are learning English.

He has planned to study French.
They speak Hindi at home.
V. Before plural countable nouns when they are used in general sense.
Examples:
o Children prefer playtimes.
o Computers offer various job-opportunities.
o Cars are sold like hot-cakes.
VI. Before names of relations:
Examples:
Father is the head a family.
Son should shoulder the responsibility of the family.
Daughter-in-law is nothing but a daughter.

Grammar : Participle
Participle
is a word used to add extra meaning to the sentence.
Examples:
1. Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
Here, the boy woke up is a fact. But why did he wake up?
He woke up because he heard the noise.
In order to add extra meaning to the sentence, the phrase hearing the noise has been
added.
The word hearing is formed from the verb hear and governs an object.
The word hearing qualifies the noun boy as an Adjective does.
The word hearing, therefore, partakes of the nature of both a verb and an Adjective and is

called PARTICIPLE.
It may be called a Verbal Adjective.
The word, which partakes of the nature of both a verb and an Adjective, is called
PARTICIPLE
2. I saw an elephant carrying a pack of Vegetables on its back.
In this sentence, the word carrying qualifies the noun elephant. So carrying is a
participle.
Here as well as in the above sentence, the participles are in the continuous forms (hearing &
carrying) of their verbs (hear & carry).
This type of participle is called PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
3. Being the eldest son, John had to shoulder all the responsibilities of his familyafter
his father died.
In this sentence, the word being qualifies the pronoun John. That is a Present Participle.
4. Driven by hunger, He stole a piece of bread.
In this sentence, the word driven qualifies the noun he. You see that the word is not in the
Present Participle form.
This type of participle is called PAST PARTICIPLE.
5. Deceived by his friends, he lost all his properties.
In this sentence also the word deceived is a Past Participle.
6. Having elected him President, the people gave him the royal support.
In this different sentence the phrase having elected qualifies the noun people.
But this phrase is neither Present participle nor Past Participle.
This phrase indicates an action which came to an end in the near past.
This type of participle is called PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
7. Having come of age, John entered into partnership with his father.
In this sentence, the phrase having come is a Perfect Participle.

So, there are three types of Participles.

A. Present Participle
B. Past Participle
C. Perfect Participle
Let us see few more examples in each of these three participles.
A.Present Participle:
Examples:

Going up the stairs, the boy fell down.

Working all day, I was fatigued.
Not knowing my way, I asked the Policeman.
Mounting his horse, the bandit rode off.
Seeing the Sunshine, I threw open the window.

B.Past Participle:
Examples:

Encouraged by his wife, he persevered.

Enchanted by the whole scene, I lingered on my voyage.
We saw few trees laden with fruits.
Blinded by smog, we lost our way.
Experienced for a decade, I prepared the manual in a minute.

C.Perfect Participle:
Examples:
Having failed in the first attempt, he made no further attempts.
Having lost my certificates, I applied for the duplicates.
Having gained the truth, He remained calm.

Grammar : Voice
There are TWO TYPES of Voices in English language.
They are:
1.Active voice.

2. Passive voice.
When we express an idea giving importance to the doer, the sentence is written in the active
form.
That means that the doer of the action is active.
He wrote a letter.
When we express an idea giving importance to the action rather than to the doer, the
sentence is written in the passive form.
That means that the doer of the action is not active but passive.
A letter was written by him.
In passive form, the verb will be in past participle form.
Write is Present tense form of the verb.
Wrote is past tense form of the verb
Written is past participle form of the verb
Since a letter was singular form, it is followed by singular-past tense verb was.
Let us see one by one:
1.Active voice.
As we saw already, when we express an idea giving importance to the doer, the sentence is
written in the active voice.
In active voice the verb is controlled by the subject.
The object in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice.
The subject in the active voice becomes the object of the preposition by in the
passive voice.
Examples:
He helped them in their studies.
They invite me.
The boys pluck flowers.
I take the responsibility.
BHEL exports boilers.
My mother prepares delicious foods.
We expect you.

 The Prime Minister inaugurated the conference.

They boycotted the function.
The C.B.I. will investigate this crime.
2.Passive voice.
When we express an idea giving importance to the action rather than to the doer, the
sentence is written in the passive voice.
In passive voice the verb is controlled by the object.
The object in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice.
The subject in the active voice becomes the object of the preposition by in the
passive voice.
Only the past-participle of the main verb is used in the passive verb (along with
the helping verb).
Examples:
I. They treat me very well. (Active voice)
II. He treats me very well. (Active voice)
In the example-I, the subject is in plural form (they). So the verb (treat) is used in
accordance with that.
But in the example-II, the subject is in singular form (he). So the verb (treats) is used in
accordance with that.
Let us see the Passive voices of these sentences.
Examples:
I. I am treated very well by them.
II. I am treated very well by him.
In both these sentences, the verbs are modified only by the singular Pronoun I, not by the
subjects of the sentences.
He damages the flowers. (Active voice)

The flowers are damaged by him. (Passive voice)

In this example, in Active voice the verb (damages) is controlled by the singular form of the
subject (he).
In passive voice, the verb (are damaged) is controlled by the plural form of the object
(they).
Examples:
They tell the story. (Active voice)
The story was told by them. (Passive voice)
He helps us. (Active voice)
We are helped by him. (Passive voice)
We take him seriously. (Active voice)
He was taken seriously by us. (Passive voice)
Let us see the passive voices of the sentences given under the active voicesection above.
He helped them in their studies. (Active voice)
They were helped by him in their studies. (Passive voice)
They invite me. (Active voice)
I am invited by them. (Passive voice)
The boys pluck flowers. (Active voice)
The flowers were plucked by the boys. (Passive voice)
I take the responsibility. (Active voice)
The responsibility was taken by me. (Passive voice)
BHEL exports boilers. (Active voice)
Boilers are exported by BHEL. (Passive voice)
My mother prepares delicious foods. (Active voice)
Delicious foods were prepared by my mother. (Passive voice)
We expect you. (Active voice)
You are expected by us. (Passive voice)
The Prime Minister inaugurated the conference. (Active voice)
The conference was inaugurated by the Prime Minister. (Passive voice)

 They boycotted the function. (Active voice)

The function was boycotted by them. (Passive voice)
The C.B.I. will investigate this crime. (Active voice)
This crime will be investigated by the C.B.I. (Passive voice)
Passive voice is also used when the doer of an action is unknown or is very
obviously known.
Examples:
The local politician has been murdered.
It is not known who murdered the local politician.
The ship was wrecked.
It is obvious that the ship can be wrecked only by wind or water.
Only transitive verbs (verbs which take objects) can be put in the passive voice.
Examples:
He laughed.
This sentence does not have its passive voice form.
Because, the verb (laugh) is only an intransitive verb.
Clanton killed his friend.
This sentence has its passive voice form. (His friend was killed by Clanton)
Because the verb (kill) is transitive a verb.
Examples:
The sentences in BLACK are in active voice
where as the sentences in GREEN are in passive voice.
1.He pesters me a lot.
I am pestered a lot by him.
2.The opposition criticizes the government for everything.
The government is criticized for everything by the opposition.
3.The people expect the government to reduce the prices.
The government is expected by the people to reduce the prices.

4.My neighbor teaches me Hindi.

I am taught Hindi by my neighbor.
5.The collector goes through every file carefully.
Ever file is gone through by the collector carefully.
6.Our teacher gives a lot of home-work.
A lot of home-work is given by the teacher.
7.Children like chocolate very much.
Chocolate is liked very much by the children.
8.This factory produces consumer-goods.
Consumer goods are produced by this factory.
9.They met me.
I was met by them.
10.I posted the letters.
The letters were posted by me.
11.The Chief Minister rejected the demand of the opposition.
The demand of the opposition was rejected by the Chief Minister.
12.He helped me a lot in this matter.
I was helped a lot by him.
13.Few months ago, India tested nuclear devices.
Nuclear devices were tested by India few months ago.
14.Lost month I sent an application for a new phone connection.
An application for a new phone-connection was sent by me lost month.
15.They will accept his plan.
His plan will be accepted by them.
16.I will contact your boss directly.
Your boss will be contacted by me directly.

17.The police will arrest the culprits within a week.

The culprits will be arrested by the police within a week.
18.The Government will soon take a decision in this matter.
A decision in this matter will be taken by the government.
19.The workers are loading the Lorries.
The Lorries are being loaded by the workers.
20.I am writing a novel.
A novel is being written by me.
21.They are considering me for the post.
I am being considered by them for the post.
22.The secretary is preparing the annual report.
The annual report is being prepared by the secretary.
23.They were signing the documents.
The documents were being signed by them.
24.I was teaching English in the college.
English was being taught by me in the college.
25.The workers were demanding bonus.
Bonus was being demanded by the workers.
26.The doctor was examining the patient.
The patient was being examined by the doctor.
27.They have consulted me.
I have been consulted by them.
28.You have made a mistake.
A mistake has been made by you.
29.The company has made good profits.
Good profits have been made by the company.
30.The bank has sanctioned the loan.
The loan has been sanctioned by the bank.

31.We have booked all the rooms in the hotel.

All the rooms have been booked by us.
32.The Chairman had denied him the right to vote.
He had been denied his right to vote by the Chairman.
33.Somebody has disfigured the statue of the leader.
The statue of the leader has been disfigured by somebody.
34.I could have solved this problem easily.
This problem could have been solved easily by me.
NOTE:
It is not sufficient to know how to change the voice form of the sentence fromactive voice to
passive voice.
The Active voice should be used when the doer of the action is to be made prominent.
The Passive voice should be used when the action or the person acted upon is to be made
prominent.

Grammar : Passive Voice

There will be two Passive Voice sentences for the sentences with two nouns.
There are few verbs which take two objects, a Direct object and an Indirect object.
For such sentences, there will be two forms in Passive Voice sentences.
1. Verbs with two objects:
Examples:
I gave him five rupees. (Active voice)
Five rupees were given to him by me. (Passive Voice)
He was given five rupees by me. (Passive Voice)

She has told me the truth. (Active voice)

I was told the truth by her. (Passive Voice)
The truth was told to me by her. (Passive Voice)

They lent me their car. (Active voice)

 I was lent a car by them. (Passive Voice)

A car was lent to me by them. (Passive Voice)

The Government has sent him a message. (Active voice)

He was sent a message by the government. (Passive Voice)
A message was sent to him by the government. (Passive Voice)

2. Imperative sentences (Commands and requests)

There is special formula for changing the imperative sentence into passive voice.
Please open the door. (Active voice)
Let the door be opened by you. (Passive Voice)
Here the sentence in active-voice has been changed into a sentence in passive-voice.
Please understand the formula which has been followed to change the active-voice to
passive-voice.
Let is used to convert the active voice sentence into a passive voice sentence.
Examples:
Do not mistake me. (Active voice)
Let me not be mistaken. (Passive Voice)

Cut your nails. (Active voice)

Let your nails be cut. (Passive Voice)

Do not ignore my suggestions. (Active voice)

Let not my suggestions be ignored. (Passive Voice).
These sentences have been changed into passive voice sentences by adding "let".
3. With Modal verbs:
The verbs can, could, may, might, and must are known modal verbs. As per the following
methods these sentences with these verbs are changed into passive voice.
Examples:
You can take the book. (Active voice)

 The book can be taken by you. (Passive Voice).

Everybody must obey the rules. (Active voice)

The rules must be obeyed by everybody. (Passive Voice).

They might have studied their lessons. (Active voice)

Their lessons might have been studied by them. (Passive Voice).

He may not accept this plan. (Active voice)

This lesson may not be accepted by him. (Passive Voice)
4. Phrasal verbs:

Few verbs, with certain meanings are always used with prepositions.
In such situations the prepositions should not be omitted in the sentences.
Examples:
We are looking at the game. (Active voice)
The game is being looked at by us. (Passive Voice).
The fire-brigade put out the fire. (Active voice)
The fire was put out by the fire-brigade. (Passive Voice).
The Government will set up a factory. (Active voice)
A factory will be set up by the government. (Passive Voice).
5. With IT:
In few sentences, instead of a word or a phrase, a clause may be the object of a verb.
In such cases there are two ways of changing the sentences into the passive voice.
A. By making the clause itself as the subject in the passive voice.
Examples:
I hope that he will realize his mistake. (Active voice)
That his mistake will be realized is hoped by us. (Passive Voice).
I expected that they would take up the matter. (Active voice)

 That the matter would be taken up by them was expected by me. (Passive Voice).
B. By substituting the clause with pronoun it.
Examples:
The Romans expected that they would conquer Carthage. (Active voice)
It was expected by the Romans that Carthage would be conquered by them. (Passive
Voice).
We have learned that you have secured the first rank. (Active voice)
It has been learned by us that the first rank has been secured by you. (Passive Voice).
Exercises:

The grandmother was telling her grandchildren an interesting story. (Active voice)
An interesting story was being told by the grandmother to her grand children. (Passive
Voice).
Her grand children were being told an interesting story by their grandmother. (Passive
Voice).

The postman brought you a parcel. (Active voice)

A parcel was brought to you by a postman. (Passive Voice).
You were brought a parcel by the postman. (Passive Voice).

I have taught the class the first lesson. (Active voice)

The first lesson was taught by me to the class. (Passive Voice).
The class was taught the first lesson by me. (Passive Voice).

The office has sent her a message. (Active voice)

A message has been sent to her by the office. (Passive Voice).
She has been sent a message by her office. (Passive Voice).

The waiter brought us the menu card. (Active voice)

The menu card was brought to us by the waiter. (Passive Voice).
We were brought the menu card by the waiter. (Passive Voice).

They are offering you another chance. (Active voice)

You are being offered another chance by them. (Passive Voice).
Another chance is being offered to you by them. (Passive Voice).

 He had told me a lie. (Active voice)

I had been told a lie by him. (Passive Voice).
A lie had been told to me by him. (Passive Voice).

I gave her your message. (Active voice)

She was given your message by me. (Passive Voice).
Your message was given to her by me. (Passive Voice).

Who taught you Sanskrit? (Active voice)

Sanskrit was taught to you by whom? (Passive Voice).
You were taught Sanskrit by whom? (Passive Voice).

Sign these documents. (Active voice)

Let these documents be signed. (Passive Voice)

Degrees of Comparison
are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun The house is talked about.
He is a tall student.
This flower is beautiful.

 He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term bigger is comparative version of the term big.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term more beautiful is comparative version of the term beautiful.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term more intelligent is comparative version of the term intelligent.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
The term taller is comparative version of the term tall.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
3.Superlative degree:

When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)

This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term biggest is the superlative version of the term big.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term most beautiful is the superlative version of the term beautiful.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term most intelligent is superlative version of the term intelligent.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term tallest is superlative version of the term tall.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*

He is the tallest student in the class.

The term tallest is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term effectively is an adverb.
All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.
Model -1: The best:
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.
No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.
No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.
ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.
No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.
Model-2: One of the best:
Examples:
i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.
Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.
Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.
No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.
Model-3: Not the best:
Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.

ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
ii. New York is not the largest city in America.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting more before
them.
And their superlative terms, by getting most before them.
Examples:
Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful
Effective.more effectivemost effective
Effectivelymore effectively.most effectively
Enjoyable.more enjoyable.most enjoyable
Useful.more useful..most useful
Different..more differentmost different
Honest..more honest..most honest
Qualifiedmore qualifiedmost qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting er after them
and their superlative terms, by getting est after them.
Examples:
Hard..harder..hardest
Big.bigger.biggest
Tall..tallertallest
Longlongerlongest
Short..shorter.shortest
Costlycostliercostliest

Simple.simpler.simplest
Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Grammar : Mood
MOOD
is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented.
We usually use a verb to make a statement of fact or ask a question.
Examples:
I write a letter to my parents every month.
May I know your name, please?
But a verb can be used to express a command.
Examples:
Stand up.
Come here.
Pay your fees.
At the same time, a verb can be used to express a supposition.
Examples:
If I were the Prime Minister of this country, I would reduce the income-tax ceiling.
If you were I, you would do the same thing.
These different modes or manners in which a verb can be used to express an action are
called MOODS.This word comes from the Latin word modus which means manner.
There are three moods in English.
1. Indicative mood.
2. Imperative mood.
3. Subjunctive mood.
1. Indicative mood:
This type is used just to indicate the fact or to raise a question as follows.
i. To make a statement of fact.

Examples:

We purchase the news-paper daily.

My daughter goes to school by train.
This university has more than 20,000 students.
Your letter was posted yesterday.
You are great.
He is an intelligent student.
Mr. Clinton is the Chairman of this company.
This road has been blocked due to repairing works.
Our tour program stands cancelled.
I could not move out of my office today due to heavy work.
All are welcome.

ii. To ask a question.

Examples:

Where do you purchase your news-paper?

How are you?
Where is your brother?
What did happen to your car?
Who is your music master?
Why can not you come with us now?
Is this your pen?

iii. To express a supposition that is assumed as a fact.

Examples:
If he is the leader of this group, he deserves to be rewarded. (Assuming as a fact that he
is the leader)
If my brother goes to Japan, he will get me this ROBOT. (Assuming as a fact that my
brother goes to Japan)
If you come to this university for your higher education, you will reach the top level.
(Assuming as a fact that you come to this University).
A verb which makes a statement of fact or asks a question or expresses a supposition which
is assumed as fact is in the indicative mood.
2. Imperative mood:
This type is used to express

i. A command:
Examples:

Get up.
Go out.
Come here.
Wait for your boss.
Close the doors.
Kneel down.
Follow him.
Read quickly.

ii. An exhortation.
Examples:

Take care of your health.

Be aware of pick-pockets.
Try your level best to score the maximum marks.
Take this test once.

iii. An entreaty or prayer.

Examples:
Bless us.
Have mercy upon us.
Forgive me.
A verb which expresses a command, an exhortation, an entreaty or prayer is in the
Imperative Mood.
3.Subjunctive mood:
This occurs in two occassions.
a.Present Subjunctive Mood.
b.Past Subjunctive Mood.
a. The Present Subjunctive Mood occurs
i. In few traditional phrases where it expresses a wish or a hope.
Examples:

 God blesses you.

God saves the king.
Heaven helps us.
ii. To express a desire, an intention or a resolution.
Examples:
I move that Mr. Clinton be appointed the next president of the organization.
It is suggested that the Mount road be closed for a week for the maintenance work.
They preferred that the annual subscription be increased to $250.00.
b. The Past Subjunctive Mood occurs
i. After the verb wish to indicate a situation which is unreal or contrary to fact.
Examples:
I wish I were a millionaire. (The fact is I am not a millionaire)
I wish this car belonged to me. (The fact is this car does not belong to me).
ii. After if, to express improbability or unreality in the present.
Examples:
If I were you, I would have got admission into this university. (The fact is I amnot you)
If we started now, we could reach the town by 11pm. (But the fact is we could not start
now)
iii. After as if/as though, to express improbability or unreality in the present.
Examples:
He orders me about as if I were his wife (But I am not)
He walks around as though he were drunk. (But he is not)

Grammar :
Sentence
A Sentence is a group of clauses or words, conveying a complete meaning.
Examples:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Today is not a holiday.

What a beauty she is!
Sun is only a star.
You have to master the language ENGLISH to do e-commerce.
We can assemble after 8pm.

These are sentences which convey complete meanings.

There are four kinds of Sentences.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Declarative or Assertive Sentences

Interrogative Sentences
Imperative Sentences
Exclamatory Sentences

Let us see one by one.

1.Declarative Sentences:
These sentences simply make statements or assertions.
Examples:

They are my friends.

This is not my ball.
Tell your friends that you will join them after 6pm.
He is not in town now.
Her mother is ill.
A child is crying in the backyard.
We are members of this organization.
It belongs to him.

2.Interrogative Sentences:
These sentences are used to ask questions.
Examples:

How are you?

Where are you?
What do you do?
Where is your brother?
What did happen to your car?
Why can not you become a member of this organization?

 Where do you live?

3.Imperative Sentences:
These Sentences are used to express commands or request or entreaties.
Examples:

Get up.
Go out.
Come here.
Wait for your boss.
Close the doors.
Kneel down.
Follow him.
Read quickly.
Be aware of pick-pockets.
Try your level best to score the maximum marks.
Take this test once again.
Bless us.
Have mercy upon us.
Forgive them.
Take care of your health.

4.Exclamatory Sentences:
These Sentences are used to express strong feelings.
Examples:

How cold the night is!

What a shame!
Alas! He is dead.
Hurrah! You have come early.

These are the only four types of sentences that we come across in our daily lives.

Grammar :
Tense
The tense of a verb indicates the time of an action or event.
The word tense comes from Latin word tempus which means time.
Read the following sentences.

1.I write the letter now.

2.I wrote the letter yesterday.
3.I shall write the letter tomorrow.
The first sentence says that I write the letter at this moment.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is now.
This sentence is in present tense.
The tense which refers to the present time is said to be in present tense.
The second sentence says that I wrote the letter yesterday.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is yesterday.
This sentence is in past tense.
The tense which refers to the past time is said to be in past tense.
The third sentence says that I shall write the letter tomorrow.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is tomorrow.
This sentence is in future tense.
The tense which refers to the future time is said to be in future tense.
There are four forms of tenses in each one of the three tenses.
The four forms of present tense are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple Present tense. (We write a letter now)

Present continuous tense. (We are writing a letter)
Present perfect tense. (We have written a letter)
Present perfect continuous tense. (We have been writing a letter)

The four forms of past tense are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple past tense. (We wrote letter)

Past continuous tense.(We were writing a letter)
Past perfect tense. (We had written a letter)
Past perfect continuous tense. (We had been writing a letter)

The four forms of future tense are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple future tense. (We will write a letter)

Future continuous tense. (We will be writing a letter)
Future perfect tense. (We will have written a letter)
Future perfect continuous tense. (We will have been writing a letter)

That means that there are twelve tenses in total.

They are:
1. Simple present tense.

2. Simple past tense.

3. Simple future tense.
4. Present continuous tense.
5. Past continuous tense.
6. Future continuous tense.
7. Present perfect tense.
8. Past perfect tense.
9. Future perfect tense.
10. Present continuous tense.
11. Past prefect continuous tense.
12. Future perfect continuous tense.
Using the verb write and the pronoun we, let us form all these twelve tenses.
The following sentences can be related one by one as per the order mentioned in the abovestated sentences.
1. We write a letter now.
2. We wrote a letter yesterday.
3. We will write a letter tomorrow.
4. We are writing a letter now.
5. We were writing a letter yesterday.
6. We will be writing a letter tomorrow.
7. We have written a letter now.
8. We had written a letter yesterday.
9. We will have written a letter tomorrow.
10. We have been writing a letter.
11. We had been writing a letter yesterday.
12. We will have been writing a letter tomorrow

Grammar :
12 Tenses

There are 12 Tenses. Here are those tenses.

1.Simple Present Tense :

I eat an apple.
He eats an apple.
2. Simple Past Tense :

I ate an apple.
He ate an apple.
3. Simple Future Tense :

I shall eat an apple.

He will eat an apple.
4. Present Continuous Tense :

I am eating an apple.
We are eating apple.
He was eating an apple.
5. Past Continuous Tense :

I was eating an apple.

We were eating apple.
He was eating an apple.
6. Future Continuous Tense :

I shall be eating an apple.

He will be eating an apple.
7. Present perfect tense :

I have eaten an apple.

He has eaten an apple.
8. Past perfect tense :

I had eaten an apple.

He had eaten an apple.
9. Future perfect tense :

I shall have eaten an apple.

He will have eaten an apple.
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense :

I have been eating an apple.

11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense :

I had been eating an apple.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense :

I shall have been eating an apple.

Grammar : Present Tense

As we have seen already, the Present Tense is used when the verb refers to
thepresent time.
There are four forms in the Present Tense.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple Present Tense.

Present Continuous Tense.
Present Perfect Tense.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Let us see one by one.

1.Simple Present Tense:
The Simple Present Tense is used
i. To indicate a habitual action.
Examples:

He drinks tea every morning.

My father gets up at 6am everyday.
I go to college regularly.
The College celebrates its founders day on 7th June every year.

ii. To express general truth.

Examples:
The Sun rises in the east.
Two twos give four.
Honey is sweet.
iii. To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable.
Examples:
The match starts at 10am.
When does this shop reopen?
The next train arrives at 7.45am.
iv. To introduce a quotation.
Examples:
Keats says, A thing of beauty is joy for ever.
Bible says, To forgive is divine.

2.Present Continuous Tense:

The Present Continuous Tense is used
i. For an action going on at the time of speaking.
Examples:

She is writing a letter.

He is walking along the road.
They are discussing this problem.
We are playing foot-ball.

3.Present Perfect Tense:

The Present Perfect Tense is used
i. To indicate activities that completed in the near past.
Examples:
He has just gone out.

 They have earned goodwill.

We have deposited the mount with a local bank.
The child has gone to bed.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action which began at some time in the
past and is still continuing.
Examples:

They have been building this bridge for the last seven months.
He has been working in this company for a long time.
They have been playing cricket since 5pm.
I have been writing a novel for the last one year.

These are the four forms of Present Tense.

Grammar : Past Tense

As we have seen already, the Past Tense is used when the verb refers to the past time.
There are four forms in the Past Tense.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple Past Tense.

Past Continuous Tense.
Past Perfect Tense.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Let us see one by one.

1.Simple Past Tense:
This Simple Past Tense is used
i. To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs oradverb phrases
of past time.
Yesterday, last year, ten-years back, few days ago, a week ago etc
areadverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Examples:
The College reopened yesterday.

 My friends left few minutes back.

I posted the letter last week.
He came to power seven years ago.
ii. To indicate an action completed in the past. (Without the adverb of past time)
Examples:

I went to the post office.

They gave me this clock.
The train left the station.
He defeated her in the Chess competition.

iii. To indicate the past habits.

Examples:
When I was a student, I carried a bag with me.
He was a fan of this musician.
He had always two cars with him.
2.Past Continuous Tense:
This Past Continuous Tense is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
Examples:
When I reached the city, it was getting darker.
The light went out when I was reading.
He was playing chess when I saw him.
3.Past Perfect Tense:
i. This Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action completed before a certain moment
in the past.
Examples:
He met me in Tokyo in 1989. We had known each other last ten years before.
I had played Tennis for ten years before 1999.
ii. When two actions happened in the past, Past Perfect Tense should be used to indicate the
action which happened earlier.
Examples:

 When I reached the station, the train had left.

When I prepared all the materials for the application, the deadline had gone.
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action that began before a certain
point in the past and continued up to that time.
Examples:
I met him on 7th June 1998. At that time he had been writing a novel.
We prepared this project in 2005. At that time we had been working on another project.

Future Tense
As we have seen already, the Future Tense is used when the verb refers to the Future
time.
There are four forms in this Tense.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple Future Tense.

Future Continuous Tense.
Future Perfect Tense.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

Let us see one by one.

1.Simple Future Tense
i. This Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we can not control.
Examples

He will be sixty this December.

It will be Christmas in a week.
You may know your exam-results in month.
The Post man will come by 11am.
They will post you at New York.

ii. This Simple Future Tense can be used to talk about what we believe will happen in the
future.
Examples

I think India will win the match.

We believe that he will score the highest marks.
Probably, the train will arrive in time.
It is expected that they will get married.

iii. This Tense can be used to indicate what we have planned to do in the future.
Examples

I will go to USA for my higher education.

She will stay back at her home.
Since it is raining, I will take an umbrella.
Since the Manager is busy, I will wait for him.

2.Future Continuous Tense

This Future Continuous Tense is used to talk about action which will be in progress at a time
in the future.
Examples
When I get home, my dog will be waiting for me at gate.
This day next year, I will be writing my annual examinations.
When you come here tomorrow, your parents will be waiting for you.
3.Future Perfect Tense
This Tense is used to indicate an action which might have completed by a certain time in the
future.
Examples

I might have completed my studies by 2010.

The train might have reached Chicago by 11pm.
By the end of this year, I will have worked in this company for twenty long years.
This month next year, we will have inaugurated our own office in Washington.

4.Future Perfect Continuous Tense

This Tense is used to indicate action which will be in progress over a period of future time
and will end in the future.
Examples
By this October, I will have been living in this house for twenty-five years.

This Tense is very rarely used.