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Article history:
The growing demands of novel food products for well-being and age related issues coupled
with increasing health care expenditure has attracted global attention on prebiotics.
During the end of twentieth century, a great concern was expressed for transfer of
23 December 2014
antibiotic resistance genes from animal to human through food chains leading to the
Keywords:
residues offers great scope to the nutraceutical industries as the raw material is cheap and
Prebiotics
abundantly available. The major advantages of XOS consumption, apart from selective
Xylooligosaccharides
growth stimulation of benecial gut microora, include reduction of blood glucose and
Agricultural residues
Gut health
absorption from large intestine and immune-stimulation. The sweet taste of XOS enables it
to be used as an articial sweetener. Owing to the ban on antibiotics as a feed supplement
in livestock, the XOS could be future alternatives to guard gastrointestinal tract from the
onslaught of pathogenic microora. This will sustain the productivity and improve the
quality of animal products to full the demands of value added livestock products.
Therefore, XOS could be the future sought after molecules in preventive medicine.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prebiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural properties of xylooligosaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural residues for xylan fractionation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xylooligosaccharides production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. Chemical process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. Enzymatic process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. Autohydrolysis process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.12.003
2212-6198/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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6.
1.
Introduction
2.
Prebiotics
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Selective fermentation by benecial gut microora (evident from in vitro or in vivo experiments).
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3.
Structural properties of
xylooligosaccharides
XOS are sugar oligomers comprised of xylose units through
-(1-4)-xylosidic linkages viz.; xylobiose (2 monomers), xylotriose (3 monomers), xylotetrose (4 monomers), xylopentose (5
monomers), xylohexose (6 monomers) and so on (Kumar &
Satyanarayana, 2011). The common properties of XOS are
presented in Table 1. As the name implies, these are the
hydrolysis products of xylan; essentially present in most of
the lignocellulosic materials with varying degrees. The molecular formula of XOS is C5nH8n2O4n1; where, n 2 to 6. The
XOS derived from different raw materials may be present with
any one side chain such as acetyl, 4-O methyl derivative,
arabinofuranosyl and in such case it could be termed as
branched XOS (Aachary & Prapulla, 2008). The XOS remains
stable in acidic media and exhibits resistance to heat (Moura,
Value/nature
Xylooligosaccharides
D-xylose-hexulose
C5nH8n2O4n1; n 2 to 6
Carbohydrate; xylobiose (DP 2), xylotriose (DP 3), xylotetrose (DP 4), xylopentose (DP 5) and xylohexose
(DP 6)
282 to 810 (X2 to X6)
Crystalline solid, colour depends on source xylan or purication or process of drying.
Nil
134 1C
120 1C
58% w/w at 21 1C
2 to 7
92% of sucrose when compared in 10% solutions
Emulates sucrose having faster onset like sucrose
Nil
1.5 kcal/g
Nil
Synergistic with high intensity sweeteners
Similar to sorbitol
Less than fructose
Malabsorption sugar in human
Browns similar to sucrose
Low calorie sugar alcohol having prebiotic effects
No elevation of blood glucose; suitable for diabetic patients
Antioxidant, cyto-protective
Offers scope for dietary supplements, benecial drug or drug adjuvant
812 g/day for healthy adult
Distension of intestine, nausea, atulence, diarrhoea etc
Excipient in drugs and non-foods: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
Excipient use in animal feeds: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
Application as antidiabetic drug: Under clinical trial
4.
5.
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5.1.
Chemical process
Xylooligosaccharides production
Extraction with
Yield
Reference
Cotton stalks
Corn cobs
Corn stalks
Wheat straw
0.5 M NaOH at 55 1C
Poplar wood
Sugarcane
bagasse
Tobacco stalks
Sunower stalks
Wheat straw
Natural grass
Pigeon pea stalks
Green coconut
husks
66
5.2.
Enzymatic process
5.3.
Autohydrolysis process
6.
6.1.
Based on the occurrence of microbial habitat in the gastrointestinal tract, all the vertebrates may be classied into two
categories viz.; Mono gut fermentor all non-ruminants (namely
human, poultry, swine, horse, rabbit, donkey etc.) and twine gut
fermentor all ruminants and pseudo-ruminants (namely
cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, mithun, camel etc.). The gastrointestinal tract of ruminants is featured with the provision of two
microbial habitats i.e. foregut (rumen, reticulum and omasum)
and hindgut (caecum). On the other hand, non-ruminants are
featured with the presence of single microbial habitats i.e.
hindgut only (Samanta et al., 2013a). By virtue of unique
environment available in terms of nutrients, pH, interaction,
temperature, crosstalk inside the gastrointestinal tract, both
benecial and harmful microora gets their niches for growth
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6.2.
68
6.3.
undesirable enzymes has additional benets in terms of dropping the production of noxious substances such as vasoconstricting amines, phenols, steroid metabolites, bacterial
toxins, carcinogens etc at the hindgut.
6.4.
Immune stimulation
6.5.
Lipidaemic effects
7.
8.
Summary
Amongst the nutraceuticals, the indigestible compounds (prebiotics) having potential to selectively stimulate the growth and
multiplication of benecial gut microora is receiving greater
attention around the world. The acceptability of prebiotics by
consumers is due to their additional technological features
including lower caloric values, non-carcinogenic, fat replacing
ability, stability under wider pH range, acceptable taste, etc. XOS
occupies signicant niche amongst the prebiotics as it addresses the issues such as effective disposal of agricultural
wastes, value addition, taking care of human and livestock
gut health, fortication of food items, alternative feed additives
in livestock and so on. Presently, the prebiotic production is
largely dependent on the crops mostly used for human consumption (Jerusalem artichoke, chicory root, asparagus, etc.)
resulting in higher cost of production for the nal product i.e.
prebiotics. Under such circumstances, approach to explore
agricultural crop residues as initiator for nutraceuticals production might pave way for the manufacturers to substantially
reduce the cost of raw materials as well as solve the disposal
problems. Further, realizing the close link between food and
health; present day consumers are much more inclined
69
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India for
providing the nancial assistance (Grant no. BT/PR5703/AAQ/
1/504/2012) to carry out the present work.
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