Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Trends in Texas:
December 2001
gulf coast
OVERVIEW
Crack cocaine is the illicit drug percent of adults reported past- the national average. Availability
for which 21 percent of adult year problems with alcohol in is high. The prevalence of use by
clients enter treatment. The 2000. students declined slightly be-
proportion of Anglo and Hispanic tween 1998 and 2000, but use by
admissions for crack now totals Heroin addicts entering treat- adults increased from 1996 to
50 percent as African-American ment are primarily injectors, and 2000.
crack admissions decline. Pow- they are most likely to be His-
der cocaine inhalers tend to be panic or Anglo males. Emer- Methamphetamine and am-
Hispanic and injectors are Anglo. gency room mentions of heroin phetamine are widely available
Deaths due to cocaine continue in Dallas have risen in the last and are a problem, particularly in
to increase and cocaine is the year. The percentage of the rural areas. Poison control
drug, after marijuana, for which arrestees testing positive for center cases, emergency room
arrestees are most likely to test heroin remains mixed, and cases, overdose deaths, and
positive. The rate of emergency overdose deaths in 2000 are treatment admissions are rising,
room mentions of cocaine in down from 1998. The purity of but levels in Texas are much
Dallas remains high. Cocaine is Mexican heroin is increasing and lower than in other western
a significant problem on the price is dropping, but availability states.
border. varies around the state.
Alprazolam (Xanax) mentions
Alcohol is the primary drug of Hydrocodone is a much larger are increasing in emergency
abuse in Texas in terms of problem in Texas than is room and DPS lab reports.
dependence, deaths, treatment oxycodone. Codeine cough syrup
admissions, and arrests. Use continues to be abused. Club drug use continues to
among Texas secondary school spread, with those who began
students, particularly younger Seventy-five percent of youths using these drugs several years
ones, declined from 1998 to entering treatment report mari- ago now appearing in treatment.
2000, but binge drinking and juana as their primary problem Ecstasy cases reported to poison
driving while under the influence drug. Dallas emergency room control centers, emergency
remain problematic. Sixteen mentions of marijuana are above rooms, and treatment admissions
continue to rise. GHB, GBL, and move eastward from San Diego Data were obtained from the
similar precursor drugs remain a through Lubbock and from El following sources:
problem, particularly in the Paso to Amarillo and Dallas/Fort
Metroplex area, with a high rate Worth. A major problem is that * Price, purity, trafficking,
of emergency room mentions. Mexican pharmacies sell many distribution, and supply--This
Rohypnol remains a problem controlled substances to US information was provided by
along the border and the number citizens who can legally bring up quarterly 2001 reports on trends
of youths entering treatment for to 50 dosage units into the U.S. in trafficking from the Dallas, El
abuse of this drug is rising. The use of private and express Paso, and Houston field divisions
Ketamine continues as a prob- mail companies to traffic narcot- of the Drug Enforcement
lem, with the Dallas emergency ics and smuggle money continues Administration (DEA).
room rate above the national to increase. Seaports are used to
level. Use of marijuana joints import heroin and cocaine via * Treatment data--TCADA’s
dipped in embalming fluid that commercial cargo vessels and Client Oriented Data Acquisition
can contain PCP (“Fry”) contin- the international airports in Process (CODAP) provided
ues, with cases seen in the Houston and Dallas/Fort Worth data on clients at admission to
emergency rooms, treatment, are major ports for the distribu- treatment in TCADA-funded
arrests, and deaths. tion of drugs in and out of the facilities from first quarter 1983
state. through October 31, 2001;
The proportions of AIDS cases however, only partial data have
due to injecting drug use and to DATA SOURCES AND been available for Dallas County
heterosexual route of transmis- TIME PERIODS since July, 1999. For most drugs,
sion are increasing, as are the the characteristics of clients
proportions of females and Substance Abuse Trends in entering with a primary problem
persons of color. The proportion Texas is an on-going series with the drug are discussed, but
of needle users entering treat- which is published every six in the case of emerging club
ment continues to decrease. months as a report to the Com- drugs, information is provided on
munity Epidemiology Work any client with a primary, sec-
AREA DESCRIPTION Group meetings sponsored by the ondary, or tertiary problem with
National Institute on Drug that drug.
The population of Texas in Abuse. To compare December
2000 is 20,851,820, with 56 2001 data with earlier periods, * Overdose death data--Data
percent Anglo, 12 percent please refer to previous editions on drug overdose deaths through
African American, and 32 that are available in hard copy 2000 came from death certifi-
percent Hispanic. Illicit drugs from the Texas Commission on cates from the Bureau of Vital
continue to enter from Mexico Alcohol and Drug Abuse Statistics of the Texas Depart-
through cities such as El Paso, (TCADA) or on the TCADA ment of Health. Analysis of
Laredo, McAllen, and web page at http:// inhalant deaths is from Jane
Brownsville, as well as smaller www.tcada.state.tx.us/research/ Maxwell, “Deaths Related to the
towns along the border. They subabusetrends.html and at the Inhalation of Volatile Substances
then move northward for distri- web page of the Gulf Coast - Texas, 1988 - 1998.” American
bution through Dallas/Fort Worth Addiction Technology Transfer Journal of Drug and Alcohol
and Houston. In addition, drugs Center at http://www.utattc.net. Abuse, Vol. 27, 689-697, 2001.
Exhibit 2. Dallas DAWN Mentions of Cocaine Per 100,000 Population by Age and Gender: 1989-2000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total 59.1 45.4 56.9 52.9 57.7 61.5 61.6 58.3 73.6 106.0 85.6 87.3
Age 12-17 33.3 20.9 20.2 16.0 21.2 18.8 20.6 35.0 33.7 65.8 45.3 36.4
Age 18-25 140.9 102.5 116.9 106.3 109.1 100.5 105.5 92.0 155.5 192.3 139.9 130.4
Age 26-34 115.1 94.9 119.7 106.2 112.2 141.6 121.9 117.1 132.8 192.4 152.9 171.7
Age 35+ 24.7 19.4 30.3 32.9 39.3 39.3 46.9 43.2 54.7 83.7 74.7 75.8
Male 76.6 58.0 69.0 69.1 72.4 75.2 79.3 77.8 97.1 142.2 112.0 114.9
Female 42.3 32.8 45.3 37.3 43.1 48.4 44.0 38.8 51.1 70.9 60.5 60.5
students reported 3.6 percent Exhibit 2 shows that while the and 17 percent were Hispanic.
lifetime and 1.3 percent past rate of cocaine emergency room In 2000, the rate of cocaine
month use (Exhibit 1). The levels mentions per 100,000 population mentions in Dallas was higher
of use in 2000 for both border in the Dallas DAWN data was than nationally: 87.3 per 100,000
and non-border students lower in 2000 than the peak in Dallas and 70.7 per 100,000
decreased very slightly from the period in 1998, it was still higher nationally.
1998 survey results. than in earlier years. In 2000,
there were 2,180 mentions of Cocaine (crack and powder)
TCADA’s 2000 Texas Survey cocaine. Of these, 51 percent comprised 28 percent of all adult
of Substance Use Among were 18-34 and 44 percent were admissions to TCADA-funded
Adults reported 12 percent of 35 and older; 64 percent were treatment programs in 2001.
Texas adults had ever used male; 39 percent were Anglo, 41 Crack cocaine is the primary
powder cocaine and 1 percent percent were African American, illicit drug abused by adult clients
had used it in the past month, up
from 10 percent lifetime and 0.4
Ex. 3. Characteristics of Adult Clients Admitted to
percent past month use in 1996.
TCADA-Funded Treatment with a Primary Problem
The increase in past-year use with Cocaine by Route of Administration: Jan-Oct 2001
(1.4 percent to 1.9 percent) was
statistically significant. The
Crack Powder Powder
levels of crack cocaine use did Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine
not change between 1996 and Smoke Inject Inhale All*
2000 (2 percent lifetime and 0.1
# Admissions 5,768 700 1,328 8,222
percent past month). % of Cocaine Admits 70% 9% 16% 100%
Lag-1st Use to Tmt-Yrs. 10 13 9 10
Texas Poison Control Centers Average Age 36 34 30 35
reported 357 misuse or abuse % Male 55% 64% 63% 57%
cases involving cocaine in 1999, % African American 50% 5% 9% 39%
1,252 in 2000, and 622 through % Anglo 36% 70% 38% 39%
% Hispanic 12% 20% 46% 19%
the third quarter of 2001. In
% CJ Involved 37% 44% 49% 40%
2001, the average age of these
% Employed 14% 18% 31% 17%
cases was 30 years and 60 % Homeless 17% 13% 5% 14%
percent were male. Average Income $4,714 $6,342 $7,523 $5,308
*Total includes clients with "other" routes of administration
450 39
400 38
Number of Deaths
350
37
Age (Years)
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Dallas Males 43% 41% 45% 35% 31% 32% 32% 29% 34% 28%
Houston Males 56% 41% 41% 28% 40% 39% 39% 36% 36% 32%
Laredo Males NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 37% 42% 45%
San Antonio Males 29% 31% 31% 31% 24% 28% 26% 27% 23% 20%
Dallas Females 46% 48% 43% 46% 44% 36% 34% 30% 40% 24%
Houston Females 51% 44% 43% 36% 32% 34% 29% 37% 23% 32%
Laredo Females NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 33% 21% 22%
San Antonio Females 24% 25% 24% 23% 23% 23% 18% 20% 19% NR
in treatment before. Among The proportion of arrestees male arrestees aged 31-35 tested
crack admissions, 16 percent of testing positive for cocaine has positive for cocaine, while in
the new admissions are His- decreased from the peak periods Dallas and Houston, arrestees 36
panic, as compared to 10 percent in the early 1990s in Dallas, and older were overrepresented.
of the previously treated. Houston, and San Antonio. In Dallas, Houston, and San
Particularly significant is the fact Antonio, African American
Powder cocaine was the that 45 percent of males and 22 males were the most likely to
primary drug of abuse for 6 percent of females in 2000 in test positive for cocaine.
percent of youths entering Laredo tested positive for
treatment during 2001 (Appendix cocaine, which shows the extent Exhibit 7 shows the proportion
3). Crack cocaine accounted for of the cocaine problem on the of substances identified by the
2 percent of youth admissions. border (Exhibit 6). In addition, DPS labs which were cocaine.
Of the powder cocaine admis- the 2000 ADAM reports showed In 2001, cocaine comprised 37
sions, 76 percent were Hispanic that in Laredo and San Antonio, percent of all items examined by
and 23 percent were Anglo. Of a disproportionate percentage of the labs.
the crack cocaine admissions, 66
percent were Hispanic and 26 Exhibit 7. Percent of All Drugs Identified
percent were Anglo. by DPS Labs: 1998-2001
$50,000
$45,000
$40,000
$35,000
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$-
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1h93
2h93
1h94
2h94
1h95
2h95
1h96
2h96
1h97
2h97
1h98
2h98
1h99
2h99
1h00
2h00
1h01
2h01
In the second half of 2001, $850 in Amarillo, $650-$850 in ether, in addition to baking soda,
powder cocaine was reported by Lubbock, and $759-$1,000 in to give a “bell-ringing” effect.
DEA as being abundant, espe- Fort Worth.
cially at the retail level in ounce Alcohol
and gram quantities. Intelligence Depending on location in the
suggests that while street level state, a gram of powder cocaine Alcohol is the primary drug of
and multi-kilogram quantities of sells for $50-$100. A gram in abuse in Texas. The 2000 Texas
cocaine are readily available, Dallas costs $50-$100, $80-$100 School Survey of Substance
drug-related activity on the in Houston, and $100 in Alpine, Abuse: Grades 7-12 found that
border decreased after Septem- Amarillo, and Lubbock. An 71 percent had ever drunk
ber 11, 2001 and that traffickers ounce ranges between $400 and alcohol and 36 percent used it in
are stockpiling drugs on the $1,200. An ounce in Laredo the past month. Students on the
Mexican side of the border. costs $400-$550; in Houston, border in 2000 reported higher
$400-$650; $500-$1,200 in levels of use, with 74 percent
DEA reports crack cocaine is Dallas; $600 in Alpine; $600- having ever drunk alcohol and 41
even more readily available, with $800 in McAllen; $600-$1,000 in percent having drunk in the past
increased use by Anglos. In San Antonio; $650-$850 in month.
addition, use of crack is reported Amarillo and Lubbock; $700-
up in African American and $1,000 in Tyler; and $750 in Fort Heavy consumption of alcohol
Hispanic neighborhoods. A rock Worth. A kilogram sells for or binge drinking, which is
of crack costs between $10- $10,000-$22,000 (Exhibit 8). defined as drinking five or more
$100, with $10 being the most drinks at one time, is of concern.
common price. An ounce of Street outreach workers in About 17 percent of all second-
crack cocaine costs $400-$600 Austin report that kool-aid is ary students said that when they
in Houston, $500-$2,800 in again being used to break down drank, they usually drank five or
Dallas, $550-$750 in Longview, crack cocaine for injection and more beers at one time, and 14
$600-$800 in Beaumont, $600- also that crack is being cut with to 15 percent reported binge
Exhibit 9. Percentage of Texas Secondary Students alcohol in the past year. In 1996,
Who Reported They Normally Consumed Five or More 65 percent reported past-year
Drinks at One Time, by Specific Alcoholic Beverage: drinking. In 2000, 17 percent
1988-2000
reported binge drinking and 6
25%
Beer percent reported heavy drinking
20% Wine Coolers in the past month. Some 15.7
Liquor percent of all adults reported
15%
problems with alcohol use in the
Wine
10% past year in 2000; 16.8 percent
reported past-year problems in
5%
1996. In comparison, 5.2 percent
0% of adults in 2000 and 4.1 percent
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 of adults in 1996 reported past-
year problems with the use of
drinking of wine coolers and of seniors reported having driven drugs.
liquor. This pattern increased when they were high from drugs
with grade level, with 27 percent (Exhibit 10). Among seniors, 11 Over the years, the number of
of seniors reporting binge drink- percent had done so one to three mentions per 100,000 population
ing of beer and 22 percent of times, 3 percent had done so of alcohol in combination with
liquor. The percentage of stu- from four to nine times, and other drugs in Dallas emergency
dents who normally drank five or another 5 percent had done so rooms has risen, although the
more beers decreased between 10 or more times during the past most recent rates are below the
1988 and 2000, while the per- year. peak in 1998 (Exhibit 11).
centage of students who re-
ported binge drinking of wine or The 2000 Texas Adult Survey In 2001, 37 percent of adult
wine coolers has fallen from the found that 66 percent of Texas clients admitted to publicly-
peak in 1994, but still is higher adults reported having drunk funded programs had a primary
than in 1988 (Exhibit 9). The
percentage of binge drinking of Exhibit 10. Percentage of Texas Seniors Who Had
hard liquor has remained rela- Driven While Drunk or High From Drugs: 1988-2000
tively stable since 1994.
40% 37%
Total 50.4 60.6 57.9 57.6 57.9 65.7 83.0 68.0 74.8
problem with alcohol (Appendix Anglo, and 8 percent were per 100,000 is decreasing (Ex-
2). They were the oldest of the African American. Seventy-five hibit 13).
clients (average age of 38); 62 percent were involved with the
percent were Anglo, 21 percent juvenile justice or legal systems Heroin
were Hispanic, and 14 percent (Appendix 3).
were African American; 70 The proportion of Texas
percent were male. Their annual Far more persons die as an secondary students reporting
income level was second only to indirect result of alcohol, as lifetime use of heroin dropped
that of cocaine clients. In terms Exhibit 12 shows. Direct deaths from 2.4 percent in 1998 to 1.6
of poly-drug use, 48 percent are those where the substance, percent in 2000, and past month
used only alcohol, 17 percent had alcohol or drugs, caused the use dropped from 0.7 percent to
a secondary drug problem with death, while indirect deaths are 0.5 percent.
marijuana, 14 percent had a those where the actual cause of
problem with crack cocaine, and death was due to another reason, The 2000 Texas adult survey
11 percent had a problem with such as a car wreck or a violent found that 1.2 percent of adults
powder cocaine. crime, but alcohol or drugs were reported lifetime use of heroin
involved. and 0.1 percent reported past-
Among adolescents, alcohol month use.
comprised 8 percent of all More Texans are arrested for
treatment admissions. Some 72 public intoxication (PI) than for Calls to Texas Poison Control
percent were male; 62 percent any other substance abuse Centers involving confirmed
were Hispanic, 29 percent were offense, although the arrest rate exposures to heroin rose through
Exhibit 12. Direct and Indirect Alcohol and Drug Deaths Per
100,000 Population: 1994-2000
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0 Direct Alcohol
30.0 Indirect Alcohol
25.0
Direct Drug
20.0
15.0 Indirect Drug
10.0
5.0
0.0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
1200
1000
DWI
800
LLV
600 PI
Drug Traffic
400
Drug Possess
200
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
2000. In 1998, there were 168 478 mentions of heroin or mor- to treatment (Appendices 1 and
abuse or misuse exposure calls phine in the Dallas emergency 2). It comprised 12 percent of
involving heroin, in 1999, there rooms, and 52 percent of these admissions in 2001 as compared
were 231, 265 in 2000, and 153 patients were 18-34, with 45 to 9 percent in 1993. The char-
through third quarter 2001. Of percent over 35; those ages 6-17 acteristics of these addicts vary
the cases in 2001, average age comprised 2.9 percent of the depending on the route of
was 34 and 80 percent were patients. Fifty-nine percent of all administration, as Exhibit 15
male. the cases were Anglo, 26 per- shows.
cent were African American,
Emergency room mentions of and 13 percent were Hispanic; Most heroin addicts entering
heroin are rising back to near the 69 percent were male. treatment inject heroin. While
peak years of 1997-1998 (Exhibit the number of individuals who
14). The number of mentions Admissions to treatment are inhale heroin is small, it is
was lower in Dallas than also gradually increasing. Heroin significant to note that the lag
nationally (19.1 per 100,000 in ranks third after alcohol and period from first use and seeking
Dallas and 38.3 per 100,000 cocaine as the primary drug for treatment is eight rather than 15
nationally). In 2000, there were which adult clients are admitted years for injectors. This shorter
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total 14.1 14.0 10.2 11.9 12.7 10.3 11.2 13.8 20.9 20.5 17.4 19.1
Age 12-17 - - - 1.0 2.0 2.7 - 9.9 - 6.8 7.1 5.8
Age 18-25 18.6 15.8 12.8 11.9 13.1 14.3 16.2 30.8 60.4 55.0 45.3 49.1
Age 26-34 27.2 26.1 16.8 22.9 15.9 13.2 15.8 17.3 24.7 24.0 19.4 22.9
Age 35+ 11.6 13.0 10.4 11.8 16.0 11.9 12.2 11.8 15.0 18.0 15.6 17.2
Male 19.4 19.0 12.4 18.1 16.9 14.7 15.1 19.0 33.3 27.4 22.4 27.1
Female 8.9 9.2 8.2 5.8 8.8 5.7 7.4 8.9 9.0 13.9 12.4 11.4
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
400 40
350 39.5
Number of Deaths
300 39
Age (Years)
38.5 African Am erican
250
38 His panic
200
37.5 Anglo
150
37 Age
100 36.5
50 36
0 35.5
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
Dallas, Anglo males were more Houston and Laredo, readily per gram, $800-$4,800 per
likely to test positive for heroin, available in Alpine, at the same ounce, and $35,000-$50,000 per
while in Houston and San levels of availability in Midland kilogram. In the Dallas area, the
Antonio, African Americans and Fort Worth as in past years, purity of a cap ranges between 7
were most likely. more expensive in Dallas, and and 10 percent; an ounce at 10-
available in Tyler, Longview, 64 percent, and a kilogram at 16-
Exhibit 7 shows that proportion Lubbock, and Amarillo. 20 percent.
of items identified as heroin by
DPS labs has remained consis- The predominant form of Mexican brown heroin costs
tent at 1 to 2 percent over the heroin in Texas is black tar. The $10 per cap, $110-$300 per
years. cost of an ounce of black tar gram, and $600-$3,000 per
heroin has widened (Exhibit 19). ounce. Colombian sells for
The availability of heroin Depending on the location, black $2,000 per ounce and $75,000-
varies around the state. It is tar heroin sells on the street for $80,000 per kilogram in the
reported more available in $10-$20 a capsule, $100-$350 Dallas area and purity ranges
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Dallas Males 4% 4% 5% 3% 5% 5% 4% 2% 5% 3%
Houston Males 3% 3% 2% 3% 5% 8% 10% 8% 6% 7%
Laredo Males NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 11% 11% 10%
San Antonio Males 15% 14% 14% 13% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
Dallas Females 9% 9% 11% 8% 5% 10% 4% 5% 7% 5%
Houston Females 4% 4% 5% 6% 3% 4% 5% 7% 7% 3%
Laredo Females NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0% 2% 7%
San Antonio Females 20% 13% 15% 14% 13% 13% 9% 9% 10% NR
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$-
7
1
8
0
19
19
19
1h
1h
1h
1h
1h
1h
1h
1h
1h
between 74 and 89 percent. done, codeine, hydrocodone reported ever having used
Southwest and Southeast Asian (Vicodin, Tussionex), carisopro- codeine and 0.7 percent used in
heroin were not reported as dol (Soma), oxycodone the past year; lifetime use of
available in the last half of 2001. (OxyContin, Percodan, hydrocodone was 0.7 percent
Percocet-5, Tylox), d- and past-year use was 0.4
The Domestic Monitor propoxyphene (Darvon), percent.
Program of the DEA is a heroin hydromorphone (Dilaudid),
purchase program that provides morphine, meperidine (Demerol), Hydrocodone is a larger
data on the purity, price, and and opium. problem in Texas than is
origin of retail-level heroin oxycodone. There were 1,866
available in the major metropoli- The 2000 Texas adult survey cases of intentional misuse or
tan areas of the nation. As found that in 2000, lifetime use abuse of hydrocodone in 2000
Exhibit 20 shows, over time, the of other opiates was 4.4 percent and 964 in the first three quar-
purity of heroin is increasing and past-month use was 0.5 ters of 2001. In comparison,
while the price is dropping in percent; in comparison, in 1996, there were 62 intentional misuse
Dallas and Houston. lifetime use was 3 percent and or abuse cases using the terms
past-month use was 0.2 percent. “OxyContin” or “oxycodone”
Other Opiates The increase in past-year use reported in 2000, and 77 cases
(0.6 percent to 1.5 percent) was reported in the first three quar-
This group excludes heroin but statistically significant. Some 2.3 ters of 2001. There were also 24
includes opiates such as metha- percent of Texas adults in 2000 cases of abuse or misuse of
Exhibit 20. Price and Purity of Heroin Purchased in Dallas, El Paso, and Houston
by DEA: 1995-2000
Exhibit 21. Dallas DAWN ER Mentions of Other Opiates Per for $75-$100 for four ounces,
100,000 Population: 1994-2000 $125 for eight ounces, and
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
$1,600 for a gallon.
Hydrocodone 44 55 61 87 51 63 74
Oxycodone 0 0 ... 0 ... ... 13
Abuse of codeine cough syrup
continues with Rap CD songs
methadone in 1999, 64 cases in $5,317, 17 percent were em- such as “Sippin’ on Syrup,”
2000, and 30 in the first three ployed, and 33 percent were “Sippin’ Codeine,” “Syrup and
quarters of 2001. referred by the criminal justice Soda,” and “Syrup Sippers.”
system.
Dallas area emergency room DPS labs reported examining
mentions of hydrocodone have In 1999, there were 8 deaths 479 hydrocodone exhibits in
increased over the years; the with a mention of oxycodone; in 1999, 629 in 2000, and 307
increase between 1994 and 2000 2000, there were 20. In 1999, through October, 2001. In
was statistically significant. there were 25 deaths involving comparison, the number of
Oxycodone was mentioned 13 hydrocodone; in 2000, there exhibits involving oxycodone
times in 2000 (Exhibit 21). were 52. There were also 36 were 36 in 1999, 72 in 2000, and
deaths involving methadone in 42 through October, 2001.
Three percent of all adults who 1999; in 2000, there were 62.
entered treatment during 2001 Marijuana
used opiates other than heroin. According to DEA reports,
Of these, 43 used illegal metha- hydrocodone, promethazine with In 2000, 32 percent of Texas
done and 1087 used other codeine and other codeine cough secondary students had ever
opiates. Those who reported a syrups, as well as benzodiaz- tried marijuana and 14 percent
primary problem with illicit epines such as alprazolam, are had used it in the past month.
methadone were male (51 the most commonly diverted This is a decline from 1998,
percent); 34 years old; Anglo (79 drugs in the Houston area, and when 35 percent had ever used
percent), African American (5 hydrocodone products, benzodi- marijuana and 15 percent had
percent), and Hispanic (9 azepines, Ritalin and generic used in the past month. The
percent). Nine percent were methlyphenidate are the most greatest declines in use in 2000
homeless, annual income was commonly diverted controlled were among youths in grades 7
$5,472, 19 percent were em- substances within the Dallas and 8 (Exhibit 22).
ployed, 37 percent were referred area.
by the criminal justice system, In comparison, 37 percent of
and 42 percent had been in In the Dallas-Fort Worth Field adults reported lifetime and 4
treatment before. Those with Division, Dilaudid sells for $20- percent past-month marijuana
problems with other opiates $80 per tablet, Soma sells for $4 use in 2000, as compared to 34
looked different: 56 percent per tablet, and hydrocodone sells percent lifetime and 3 percent
were female, average age was for $4-$7 per tablet. OxyContin past month in 1996. Prevalence
36; 83 percent were Anglo, 36 sells for $15-$30 per tablet. was much higher among younger
percent had been in treatment Methadone sells for $10 per adults. Thirteen percent of those
before, 8 percent were home- tablet. In Houston, promethazine aged 18-24 in 2000 reported
less, average income was or phenergan with codeine sells past-month use, as compared to
Grade 11
15% Grade 10
Grade 9
10% Grade 8
Grade 7
5%
0%
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
6 percent of those aged 25-34 2001 of misuse or abuse of There were 1,225 mentions of
and 2 percent of those aged 35 marijuana where terms such as marijuana in 2000. Twenty-three
and over. The increase in past- “formaldehyde,” “fry,” “amp,” or percent of the patients were 17
year use between 1996 and 2000 “PCP” were also mentioned. and under, 55 percent were 18-
(6 percent to 7 percent) was 34, and 22 percent were 35 and
statistically significant. Mentions of marijuana per older. Forty-seven percent were
100,000 in emergency rooms in Anglo, 36 percent were African
There were 285 intentional Dallas are increasing, but they American, and 11 percent were
misuse or abuse cases due to have not reached the peak level Hispanic.
marijuana reported to the Texas of 1998 (Table 23), although the
Poison Control Centers in 2000, rate of mentions in 2000 was Marijuana was the primary
and 192 through third quarter higher in Dallas than nationally problem for 10 percent of adult
2001. There were another 121 (49.0 per 100,000 in Dallas and admissions to treatment pro-
cases in 2000 and 92 cases in 39.0 per 100,000 nationally). grams in 2001 (Appendices 1
Exhibit 23. Dallas DAWN ER Mentions of Marijuana Per 100,000 Population by Age
and Gender: 1989-2000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Total 23.8 15.6 11.1 14.8 15.7 20.0 23.2 23.1 37.9 61.9 47.6 49.0
Age 12-17 38.7 23.8 13.0 24.9 34.5 38.0 45.6 56.1 70.0 123.6 94.3 117.4
Age 18-25 69.5 44.5 30.9 40.6 46.1 54.2 69.4 58.1 118.4 170.4 140.6 127.8
Age 26-34 35.2 26.1 18.8 24.5 19.9 31.5 32.9 29.4 44.7 85.2 65.7 66.0
Age 35+ 6.5 4.0 3.9 4.4 5.3 6.8 7.5 10.2 17.3 28.3 19.9 20.9
Male 32.7 21.6 14.8 20.0 20.1 24.7 32.7 33.3 51.7 84.8 64.0 65.2
Female 15.2 9.9 7.4 9.6 11.1 15.3 13.9 13.3 24.7 39.8 32.1 33.0
MARIJUANA 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Dallas Males 19% 28% 27% 33% 39% 43% 44% 43% 39% 36%
Houston Males 17% 24% 24% 23% 30% 28% 23% 36% 38% 36%
Laredo Males NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 39% 33% 29%
San Antonio Males 19% 28% 32% 30% 34% 38% 34% 41% 36% 41%
Dallas Females 11% 24% 20% 23% 23% 26% 27% 24% 27% 21%
Houston Females 8% 12% 15% 13% 20% 24% 17% 20% 23% 27%
Laredo Females NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 13% 9% 17%
San Antonio Females 8% 16% 17% 15% 16% 18% 17% 18% 16% NR
and 2). The average age of adult 1999, 2000, and three quarters of $200 in Laredo, $350-$500 in
marijuana clients continues to 2001 (Exhibit 7). Houston, $500-$700 north of the
increase: in 1985, the average Border Patrol checkpoints in the
age was 24; in 2001, it was 27. Dallas DEA reports marijuana Alpine area, and $300-$800 in
is readily available. Supplies of the Dallas area. Exhibit 25
The proportion of adolescents home-grown marijuana are shows the range of prices across
admitted for a primary problem expected to be more plentiful the state since 1992.
with marijuana was 75 percent due to heavy rainfall. Marijuana
of all admissions in 2001 is also reported readily available Street outreach workers in
(Appendix 3), as compared to 35 in the Houston District. In the El Austin report “dip,” a mixture of
percent in 1987. In 2001, 71 Paso area, commercial grade PCP, formaldehyde, and rocket
percent of these adolescents Mexican marijuana is the most fuel is being used to soak joints
were Hispanic, 26 percent were common type. Indoor-grown to produce an intense high.
Anglo, and 21 percent were sinsemilla sells for $750-$1,200 a
African American (in 1987, 7 pound in the Dallas-Fort Worth Exhibit 26 plots the trends in
percent were African area. The average price for a lifetime use of marijuana as
American). pound of commercial grade reported in the TCADA Texas
marijuana was between $180- secondary school surveys,
The percentage of arrestees
testing positive for marijuana Exhibit 25. Price of a Pound of Commercial Grade
remains high (Exhibit 24). In all Marijuana in Texas as Reported by DEA: 1992-
four reporting cities, male $1,800 2001
arrestees under age 21 were the $1,600
most likely to test positive for
$1,400
marijuana. In San Antonio, Anglo
$1,200
males were the most likely to
test positive for marijuana, while $1,000
in Dallas and Houston, African $800
Americans were most likely. $600
$400
Cannabis was identified in 35
$200
to 36 percent of all the exhibits
$-
analyzed by DPS laboratories in
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
90% 140
80% 120
Statewide Survey-% Ever
70%
100 Used Pot
60%
Per 100,000
Statewide Drug Arrests-%
50% 80 Pot
40% 60 Statewide Tmt
30% Admissions-% Pot
40
20% Dallas ER Pot Mentions-
20 Age 12-17
10%
0% 0
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
adolescent admissions to treat- secondary students in Texas there have been 279 misuse or
ment for a primary problem of after marijuana and cocaine. abuse cases. There were also
marijuana, the proportion of Lifetime use of uppers was 7 112 cases involving the inten-
adolescent drug arrests for percent in 2000, and current use tional misuse or abuse of Ritalin
marijuana, and adolescent was 3 percent. in 2000 and 79 in the first three
emergency room mentions in quarters of 2001. Average age of
Dallas. As this exhibit shows, all Among Texas adults in 2000, these cases in 2001 was 22.
the indicators have risen since 12 percent reported lifetime use
1992, although there was a slight and 1 percent reported past The rate of mentions for
decline in lifetime use as re- month use of uppers in 2000. In amphetamines in the Dallas
ported in the statewide school comparison, in 1996, lifetime use emergency rooms in 2000 was
surveys between 1998 and 2000. was 10 percent and past-month higher than the national rate
use was 1 percent. The differ- (14.0 per 100,000 in Dallas v. 6.9
Stimulants ence in past year use from 1996 per 100,000 nationally), while the
to 2000 (1.1 percent to 1.9 rate for methamphetamines was
Uppers include stimulants such percent) was statistically signifi- 5.4 per 100,000 in Dallas and 5.5
as amphetamines, methamphet- cant. per 100,000 in the nation. Of the
amines, speed, over-the-counter methamphetamine cases, 62
medicines containing ephedrine, In 2000, there were 207 cases percent were male and 90
and prescription drugs such as of abuse or misuse of metham- percent were Anglo; 59 percent
Ritalin (methylphenidate) when phetamines, methamphetamines, were ages 18-34 and 36 percent
taken for non-medical reasons. speed, etc., reported to Texas were age 35 and older. The
Uppers were the third most Poison Control Centers. In the trends over time are shown in
frequently used illicit drug among first three quarters of 2001, Exhibit 27. The number of
Exhibit 27. Dallas DAWN ER Mentions of Stimulants: 1994-2000
mentions in 2000 for metham- these clients entering treatment and 5 percent were African
phetamine is below the peak in are women. Most stimulant users American.
1995, but the number of amphet- are injectors, with differences
amine mentions is at an all time seen among the clients based on The proportion of arrestees
high in 2000. route of administration (Exhibit testing positive for amphet-
28). amines in ADAM is low, as
Methamphetamines and Exhibit 29 shows. In both Dallas
amphetamines comprise 7 Clients who have been in and Houston, male arrestees
percent of adult admissions in treatment before are more likely who were 36 and older and who
2001 to date; this is an increase to inject methamphetamines or were Anglo were the most likely
from 5 percent in 2000 amphetamines (66 percent) than to test positive for methamphet-
(Appendices 1 and 2). The are first-time admissions (53 amines.
average client admitted for a percent). In addition, readmis-
primary problem with stimulants sions are more likely to be Methamphetamine and am-
is aging. In 1985, average age female (54 percent) as compared phetamine comprised between
was 26; in 2001, it was 31. The to new admissions (50 percent). 12 and 15 percent of all items
proportion of Anglo clients has examined by DPS laboratories
risen from 80 percent in 1985 to There were 17 deaths where between 1998 and 2001 (Exhibit
92 percent in 2001, while the amphetamines or methamphet- 7) and continues to increase.
percent Hispanic has dropped amines were mentioned in 1997, DPS labs in 1999 reported
from 11 percent to 5 percent and 20 in 1998, 21 in 1999, and 39 in identifying 4,801 substances that
the percent African American 2000. Of the 2000 decedents, 51 were methamphetamine, as
has dropped from 9 percent to 2 percent were male; average age compared to 6,474 in 2000 and
percent. Unlike the other drug was 36.8; and 87 percent were 3,203 through October, 2001.
categories, more than half of Anglo, 8 percent were Hispanic, They also identified 890 amphet-
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Dallas Males 1% 1% 4% 2% 2% 1% 4% 3% 3% 2%
Houston Males 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%
Laredo Males NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0% 0% 0%
San Antonio Males 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0%
Dallas Females 3% 3% 6% 4% 4% 2% 4% 4% 4% 3%
Houston Females 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% 0% 2%
Laredo Females NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0% 0% 0%
San Antonio Females 2% 1% 2% 0% 3% 2% 4% 2% 2% NR
1.8%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
Xanax
1.0%
Valium
0.8%
Klonopin
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
1998 1999 2000 2001
clonazepam (Klonopin or 2001 had a primary problem with amounted to 600 items of Xanax,
Rivotril), flurazepam (Dalmane), barbiturates, sedatives, or 524 Valium, and 486 Klonopin
lorazepam (Ativan), and tranquilizers. Average age was out of a total of 46,658 items
chlordiazepoxide (Librium and 34; 65 percent were female; 88 analyzed by DPS labs. Notice
Librax). Rohypnol is discussed percent were Anglo, 6 percent that the proportion of Xanax
separately in the Club Drugs were Hispanic, and 2 percent exhibits is increasing, while the
section of this report. were African American. Thirty- proportions of Valium and
seven percent were referred by Klonopin exhibits are decreasing
The 2000 adult survey reported the criminal justice system, 13 (Exhibit 31).
lifetime use at 6.9 percent and percent were employed, and
past-month use at 0.6 percent; in average annual income was Both Houston and Dallas DEA
1996, lifetime use was 6.2 $5,390. report Xanax to be one of the
percent and past-month use was most commonly abused diverted
0.3 percent. The difference in Benzodiazepines are the drugs. Xanax sells for $3-$10
past year use between 1996 and depressant drugs most often per tablet.
2000 (1 percent to 1.8 percent) identified in ADAM. Positive
was statistically significant. findings for the four Texas cities Club Drugs and
ranged from 3 to 8 percent in Hallucinogens
The number of mentions of 2000. For barbiturates, positives
alprazolam (Xanax) in the Dallas ranged from 0 to 3 percent. Ecstasy (MDMA)
emergency rooms continues to
rise, while the number of men- Alprazolam, clonazepam, and The 2000 Texas Secondary
tions for Valium are decreasing diazepam are among the 10 most School Survey reported that
over time. The trend for commonly identified substances ecstasy use was unchanged from
Klonopin is less clear (Ex. 30). according to DPS lab reports, 1998. In 2000, 4.5 percent had
although none of them comprise ever used Ecstasy and 1.9
One percent (402 clients) of more than 2 percent of all items percent had used in the past
the adults entering treatment in examined in a year. In 2000, this month as compared to 4.5
percent lifetime and 1.4 percent male; 53 percent were referred available. Single dosage units of
past month use in 1998. by the criminal justice or legal MDMA sell for $10-$40 in
system; and 17 percent were Dallas and $25-$30 in Houston,
The 2000 adult survey reported employed. Galveston, and McAllen.
that 3.1 percent had ever used
ecstasy and 1.0 percent had Among adolescents, there Benzyl-piperazine (BZP), a
used in the past year. were 18 admissions in 1998, 17 central nervous system stimulant,
admissions in 1999, 58 in 2000, and N-(3-trifluormethylpheno)
The number of ecstasy cases and 75 through October, 2001, piperazine (TFMPP), a
reported to the Poison Control who had a primary, secondary, or hallucingen, are being sold as
Centers is increasing. In 1999, tertiary problem with Ecstasy. ecstasy. In 2000, DPS labs
there were 35 cases; in 2000, Average age of the 2001 admis- identified one item as being BZP
there were 96 cases, and in sions was 15.9; 84 percent were and in 2001, they identified eight
three quarters of 2001, there male; 81 percent were referred items as BZP. The Austin Police
have been 110. Average age was from the juvenile justice system; Department laboratory identified
21 years and 57 percent were 61 percent were Anglo and 20 three items in 2001 as BZP.
male. percent were Hispanic.
Tablets containing PCP and
The rate of mentions of In 1999, there were two deaths methamphetamine are also
MDMA per 100,000 in Dallas which involved MDMA in Texas. reported as being sold as
emergency rooms in 2000 was There was one death in 2001. ecstasy.
1.0; the national rate was 0.8.
The number of mentions peaked Exhibit 33 shows the propor- Gamma Hydroxybutrate,
in Dallas in 2000 (Exhibit 32). tion of substances which were Gamma Butyrate Lactone, 1-4
club drugs, identified by DPS. Butanediol
Adult admissions for a primary, The labs identified MDMA as
secondary, or tertiary problem the substance in 102 exhibits in The 2000 Texas adult survey
with ecstasy increased from 45 1999, 373 in 2000, and 259 reported that 0.4 percent had
in 1998 to 97 in 1999 to 141 in through three quarters in 2001. ever used GHB and 0.1 percent
2000 to 200 through October, MDA was identified in 31 had used in the past year.
2001. Of the 2001 admissions, exhibits in 1999, 20 in 2000, and
average age was 25; 78 percent 10 in 2001 to date. Texas Poison Control Centers
were Anglo, 12 percent were reported 100 confirmed expo-
African American and 6 percent According to the DEA, sures to GHB, GBL, and 1,4 BD
were Hispanic; 65 percent were MDMA is becoming even more in 1998, as compared to 166 in
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
LSD
0.6% MDMA
PCP
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
1998 1999 2000 2001
1999, 154 in 2000, and 108 Anglo. Twenty percent were the prevalence of GHB in this
through the third quarter of 2001. employed and 33 percent were area as compared to the rest of
In 2001, the average age was 25 involved with the criminal justice the state.
years and 62 percent were male. or legal system. No adolescents
Sixty-three percent of the cases were admitted to treatment in DEA reports GHB is becoming
in 2001 were from the Dallas- 2001 for a problem with GHB. more available because of the
Fort Worth metroplex. ease of converting GBL into
In 1999, there were three GHB. More labs are being
Exhibit 32 shows the overall deaths which involved GHB, and seized in 2001. A dose of GHB
increases in the mentions of in 2000 there were five deaths. costs $5-$10 in Houston and
GHB in the emergency rooms in Eighty percent were Anglo and Lubbock and $20 a dose in
the Dallas area, with the peak in 80 percent were female. Aver- Dallas. A gallon costs $500-$900
2000. In 2000, the rate of age age was 29. Four of the in Dallas and $725-$1,000 in
mentions per 100,000 for GHB deaths in 2000 were in the Houston.
was 3.0; only San Francisco had Dallas metro area, as were two
a higher rate at 5.0 per 100,000. of the deaths in 1999. Ketamine
Clients with a primary, second- In 1999, 116 items were The 2000 adult survey reported
ary, or tertiary problem with identified by DPS labs as being that 0.3 percent had ever used
GHB, GBL, or 1,4 butanediol are GHB or GBL; in 2000, 52 were, Ketamine and 0.1 percent had
now being seen in treatment. In and in 2001 to date, 16 have used in the last year.
1999, 17 adults were admitted, in been. Thirteen of the 16 items
2000, 12 were, and in 2001 to were identified in the DPS lab in Seven cases of misuse of
date, 15 were. In 2001, average the Dallas area, which shows, Ketamine were reported to
age was 27; 67 percent were along with the overdose deaths Texas Poison Control Centers in
female and 80 percent were and poison control center calls, 1999, 28 were reported in 2000,
and 22 in three quarters of 2001. 1998, when 7.3 percent had ever were African American, and 10
Average age was 21 and 71 used hallucinogens and 2.5 percent were Hispanic. Twenty
percent were male. percent had used in the past percent were employed and 54
month. percent were in the criminal or
In the Dallas emergency legal system. Twenty-five
rooms in 2000, the rate of The 2000 adult survey reported percent of these adult clients had
mentions of Ketamine per that 8.8 percent of Texas adults a primary problem with a halluci-
100,000 was 0.2, above the had ever used LSD and 0.9 nogen; another 25 percent had a
national average of 0.0. There percent had used in the past primary problem with marijuana
were 10 mentions in 2000 year. with a secondary problem with a
(Exhibit 32). hallucinogen.
Texas Poison Control Centers
There were also two deaths in reported 77 mentions of LSD in There were 320 youths with a
1999 which involved use of 1998, 95 in 1999, 87 in 2000, and primary, secondary or tertiary
Ketamine. Both were Anglo 57 in 2001. Average age in 2001 problem with hallucinogens
males. One was 19 and one was was 18.5 years. There were also admitted to treatment in 2000
38 years old. No deaths were 197 cases of intentional misuse and 145 admitted through
reported in 2000. or abuse of hallucinogenic October, 2001. Average age was
mushrooms reported in 2000, as 15.8 years; 83 percent were
In 1999, 25 substances were compared to 66 in three quarters males; 61 percent were Anglo,
identified as Ketamine by DPS of 2001. Average age in 2001 30 percent were Hispanic, and 8
labs; in 2000, 41 were identified, was 22 years. percent were African American.
and 32 were identified through Eighty-three percent were
third quarter 2001 as Ketamine. There were 64 mentions of involved in the juvenile justice
LSD in the Dallas DAWN system, and marijuana was the
The Houston DEA office emergency rooms in 2000; the primary drug used, followed by
reports Ketamine is widely peak was 133 in 1995 (Exhibit hallucinogens.
available in clubs and at raves. 32). The rate of mentions per
In Brownsville, 10 milliliters of 100,000 in Dallas in 2000 was There were two deaths in 1999
liquid Ketamine, which yields .95 1.5, which was above the which involved LSD. Both were
grams of powder, sell for $21. national average of 0.9. Anglo males and ages were 15
and 25. There were no LSD
LSD In 2000, there were 316 adults deaths reported in 2000.
with a primary, secondary, or
The 2000 Secondary School tertiary problem with hallucino- In 1999, DPS labs identified
Survey found that 5.4 percent gens, and there were 253 405 substances as LSD; in 2000,
had ever used hallucinogens through October, 2001. Average they identified 234 as LSD and
(defined as LSD, PCP, etc.) and age of these individuals was 27; 55 through October, 2001.
1.8 percent had used in the past 63 percent were male; 62 Exhibit 33 shows that the per-
month. This is a decrease from percent were Anglo, 26 percent centage of exhibits which were
LSD has decreased over the last Adult admissions to treatment admissions, 86 percent were
four years. with a primary, secondary, or male; 49 percent were African
tertiary problem with PCP are American, 35 percent were
LSD is selling for $0.60 to $10 increasing. In 1998, 102 were Hispanic, and 14 percent were
in Dallas, $5-$10 in Tyler, $6-$10 admitted, in 1999, 125 were, in Anglo; average age was 15.9
in Fort Worth, and $7 in Lub- 2000, 174 were, and in 2001 years. Ninety-five percent had
bock. Two grams sells for $160- through October, 135 have been been referred to treatment or
$180 a bottle in Houston. admitted. Of these clients in were involved in the juvenile
2001, 84 percent were African justice system. Marijuana was
Phencyclidine (PCP) American, 66 percent were the primary drug of abuse for 74
male, average age was 23, 63 percent of the clients and PCP
The 2000 Texas adult survey percent were involved in the was the primary drug for 21
reported that 0.9 percent of criminal justice system, 24 percent.
adults had ever used PCP or percent were employed, 13
Angel Dust and 0.1 percent had percent were homeless, and There were three deaths in
used in the past year. average income was $2,586. 1999 and 3 in 2000 in Texas
While 56 percent reported a which involved PCP. In 2000,
There were 121 confirmed primary problem with PCP, two of the decedents were male;
cases reported to the Texas another 28 percent reported a all were African American. Ages
Poison Control Centers in 2000 primary problem with marijuana, ranged between 20 and 36.
where terms such as “formalde- which demonstrates the link
hyde,” “fry,” “amp,” or “PCP” between these two drugs and the PCP use among ADAM
were mentioned; there have use of “Fry,” which is a mari- arrestees was most likely to be
been 92 through third quarter juana joint or cigar dipped in reported among Dallas and
2001. embalming fluid that can contain Houston male arrestees (Exhibit
PCP. 34). Those arrestees testing
The rate of mention of PCP in positive for PCP were more
the Dallas emergency rooms has Among adolescent clients, likely to be under age 21 and
risen to 4.8 per 100,000 in 2000, there were 62 admissions for a African American.
above the national rate of 2.2 per primary, secondary, or tertiary
100,000. As Exhibit 32 shows, problem with PCP in 1998, 118 in DPS labs identified 77 sub-
there were 95 mentions in 1999 1999, 76 in 2000, and 57 through stances as PCP in 1999, 100 in
and 120 in 2000. October, 2001. Of the 2001 2000, and 68 through October,
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Dallas Males 0% 3% 3% 5% 8% 4% 3% 4% 5% 4%
Houston Males 0% 0% 1% 3% 4% 3% 3% 6% 7% 5%
Laredo Males NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0% 0% 0%
San Antonio Males 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Dallas Females 0% 0% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 1% 2%
Houston Females 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2%
Laredo Females NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0% 0% 0%
San Antonio Females 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NR
10
11
12
67 percent were involved with
de
de
de
de
de
de
ra
ra
ra
ra
ra
G
G
system, and average annual
2001. Exhibit 33 shows a slight lifetime use and 0.1 percent income at admission was $4,160.
annual increase in the proportion reported past-year use of
of all exhibits which were Rohypnol. In 1998, there were 160 youths
identified as PCP by DPS over admitted to treatment with a
the last four years. The number of confirmed primary, secondary, or tertiary
exposures to Rohypnol reported problem with Rohypnol. In 1999,
DEA reports a significant to the Texas Poison Control 234 were admitted, in 2000, 250
increase in PCP use in the Centers was 100 in 1998, 105 in youths were admitted, and in
Dallas area. It is selling for $500 1999, 124 in 2000, and 76 in 2001 to date, 262 youths have
per ounce and $10 per dose in three quarters of 2001. Of the been admitted. Of the 2001
Dallas and $26,000-$28,000 per 2001 cases, average age was 17 admissions, 71 percent were
gallon in Fort Worth. and 55 percent involved females. male, average age was 15.4, and
Sixty-eight percent of the cases 95 percent were Hispanic. Some
Rohypnol were reported in counties which 72 percent were involved in the
bordered Mexico. juvenile justice system.
Rohypnol use in Texas first
began along the Texas-Mexico In 2000, the rate of mentions DPS lab exhibits for Rohypnol
border and then spread north- for Rohypnol in the Dallas numbered 54 in 1999, 32 in 2000,
ward. As shown in Exhibit 35, emergency rooms was 0.1 per and 18 to date in 2001.
the 2000 Texas Secondary 100,000, which was identical to
School Survey found that the national average. As Exhibit Dextromethorphan
students from the border area 32 shows, mentions of Rohypnol
were three to four times more have dropped since 1995. School personnel in Texas are
likely to report Rohypnol use reporting problems with the
than those living elsewhere in the In 1998, 87 adults were admit- abuse of dextromethorphan
state (13 percent v. 3 percent ted into treatment with a primary, (DXM), especially the use of
lifetime, and 4 percent v. 1.4 secondary or tertiary problem Robitussin-DM, Tussin, and
percent current). with Rohypnol. In 1999, 130 Coriciden Cough and Cold
were admitted; in 2000, 74 were Tablets HBP. These substances
The 2000 Texas adult survey admitted; and in 2001 to date, 55 can be purchased over the
found that 0.8 percent reported have been admitted. Of the adult counter and if taken in large
10%
5%
0%
Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
7 8 9 10 11 12
Poison control centers reported Inhalant use exhibits a peculiar Texas Poison Control Centers
433 confirmed exposures to age pattern not observed with in 2000 reported 29 cases of
Coriciden in 2000 and 188 any other substance. The preva- intentional misuse or abuse of
through three quarters in 2001. lence of lifetime and past-month freon; average age was 24
Average age of the cases in inhalant use was higher in the years. There were 10 cases of
2001 was 15.7 years and 66 lower grades and lower in the intentional misuse or abuse of
percent were male. upper grades (Exhibit 36). This lighter fluid, with an average age
decrease in inhalant use as of 19, as well as 6 cases of
DPS labs examined 12 students age may be partially misuse of whiteout with average
substances in 1999 which were due to the fact that inhalant age of 14. Products used with
dextromethorphan, 34 in 2000, users drop out of school early automobiles are also misused,
and 6 through October, 2001. and hence are not in school in with 77 cases of intentional
The characteristics of inhalant 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
abusers vary by the source of Volatile Agent 65 29 52 59 41 51 44
the data. The 2000 TCADA EmbalmingFluid 0 1 1 0 4 8 10
secondary school survey found Paint 7 3 1 3 13 8
Toluene Glue 28 4 17 19 10 5 13
that 20 percent of males had
Other Volatile Agents 30 24 31 39 24 25 13
ever used inhalants, as com-
Nitrites 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
pared to18 percent of females.
Chloro-fluoro-hydrocarbons 1 8 0 3 1
Twenty-four percent of Hispan-
General Anesthetics 0 1 0 1 0
ics, 18 percent of Anglos, and 12
80%
70%
60%
MSM-BiSexual
50% MSM&IDU
IDU
40% Heterosexual
30%
20%
10%
0%
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Ex h ib it 3 9 . M a l e a n d F e m a l e A I D S C a se s b y R a c e /E th n ic ity : 1 9 8 7 -2 Q 2 0 0 1
100%
90%
80%
70% H i s p a n i c M a le
60% Af Am e r M a le
An g l o M a le
50%
H is p a n ic Fe m a le
40%
Af Am e r F e m a l e
30% An g l o F e m a le
20%
10%
0%
1 9 87 1 9 88 1 9 89 1 9 90 1 9 91 1 9 92 1 9 93 1 9 94 1 9 95 1 9 96 1 9 97 1 9 98 1 9 99 2 0 00 2 0 01
6 0 %
5 0 %
4 0 %
A lc o h o
C o c ain
3 0 % O piat e
M ar ij.
A m ph e
2 0 %
1 0 %
0 %
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Total 29,334 100.0 34.8 20.4 15.0 40.0 19.2 62.6 22.7 38.8
Heroin 3,480 11.9 35.8 22.1 14.0 22.1 18.0 67.9 90.1 90.6
Alcohol 10,756 36.7 37.7 16.6 22.0 39.3 19.2 70.2 7.3 27.1
Amphetamines 2,021 6.9 30.6 20.4 11.0 49.7 19.9 47.9 59.7 71.4
Cocaine (Powder) 2,159 7.4 31.4 22.0 10.0 47.0 22.8 62.6 33.4 41.3
Marijuana/Hash 3,014 10.3 27.0 15.8 12.0 62.2 20.2 65.7 6.2 16.2
Inhalants 61 0.2 29.1 18.1 12.0 34.4 18.0 52.5 1.6 9.8
Ecstasy 43 0.1 21.8 18.7 4.0 53.5 7.0 44.2 2.3 11.6
Miscellaneous 1,727 5.9 34.6 26.4 9.0 38.8 22.4 43.8 14.8 40.4
Rohypnol 10 0.0 29.8 20.4 10.0 70.0 30.0 80.0 30.0 40.0
Crack Cocaine 6,063 20.7 35.6 26.1 10.0 34.8 17.3 54.8 6.1 29.2
Total 20.6 54.0 21.5 23.0 4.8 43.9 11.4 13.2 $5,672
Heroin 7.2 37.4 44.9 13.7 3.5 32.0 11.1 13.4 $3,966
Alcohol 14.2 61.6 21.1 27.1 5.6 44.4 11.6 16.5 $6,660
Amphetamines 1.8 91.6 4.7 21.2 4.4 49.6 11.4 9.2 $4,967
Cocaine (Powder) 8.0 47.9 38.0 26.5 5.4 47.6 11.2 7.2 $6,984
Marijuana/Hash 27.7 47.5 22.1 39.0 5.7 67.0 11.1 4.3 $5,875
Inhalants 1.6 27.9 37.7 13.1 2.7 44.3 8.5 16.4 $2,783
Ecstasy 18.6 67.4 0.0 16.3 3.7 51.2 10.8 2.3 $2,099
Miscellaneous 10.8 78.9 7.4 16.6 4.2 35.5 11.8 8.2 $5,261
Rohypnol 20.0 20.0 50.0 40.0 4.4 60.0 10.4 0.0 $5,010
Crack Cocaine 49.8 36.3 12.3 14.1 4.0 37.6 11.5 16.4 $4,716
Total 509 27.1 37.6 32.8 54.9 54.1 40.5 60.7 66.9
Heroin 76 53.1 28.3 34.8 74.6 68.2 52.4 65.6 84.0
Alcohol 70 26.9 40.2 34.7 56.0 51.4 40.4 61.8 68.1
Amphetamines 44 22.9 39.9 31.4 59.2 66.3 48.9 72.1 72.9
Cocaine (Powder) 51 18.4 34.8 28.8 51.0 54.2 35.4 57.4 61.1
Marijuana/Hash 87 12.9 31.1 23.4 35.0 35.5 24.3 41.3 45.6
Inhalants 1 18.0 44.3 37.7 45.9 52.5 29.5 60.7 50.8
Ecstasy 0 9.3 39.5 14.0 55.8 74.4 67.4 67.4 67.4
Miscellaneous 22 39.0 53.6 45.3 56.9 59.1 46.1 72.3 76.0
Rohypnol 0 10.0 20.0 0.0 50.0 30.0 10.0 70.0 40.0
Crack Cocaine 158 21.3 37.2 31.4 51.0 54.4 39.2 59.4 63.4
Appendix 3. Characteristics of Youth Clients at Admission to TCADA-Funded Treatment Programs: January 1, 2001 through October 31, 2001
Total 3,639 100.0 15.5 13.0 3.0 66.9 2.3 5.5 79.7
Heroin 69 1.9 15.9 14.4 2.0 29.0 73.9 72.5 78.3
Alcohol 272 7.5 15.6 12.9 4.0 68.0 0.4 2.9 71.7
Amphetamines 53 1.5 15.7 13.9 2.0 66.0 15.1 26.4 49.1
Cocaine (Powder) 216 5.9 15.8 14.2 2.0 59.3 5.6 12.0 63.4
Marijuana/Hash 2,713 74.6 15.5 12.7 3.0 69.6 0.3 2.8 83.1
Inhalants 41 1.1 15.5 13.8 2.0 51.2 0.0 7.3 73.2
Ecstasy 13 0.4 15.7 14.8 2.0 61.5 0.0 0.0 92.3
Steroids 2 0.1 15.5 14.5 2.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Rohypnol 73 2.0 15.1 13.9 2.0 58.9 1.4 4.1 69.9
Crack Cocaine 86 2.1 16.1 14.3 2.0 62.8 2.3 9.3 72.3
Miscellaneous 101 2.8 15.7 14.0 2.0 51.5 0.0 10.9 72.3
Total 17.7 26.7 54.1 82.1 24.3 46.4 8.3 0.9 73.8 94.6
Heroin 0.0 5.8 94.2 58.0 33.3 60.9 8.4 2.9 78.3 92.8
Alcohol 7.7 29.0 62.1 75.4 23.2 47.1 8.5 0.4 72.8 94.9
The Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center
Amphetamines 0.0 90.6 5.7 69.8 7.5 67.9 8.3 0.0 54.7 94.3
Cocaine (Powder) 0.0 22.7 75.5 69.0 24.1 51.9 8.7 0.0 77.3 96.8
Marijuana/Hash 21.4 26.2 71.1 85.3 24.3 45.4 8.3 0.8 73.6 94.5
% w/a Parent % w/Sickness Pct w/ Pct w/ Pct w/ Pct w/ % Reporting # of Clients # of Clients
Who Abuses and/or Health Employment Family Social/Peer Psych/Emot Drug/Alcohol Pregnant Who Have
Substances Problems Problems Problems Problems Problems Problems at Admission Children